英語狀語用法精講.doc

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1、高考考點英語狀語用法 (一)概敘 定義：英語中,修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞等的句子成分叫狀語（adverbial)。狀語是謂語里的另一個附加成分,它附加在謂語中心語的前面,從情狀,時間,處所,方式,條件,對象,肯定,否定,范圍和程度等方面對謂語中心進行修飾或限制。 狀語的功用：狀語說明地點、時間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方向、程度、方式和伴隨狀況等。 狀語的分類： 狀語按其修飾的功能不同可分為九大類——時間狀語，地點狀語，條件狀語，原因狀語，目的狀語，結(jié)果狀語，讓步狀語，比較狀語和方式（伴隨）狀語。 狀語的構(gòu)成：狀語一般由副詞、介詞短語、分詞和分詞短語、不定式或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語

2、來擔(dān)當(dāng)。 狀語的位置：狀語一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。如果一個中心語前面有好幾個狀語(多層狀語),那就應(yīng)當(dāng)注意它們的語序.多層狀語的狀語個數(shù)一般比多層定語的定語個數(shù)要少些,其語序也比多層定語的語序要靈活一些.其中副詞的位置較為靈活,副詞是一種用來修飾動詞,形容詞,副詞或全句的詞,說明時間,地點,程度,方式等概念。 請看下面例句： 1. 副詞一般在句子中做狀語． He speaks English very well. 2. 不定式在句子中可以作目的狀語。 I come specially to see you. 3.介詞短語 My parents often tell u

3、s about their bitter life in the past. 4.從句作狀語 When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian. 5.分詞作狀語 Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper。(現(xiàn)在分詞) Seen from a distance , the farmhouse looked deserted . (過去分詞) 另外要注意英語一般狀語和句首狀語的區(qū)別，狀語在句子中有兩種位置:一種是在主語之后,謂語中心之前,

4、這是狀語的一般位置;另一種是放在主語的前面的,這是狀語的特殊位置,這種狀語可稱"句首狀語"。 （二）詳細(xì)講解 （1）狀語從句的分類及其連接詞的選擇 狀語從句 （Adverbial Clause）: 狀語從句指句子用作狀語時，起副詞作用的句子。狀語從句主要用來修飾主句或主句的謂語，它可以修飾謂語、非謂語動詞、定語、狀語或整個句子。根據(jù)其作用可分為九大類，分別表示時間、地點、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、比較和方式。狀語從句一般由連詞(從屬連詞)引導(dǎo)，也可以由詞組引起。從句位于句首或句中時通常用逗號與主句隔開，位于句尾時可以不用逗號隔開。狀語的位置比較靈活，可以位于句首、句末或句中。enou

5、gh用作狀語修飾形容詞和副詞時必須后置。 狀語從句的時態(tài)特點: 一般情況下，時間和條件狀語從句的謂語動詞一般用“一般現(xiàn)在時”表示“一般將來時”，用“現(xiàn)在完成時”表示“將來完成時”。 As soon as I have finished this work, I will go home. If he comes back, please let me know. 狀語從句的關(guān)鍵是要掌握引導(dǎo)不同狀語從句的常用連接詞和特殊的連接詞即考點?，F(xiàn)分別列舉如下: 1． 時間狀語從句 　　常用引導(dǎo)詞：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, s

6、ince , till, until. 　　特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when. 　　Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble. 2． 地點狀語從句(adverbial clause of place) 　　常用引導(dǎo)詞：where 　　特殊引導(dǎo)詞：wher

7、ever, anywhere, everywhere. 　　Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories. 　　Wherever you go, you should work hard. 地點狀語從句一般由連接副詞where, wherever等引導(dǎo)，已經(jīng)形成了固定的句型 句型1：Where＋地點從句，（there）＋主句。 【注意】此句型通常譯成“哪里……哪里就……”；主句在從句后面時，there可用可不用；如果主句在從句的前面時，一般都不用there。 You should have pu

8、t the book where you found it. Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated. 句型2：Anywhere/ wherever＋地點從句，＋主句。【注意】anywhere本身是個副詞，但是，?？梢砸龑?dǎo)從句，相當(dāng)于連詞，意思相似于wherever, anywhere引導(dǎo)的從句可位于主句之前，也可以位于主句之后。 而wherever本身就是個連詞，表示“在何處，無論何處”。 　　Wherever the sea is , you will find seame

9、n. 3． 原因狀語從句 　　常用引導(dǎo)詞：because, since, as, for. 　　特殊引導(dǎo)詞：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that. 　　The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more. 4． 目的狀語從句 　　常用引導(dǎo)詞：so that, in order that. 　　特殊引導(dǎo)詞：lest, in case, for fear tha

10、t，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that. 　　　　The teacher raised his voice on purpose that∕for the purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly. 5． 結(jié)果狀語從句 　　常用引導(dǎo)詞：so … that, such … that, 　　特殊引導(dǎo)詞：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a deg

11、ree that. 　　　　To such a degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night. 6． 條件狀語從句 　　常用引導(dǎo)詞：if, unless. 　　特殊引導(dǎo)詞：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition that. 　　Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.

12、 7． 讓步狀語從句 　　常用引導(dǎo)詞：though, although, even if, even though. 　　特殊引導(dǎo)詞： as(用在讓步狀語從句中必須要倒裝)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter …， in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever. 　　Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal. 8． 比較狀語從句 　　常用引導(dǎo)詞：as(同級比較

13、), than(不同程度的比較). 　　特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the more … the more … ; just as …， so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B. 　　Food is to men what oil is to machine. 9． 方式狀語從句 　　常用引導(dǎo)詞：as, as if, how. 　　特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the way. 　　Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taugh

14、t us. 10. 狀語從句的簡化 　　狀語從句同時具備下列兩個條件:①主句和從句的主語一致，或從句主語為it；②從句主要動詞是be的某種形式。從句中的主語和be動詞?？墒÷浴? 　　When ( the museum is ) completed , the museum will be open to the public next year . 　　 另外，比較狀語從句經(jīng)常省略。 　　The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is ). 　　就狀語從句而言,有時為了使語言言簡意賅,常常將狀語

15、從句進行"簡化"。狀語從句的"簡化"現(xiàn)象在口語中較為普遍,而且在高考中的復(fù)現(xiàn)率也較高。因此,有必要對其進行全面、透徹的了解。 　　狀語從句的"簡化"現(xiàn)象常存在于以下五種狀語從句中:①由if, unless等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句;②由although, though, even if / though等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句;③由when, while, as, before, after, until / till等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句;④由as, as if等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句;⑤由as, than等引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句。下面針對這五種情形作一歸納。 　　(1)當(dāng)狀語從句的主語是it,且謂語動

16、詞是be時,it和be要完全簡化掉。 　　If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty.　　　　(2)當(dāng)狀語從句的主語和主句的主語一致時,從句可以將主語和be動詞簡化掉。常用于以下幾種情形: a.連詞+形容詞 　　Work hard when (you are) young, or youll regret. b.連詞+名詞 　　While (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others. c.連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 　　As (she

17、was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song.　　 d.連詞+過去分詞 　　He wont go there with us unless (he is) invited. e.連詞+不定式 　　He stood up as if (he were) to say something. f. 連詞+介詞短語 She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble. 注意:當(dāng)從句主語和主句主語不一致時,從句部分要么用完全形式,要么用獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá)。

18、 　　When the meeting was over, all the people went out of the meeting-room. (=The meeting over,…) （2）非謂語動詞作狀語用法 作狀語用的非謂語動詞都具有副詞的特征。一般來說，三者都可以改寫為與其意思相當(dāng)?shù)臓钫Z從句。 1. 不定式作狀語時，可以表示目的、原因、結(jié)果和條件等。 （ 1 ）表示目的。 She stood up to be seen better. （ = … so that she could be seen better. ） 注：如果不定式的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同

19、，則需要用 for 將不定式的邏輯主語引出，置于不定式之前。 The hostess opened the door for the guests to come in. 如果強調(diào)目的狀語，也可用 in order to be seen better, so as to be seen better 來代替前面例句中的 to be seen better 。 He left early so as not to miss the first bus. （ 2 ）表示結(jié)果。 He opened the door only to find two strangers. （＝… so

20、 that he found two strangers. ） （ 3 ）表示原因。 Im delighted to know that you have found a good job. （ = as I know that you have found a good job …） 注：不定式表示原因時，通常與 lucky, delighted, surprised 或 glad 等表示喜、怒、哀、樂的形容詞連用。 （ 4 ）表示條件。 He is very hard to get on with. 2. － ing 分詞作狀語時，可以表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、結(jié)

21、果、方式或伴隨狀況，對句子中的謂語動詞加以修飾或說明。 （ 1 ）表示時間 A. -ing 分詞表示的動作與句子謂語動詞所表示的動作同時或緊接著發(fā)生時，用 -ing 分詞的一般式。 Climbing to the top of the tower （＝ When we climbed to the top of the tower ） , we saw a beautiful view. 有時為了強調(diào)時間概念，可把連詞 when 或 while 放在－ ing 分詞之前。 When rushing out of the room, （ = When he rushed out

22、of the room ） the boy was knocked down by a car. B. － ing 分詞表示的動作發(fā)生在句子謂語動詞所表示的動作之前時，用－ ing 分詞的完成式。 Having done his homework, （ = After he had done his homework ） the boy went out to play with other boys. （ 2 ）表示原因。 Having been there many times （ = As he had been there many times ）， he offered

23、 to introduce the country. （ 3 ）表示條件。 Not working hard （＝ If you dont work hard ）， you wont pass the examination. （ 4 ）表示讓步。 Having much money （ = Though he has much money ） , he feels lonely. （ 5 ）表示結(jié)果。 Her husband died, leaving her with five children. （＝… so that he left her with five

24、 children ） 說明： -ing 分詞（短語）作狀語時，其前常有 so, thus 等表示結(jié)果意義的詞。 （ 6 ）表示伴隨狀況和行為方式。 He came to my house, asking for help. （ = … and asked for help ） 用 -ing 分詞（短語）作狀語時必須注意兩點： 1. -ing 分詞（短語）的邏輯主語必須是句子的主語。 2. 若 -ing 分詞（短語）所表示的動作與句子中謂語動詞所表示的動作同時或緊接著發(fā)生，則用 -ing 分詞的一般式；若發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前，則用 -ing 分詞的完成式。 3. -

25、ed 分詞（過去分詞）作狀語時，可以表示時間、原因、條件、讓步和伴隨狀況，對句子中謂語動詞加以修飾或說明。 （ 1 ）表示時間。 Seen from the top of the hill （ = When it is seen from the top of the hill ） , our city looks very beautiful. 說明：（ 1 ）為了強調(diào)時間概念，有時可把意義相當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞放在 -ed 分詞短語之前，如上句可改寫成： When seen from the top of the hill, our city looks very beautiful. （

26、 2 ） -ed 分詞短語的位置不一定都置于句首，有時也可置于句中或句末。 The dictionary, once published, will be very popular. （ 2 ）表示原因。 Greatly moved by the teachers words （ = As he was greatly moved by the teachers words ） , the boy helped other students from then on. （ 3 ）表示條件。 Compared with your progress （＝ If my progre

27、ss is compared with yours ） , mine is nothing. （ 4 ）表示讓步。 Treated badly （＝ Though he was treated badly ） , the servant still worked for his owner. （ 5 ）表示伴隨狀況和行為方式。 He came back, extremely exhausted. （＝… and he was extremely exhausted ） 說明： -ed 分詞短語作伴隨狀語時，沒有狀語從句與之相對應(yīng)，但可以將這種狀語改寫成“ and ＋分句”。

28、 總結(jié)：從意義上看，不定式短語、 -ing 分詞短語和 -ed 分詞短語的邏輯主語都是句子的主語。從時態(tài)、語態(tài)上看，不定式和 -ing 分詞短語有一般式、完成式、主動式和被動式，而 -ed 分詞短語卻只有一種形式。 （3）形容詞作狀語 英語形容詞或形容詞短語在句中最常見的用法是作定語、表語、賓語補足語和主語補足語。但除此之外，英語形容詞以及形容詞短語在句中還有一個特殊用法，即作狀語，在句中往往可以起到并列分句或狀語從句的功能。形容詞作狀語用時，在結(jié)構(gòu)上可以是單個形容詞，也可以是形容詞短語，通常要用逗號將其和句子的其他部分分開；若單個形容詞直接位于動詞后面作方式狀語，則不需用逗號。作狀語

29、的形容詞或短語在句中位置比較靈活，通常位于句子主語前或句子主語后，有時位于句末，單個形容詞作方式狀語時還可直接位于動詞后面。當(dāng)形容詞或短語位于主語之前或句末時，通常具有較強的強調(diào)意義。作狀語的形容詞或短語在句中主要用來補充說明句子中的主語、賓語、謂語或整個句子的內(nèi)容，表示時間、原因、讓步、結(jié)果、伴隨狀態(tài)或方式狀語等。 1.作時間狀語 Ripe, these apples are sweet. 2.作原因狀語 Weary and discouraged, I didn’t seem able to do anything right. 此句相當(dāng)于：Because I was wear

30、y and discouraged, I didn’t seem able to do anything right. 3.作讓步狀語 Large or small, all countries are equal. 此句相當(dāng)于：Whether they are large or small, all countries are equal. 4.作結(jié)果狀語 He sat down beside Christina, propping his feet up on the railing, feeling the warmth of the sun against his face,

31、 able to relax for the first time in days. 此句相當(dāng)于：He sat down beside Christina, propping his feet up on the railing, feeling the warmth of the sun against his face, and as a result he was able to relax for the first time in days. 5.作伴隨性狀語 They started the experiment, hopeful for success. 此句相當(dāng)于：Th

32、ey started the experiment and they were hopeful for success. 6.作方式狀語 The horses are running wild all over the field. 此句相當(dāng)于：The horses are running fast all over the field as if they are wild. 形容詞或形容詞短語在句中作狀語時，起到并列分句或狀語從句的功能，因此，這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常具有自己的邏輯主語，即句子中的主語。然而，當(dāng)這種結(jié)構(gòu)中含有其他的句子成分，其邏輯主語也有可能不是句子的主語，而是句子中的其他名詞

33、或代詞，通常是句子的賓語。此外，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語也可能是整個句子。 （4）伴隨狀語用法 伴隨狀語定義:伴隨狀語是指狀語從句的動作伴隨主句發(fā)生，它的特點是：它所表達(dá)的動作或狀態(tài)是伴隨著句子謂語動詞的動作而發(fā)生或存在的。 ①He sat in the armchair，reading a newspaper. 他坐在扶手椅里讀報。 ②All night long he lay awake，thinking of the problem. 他整夜躺在床上睡不著，思考著那個問題。 伴隨狀語出現(xiàn)的條件： 　　是由一個主語發(fā)出兩個動作或同一個主語處于兩種狀態(tài)，或同一個主語發(fā)出一個動作時

34、又伴隨有某一種狀態(tài)。伴隨狀語的邏輯主語一般情況下必須是全句的主語，伴隨狀語與謂語動詞所表示的動作或狀態(tài)是同時發(fā)生的。 伴隨狀語幾種表示方法： 　　一、使用分詞形式 The dog entered the room, following his master. The master entered the room,followed by his dog. 　　二、用with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 　　The little girls were playing with snow with their hands frozen red. 　　三、用獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 　　The lit

35、tle boy goes to school, the little dog accompanying him every day. 　　四、用形容詞 　　Crusoe went home, full of fear. Confident of the victory the players are fighting hard. The match will be broadcast live. 　　He left home young and came back old. 　　五、用名詞 　　He went away a beggar but retumed a m

36、illionaire. 　　六、用介詞短語 　　The girl came back to her mother in tears. 　　I went home out of breath. 伴隨狀語的判斷 　　The dog entered the room, following his master.一般在分詞短語（現(xiàn)在分詞表主動 過去表被動）前有逗號的是伴隨狀語。 鞏固練習(xí)： 一、多項選擇題 1.---- had I arrived home ,---- it began to rain.Which one is wrong? A. No sooner … th

37、an B. Hardly …when C. Scarcely … when D.The moment…when 2. You should have put the book ----you found it. A.where B.how C.when D.if 3. His friends don’t like him---- he is handsome and successful. A.since B.for

38、 C.because D.as 4. The teacher raised his voice---- the students in the back could hear more clearly. Which one is wrong？ A. so that B.for fear that C. in order that D.in the hope that 5. ----was he excited ----he couldn’t slee

39、p last night. A.such a …that B. To such a degree …that C. so … that D. such … that 6.---- there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.which one is wrong? A. providing that B.provided that C. as/so long as D. unless 7. He won’t listen ----you

40、 may say. A. whatever B. whenever C.however D.whichever 8. She is as----as her mother. A.more beautiful B.much beautiful C.beautiful D.beautifuler 9. She behaves ----she were the boss. A. how B. the way C. as D. as if 10. ----(she is) f

41、ree, she often goes shopping. A. Whenever B. after C.although D. though 二、完成句子 1.He went back home in a hurry,--------------------------------(被告知)that his mother had passed away.（tell） 2.The heavy rain has been raining for a week,------------------------------(引發(fā)了一場洪水).(cause) 3.-----

42、-------------------------------(從山頂上看) , our school looks very beautiful.（see） 4.--------------------------(饑渴交加), I didn’t seem able to do anything right.(thirsty,hungry) 5.I will ----------------------------(把你們平安地送到)in Liverpool.(land) 參考答案： 多項選擇題：1-10DACBB/DACDA 完成句子：1.（only）to be told 2.causing a flood 3.seen from the top of the hill 4.Thirsty and hungry 5.land you safe 23