機器人的組成外文文獻翻譯、中英文翻譯

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1、附　錄 外文翻譯：機器人的組成 (1)hobby engineering Its easier to learn about building robots if you take it one step at a time. This menu breaks a fairly complex robot into bite-sized pieces (or byte-sized for you programmers) to make the information easier to digest. We think that this is a good way to both l

2、earn about robots and to plan your actual construction. If you try to do everything at once you are likely to end up with a mess. If you plan and build in small steps, you are almost guaranteed success. (2)Controllers The controller is the brains of your computer. The controller receives informati

3、on from sensors and the input part of the human interface. It then decides what to do and sends instructions to the motion systems, actuators and the output part of the human interface. There are many types of controllers with different amounts of processing power and varying numbers and types of "p

4、ins" which connect to sensors, motors and the other part of the robot. In order for your controller or your robot to do anything, you must write a program and load that program into the controllers memory. Depending on your choice of controller, this can be fairly simple or extremely complicated. W

5、e recommend controllers using the Parallax Basic Stamp as the starting point for almost everyone. These controllers are programmed in an easy-to-learn language and have an integrated program loading system that is nearly 100% reliable. The Basic Stamp almost guarantees a fast start in programming wh

6、ereas most alternatives require overcoming a significant level of difficulty just to get started. Even if you intend to "graduate" to more complex programming systems you will probably find the Basic Stamp a useful tool for investigating new ideas before developing your production code. (3)Sensors

7、 Sensors provide your robot with information about its environment. Different sensors tell your robot about sights, sounds, pressures, temperatures and many other characteristics of the world around it. In many cases sensor components provide "data" when what you want is "information". For instance

8、, a sonar component may report that an echo came back in .05ms when what you really want to know is that a robot is charging you from two feet away. In some cases the volume of data from sensor components is more than can be handled by a robot controller -- too much data can be as useless as no data

9、 at all. Because of this, many of sensor products are actually "smart" subsystems with specialized logic to evaluate the data stream and simplify programming your robots main controller. When considering sensors, your first step is to identify what you want your robot to sense and how quickly and r

10、eliably you want to acquire that information. While "I want to know everything, right now, without error" sounds like a good specification, it probably isnt achievable and it definitely wouldnt be affordable. All practical sensors have definite limits of accuracy, range, resolution and repeatability

11、. Each little increase in performance requires a large increase in cost so you will often accept what you can afford rather than insist on what you would like. While sensors are warranted to meet their specifications, they arent guaranteed to do what you want in the way you want. While an IR distan

12、ce sensor may be 99% accurate in the testing lab, your results may be less perfect in a competitive environment when your sensors may get confused by random reflections, your opponents sensors or even intentional interference. In order to be fully effective, you may need to compare the results from

13、multiple sensors and/or filter the data to ignore results that seem inconsistent. As with every part of your robot, maximum effectiveness requires careful evaluation of real-world results and fine-tuning of your robots circuits and program. This is not a "Plug And Play" hobby! When evaluating senso

14、rs, you want to know the following: What is actually being measured? For example, most distance sensors dont really measure distance. They measure how long it takes to receive an echo after they send a signal. You have to consider the possibility that the echo" is actually a stray signal and then f

15、ind a way to eliminate those false readings. Reliable distance tracking systems usually look for patterns of consistent readings How many connections of what kind are required to connect the sensor to your controller? Do you have enough of those kinds of pins available on your controller? Does the

16、signal need to be processed though an ADC or other hardware device to be usable by your program? How much power does the sensor require and at what voltage(s)? Will you have to increase your robots battery and power regulation capacity? A thorough technical evaluation of a sensor may require more

17、knowledge than you possess. Fortunately, you can generally get good results by relying on common sense and the helpful nature of most other builders. The sensors we offer have all been used successful by builders of varying levels, so you can feel confident that you arent attempting the impossible w

18、hen you select one of the sensors we offer. We have tried to write product descriptions that translate the technical specifications into common English (common American to our off-shore friends) -- but keep in mind that something can get lost in any translation. Finally a search of the WEB will find

19、 you many examples of circuits and programs. (In the near future we will have our own samples posted with each product description.) (4)Robot Base Kits The base is your robots skelton and it main functions are to hold all the other parts together and to protect delicate parts from harm. A base can

20、 be as simple as a scrap piece of wood or as complicated as a space ship. In many cases the design of the base is completely intertwined with the design of the motion systems. Sometimes the mechanical components for a robot can be "borrowed" from a toy or other hobby. Radio controlled planes, cars

21、and boats (including submarines) have been used to provide the base and motion system of robots. (5)Human Communications Systems Your robot can "talk" to you via computer generated voice, blinking lights and text displays. It can "listen" to your instructions sent by keyboard, switches or wireless

22、 remote control. Computer people prefer to use the word "output" instead of "talk" and "input" instead of "listen", but you know what they mean. (6)Actuators An actuator is any device that makes your robot do something. Motion Systems and the output part of the Human Communications Systems are jus

23、t specialized actuators which are important enough that we though they deserved their own sections. Actuators can move things or control other devices. Almost any device operated with electricity can become an actuator. Depending on the device it may be connected directly to the controller or indir

24、ectly by an H-Bridge or relay. Your robot can also control things remotely using radio frequency or infrared transmission or even over the internet. The X-10 home control system allows your robot to control household lights and appliances. (7)Motion Systems Robots are usually moved by a combinatio

25、n of wheels, gears, motors and associated electronics. Sometimes motor systems are assembled piece-by-piece but the most common form of robot motion these days comes from servos similar to the kind used with radio controlled airplanes. While most robots roll, it is possible to build robots that walk

26、, jump or even swim or fly. A continuous rotation servo is a modified hobby servo that can rotate 360 degrees in either direction. These servos are economical and provide a neat system of motors, gears and electronics that can be directly connected to most robot controllers. A number of different t

27、ypes of wheels are available which attach directly to the servo axle. Most simple robots use two servos to provide both motion and direction control. Direction is controlled by what is called "differential steering" -- steering by varying the speed and direction of each wheel. If your robot needs to

28、 turn left, just slow or stop the left wheel servo while maintaining or increasing the speed of the right wheel. The bigger the difference in speed, the sharper the turn. Motion systems can become as complicated as you choose and often require custom design and building of the mechanical and electr

29、onic components. Sometimes the mechanical components can be "borrowed" from a toy or other hobby. Radio controlled planes, cars and boats (including submarines) have been used to provide the base and motion system of robots. An H-Bridge is an electronic circuit which translates and boosts controlle

30、r output signals to the level required to drive a standard electric motor with variable speed and direction. An H-Bridge is built into hobby servos, so they can be connected directly to the controller. When using other types of motors you need to provide your own H-Bridge. These can be purchased as

31、completed assemblies or assembled from components. (1)愛好工程 如果你采取每次一小步的策略。那么制造機器人會更加容易。這個菜單就是把機器人分解成大小正合適的的片段（或者說正好適合你的項目的片段）這樣就更有利于知識的消化吸收。我們一直認為這是一個即可以學習制造機器人，又可以計劃你的切合實際的組建工作的好方法。如果你妄想一次把所有的事情都干完，那你很有可能最后弄得一團糟。如果你一步一步的計劃并且組建的話，你基本上已經(jīng)被確保成功了。 (2)控制器 控制其實你的計算機的大腦?？刂破鲝母袘骱腿祟惤涌诘妮斎氩糠纸邮苄畔?，然后控制器決定做什么

32、并且發(fā)送指導信息到運動系統(tǒng)、啟動器、人類接口的輸出部分。實際當中，有許多的類型的控制器，他們擁有不同的信息處理能力和各種各樣數(shù)字和類型的PINS，這些PINS和感應器，啟動器以及機器人的其他部分相連接。 為了使你的機器人可以做任何事情，你必須編寫一個程序，并且把這個程序下載到控制器的記憶里。根據(jù)你選擇的控制器的不同，這個過程可能相當簡單，也可能相當復雜。我們一般推薦使用PARALLAX BASIC STAMP 這個品牌的的控制器，這個牌子的控制器用一種很容易學的的語言編程，并且他還有一個100%可靠而完整的程序下載系統(tǒng)。PARALLAX BASIC STAMP基本上保證了程序的快速開始。盡管

33、其他牌子光是啟動的話，就要克服相當大的困難，即使在你研發(fā)你的產(chǎn)品編碼之前，你想要更加復雜的程序系統(tǒng)，你也會發(fā)現(xiàn)PARALLAX BASIC STAMP是一個能夠引發(fā)新想法的實用工具。 (3)感應器 感應器可以為你的機器人提供關于他的周邊環(huán)境的信息。不同的感應器可以告訴你的機器人關于視覺、聲音、壓力、溫度和他周圍世界的許多其他特征。 在很多情況下，當你想要的是信息的時候，感應器的部件可以提供“資料’。舉例說明，當你真正想要知道的是一個機器人正從倆英尺遠的地方向你走來，一個聲納系統(tǒng)的部件可以報道一種一0.5米每秒的速度返回的回音。在一般情況下，來自感應器部件的數(shù)量要遠遠超過一個控制器的處理能

34、力。太多的材料會和沒有材料一樣沒用。因為這個，許多感應器產(chǎn)品實際上是一個擁有專業(yè)的邏輯學的聰明的小系統(tǒng)，這個系統(tǒng)可以用來預測材料的流動趨向和簡化編程你的機器人的主要控制器。 當選擇感應器時，你第一步要做的事是識別你想要的機器人去感應什么，以及你想要獲得那個信息的速度以及準確度。盡管”想要知道任何事情，立刻，無誤”聽起來像一個纖細的說明，但他可能得不到，并且可以肯定的是他是支付不起的。所有使用的感應器都有準確性，浮動范圍，解決方法，和重復性等方面的限制。在效果上的每一點增長都需要在成本上的一個大的增長。所以你會選擇你支付得起的，而不是你想要的那種。 為了使感應器能嚴格按照說明素上說的去進行，

35、你不能完全按照自己的方式去操作它。如果在實驗室你的IR遠程感應器的 99%，那么在極端環(huán)境下，這個精確度就會降低，因為你的感應器將會被一些任意的影像、對手感應器甚至一些故意設置的干擾項所打亂，為了確保絕對的準確（你必須去比較一些精確度大的感應器的實驗結果，并且分析數(shù)據(jù)以忽略一些不一致的結果）與此同時，機器人的其他部件，必須經(jīng)過對實際操作結果的準確估計和對電路和程序的有效轉(zhuǎn)變，才能的出最精確地數(shù)字。這并不是一個“射殺，玩樂“的業(yè)余愛好。 當你在評估你的感應器時，你必須知道以下幾個方面： 應該測量什么？比方說，一般的遠程感應器不會測量距離，他們測量的是當發(fā)射一個信號之后多長時間才能收到回復。你

36、必須考慮那個回音是不是一個無來源的信號，并需采取措施清除那個假的數(shù)據(jù)。有效的遠程追蹤系統(tǒng)總會跟蹤連續(xù)數(shù)據(jù)的樣本。 要把感應器和控制器連接起來，需要用哪種方式連，練多少次？在你的控制器上有沒有足夠多的芯片。信號的傳送是否需要一個ADC或其他的硬件？ 你的感應器需要多少伏特的電壓？你是否需要需要提高機器人電池的性能。以使他持續(xù)工作的時間更長一些？要想實現(xiàn)感應器史上徹底的科技革命，你必須掌握比你所擁有的更多的知識。幸運的是，你可以通過一些常識和其他的開發(fā)者的幫助來獲得這些知識。我們所提供的感應器已經(jīng)被開發(fā)者們從不同的程度成功的運用了，所以當你們選擇我們所提供的其中之一時，你會感到自信。因為你們不

37、用再嘗試其他的彎路了。我們已經(jīng)把這個產(chǎn)品的說明書翻譯成了英文。，但是必須清楚有些東西在翻譯的過程中喪失了。最后，在網(wǎng)上可以搜索到有關電路和程序的很多實例，在不久的將來，我們將會有自己的樣本并附帶說明。 (4)機器人支架 支架可以說是機器人的骨骼。支架的功能是把其他部分連在一起，并且保護那些易碎的部分，支架可以像木頭碎片那樣簡單，也可以向宇宙飛船那樣復雜。 在許多情況下，支架的設計與驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)的設計是密切相關的。有些情況下，機器人的機械組成部分可以從一個玩具或一個工具上去“借”，無線電飛機，汽車，船（包括潛水艇）都可以被用來制造機架或驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)。 (5)交流系統(tǒng) 通過電腦合成的聲音，閃爍的

38、光和顯示的文字，你的機器人可以與你交談。通過輸入的指令開關或無線遠程控制，他可以聽到你的命令。計算機的操控者更喜歡用輸出而不用說，更喜歡用輸入而不是聽。但你卻知道他們代表的意思是什么。 (6)啟動器 啟動器是一個讓你的機器人能做一些事情的裝置，啟動系統(tǒng)和人類交流系統(tǒng)的輸出部分只是專門的啟動器，這是非常重要的，所以我們認為他們值得他們的區(qū)域。 啟動器可以移動事物或控制其他裝置幾乎任何一點操控的裝置都可以成為一個啟動器。根據(jù)這個裝置，他可以直接連接到控制器或間接的被一個H-BRIDGE或一個中繼設備。你的機器人也可以利用無線電頻率或紅外線傳播甚至是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)遠程控制一些事物。X-10家庭控制系統(tǒng)

39、允許機器人控制家用燈或家用電器。 (7)移動系統(tǒng) 機器人經(jīng)常有一些輪子，拍檔，發(fā)動機和相關電器的結合體所驅(qū)動，有時候啟動系統(tǒng)是一部分一部分組成的，但大多數(shù)機器人的移動形式來源于一中伺服機構，它類似于無線電所控制的飛機所采用的裝置類似。然而，大部分機器人的輪子，能走，能跳，甚至是游泳或飛行的機器人是有可能的。 一個持續(xù)旋轉(zhuǎn)的伺服機構是一個一套完整的的啟動器，拍檔，和電器系統(tǒng)個被修正的愛好伺服機構，他可以在任何方向旋轉(zhuǎn)360.這些可以直接和大多數(shù)的機器人的控制器連接。大量不同種類的的輪子是可以使用的。他們可以和伺服機構的輪軸相連接。大部分簡單的機器人用兩套伺服機構提供移動和方向控制。方向被所

40、謂的“不同方向盤”控制。通過改變速度和每個輪子的方向，方向盤可以得到控制。你的如果機器人需要向右轉(zhuǎn)，只需要減慢或停止左邊輪子的伺服機值得構。同時保持或增加右邊輪子的速度。在速度方面差別越大，轉(zhuǎn)變就越急。 移動系統(tǒng)可能變得和你選擇的一樣復雜，并且經(jīng)常需要習慣風俗設計和機械以及電子成分的構建。有些時候，機械部件可以從一個玩具和其他愛好“借來”。無線電控制的飛機，轎車或船，包括潛水艇都可以用來提供移動系統(tǒng)。 一個H-BRIDGE實際上是一種電流，被用來翻譯和推動控制器輸出信號到一個需要驅(qū)動擁有不同速度和方向的發(fā)動機的水平。一個H-BRIDGE備案裝進一個愛好伺服機構，所以他們可以直接連接到控制器上。當使用其它類型的的啟動器時，你需要提供你自己的H-BRIDGE。這些可以當做完成的裝配組建而購買或者是由零件裝配而成的。