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,語(yǔ)法精講系列,講座四 狀語(yǔ)從句,,[考點(diǎn)一] ?？疾榈木蓬悹钫Z(yǔ)從句 一、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 1．when，while，as (1)①when既可引導(dǎo)一個(gè)持續(xù)性動(dòng)作，也可引導(dǎo)一個(gè)短暫性動(dòng)作，可用于主句動(dòng)作和從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，也可用于從句動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生。如： When I lived there，I used to go to the seashore on Sundays. 我住在那里時(shí)，星期天常到海濱去。 When the film ended，the people went back. 電影一結(jié)束，看電影的人便回去了。,②when還可表原因，意為“既然”。 It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could easily walk there in five minutes. 既然你五分鐘就可以走到那兒，可你還打的去，真的太傻了。 (2)從屬連詞while引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作必須是持續(xù)性的，側(cè)重主句動(dòng)作和從句動(dòng)作相對(duì)比。如： Please don't talk so loud while others are working. 別人在工作時(shí)請(qǐng)別那么大聲談話。 Father was cleaning the car while I was doing my homework. 我在做作業(yè)時(shí)，爸爸在洗車。,(3)as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“正當(dāng)；一邊……一邊……；隨著”等意思，表示兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。 As she sang，tears ran down her cheeks. 她一邊唱歌，眼淚一邊從臉頰流下。 As time goes on，it's getting warmer and warmer. 隨著時(shí)間的推移，天氣變得越來(lái)越暖和了。,2．a(chǎn)s soon as，immediately，directly，instantly，the moment，the minute，the instant和once(一……就……) 這些從屬連詞引導(dǎo)的從句都表示從句的動(dòng)作一發(fā)生，主句的動(dòng)作隨即發(fā)生，常譯為“一……就……”。從句中用一般時(shí)態(tài)代替將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。如： The moment I heard the voice，I knew my father was coming. 一聽(tīng)到那個(gè)聲音，我就知道父親來(lái)了。 The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother. 那個(gè)男孩一見(jiàn)到他媽媽便放聲大哭。,3．till，until和 not.until (1)肯定句：主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，主句、從句都為肯定式，意為“某動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到某時(shí)間點(diǎn)才停止”。如： He remained there until/till she arrived. 他在那兒一直待到她來(lái)。 You may stay here until/till the rain stops. 你可以在這里待到雨停。 (2)否定句：主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，從句為肯定式，意為“某動(dòng)作直到某時(shí)間才開(kāi)始”。如： He won't go to bed till/until she returns. 直到她回來(lái)他才睡。,4．before和since (1)若表達(dá)“還未……就……；不到……就……；……才……；還沒(méi)來(lái)得及……就……”時(shí)，需用連詞before。如： We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land. 我們航行了4天4夜才看到陸地。 We hadn't run a mile before he felt tired. 我們跑了還不到一英里他就累了。 Before I could get in a word，he had measured me. 我還沒(méi)來(lái)得及插話，他就給我量好了尺寸。,(2)before從句中謂語(yǔ)不用否定式。如： Before they reached the station，the train had gone. 他們到火車站前(他們還沒(méi)到火車站)，火車就已開(kāi)走了。 (3)It will be＋一段時(shí)間＋before.，表示“還要多久才……”，如： It will be half a year before I come back. 半年后我才能回來(lái)。 It won't be long before we meet again. 過(guò)不了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間我們就會(huì)再見(jiàn)面了。,(4)since從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性的或者是反復(fù)發(fā)生過(guò)的動(dòng)作。since從句的時(shí)態(tài)若是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，主句中的時(shí)態(tài)常是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。如： I have written home four times since I came here. 自從我來(lái)到這兒，我已經(jīng)給家里寫(xiě)過(guò)四封信了。 (5)在“It is＋一段時(shí)間＋ since從句”句型中，since引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞若是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，常理解為某一狀態(tài)的終止；若是終止性動(dòng)詞，則理解為某一動(dòng)作的開(kāi)始。如：,It is three years since the war broke out.(終止性動(dòng)詞) 自戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)以來(lái)已有三年了。 It is three years since I smoked a cigar(＝since I stopped smoking a cigar)．(持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞) 我不吸煙已有三年了。 如果譯成“我吸煙已有三年了”，應(yīng)為：It is three years since I began to smoke.(終止性動(dòng)詞),5．every time，each time，next time，the last time，any time等名詞短語(yǔ)用來(lái)引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，表示“每當(dāng)……；每次……；下次……”等。如： Every/Each time I was in trouble，he would come to help me out. 每當(dāng)我處于困境，他就會(huì)來(lái)幫助我。 Next time you come，do remember to bring your son here. 下次你來(lái)這里的時(shí)候，一定記著把你兒子帶來(lái)。 The last time she saw James，he was lying in bed. 上次她看見(jiàn)詹姆斯的時(shí)候，他正躺在床上。,二、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句 1．引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞where，wherever指具體地點(diǎn)時(shí)，從句可用于主句之前或之后；表示抽象條件的含義時(shí)，從句需放在主句之前。如： We should go where the Party needs us most. 我們應(yīng)到黨最需要我們的地方去。 You are free to go wherever you like. 你愿意去哪里就去哪里。 Where there is a will，there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。 Where there is smoke，there is fire. 無(wú)火不生煙。/無(wú)風(fēng)不起浪。,2．注意區(qū)分where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句與狀語(yǔ)從句。 where引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句直接修飾動(dòng)詞，而在定語(yǔ)從句中where作為關(guān)系副詞要跟在表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞后面。 You'd better make a mark where you have any questions.(狀語(yǔ)從句) You'd better make a mark at the place where you have any questions.(定語(yǔ)從句) 你最好在有問(wèn)題的地方做一下標(biāo)記。,三、原因狀語(yǔ)從句 原因狀語(yǔ)從句通常由because，since，as，now that，seeing(that)，considering that等引導(dǎo)。 I was absent from the meeting because I was ill. 因?yàn)槲也×?，所以我開(kāi)會(huì)缺席了。 As it is raining，we shall not go to the park. 由于在下雨，我們不去公園了。 Now that/Since everybody is here，let's begin our meeting. 既然大家都在這里，我們開(kāi)始開(kāi)會(huì)吧。 Considering that I have told you three times，you must know it. 鑒于我已經(jīng)告訴你三次了，你一定知道它。,四、目的狀語(yǔ)從句 引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有：so that，in order that，for fear that，in case等。 1．in order that，so that 兩個(gè)連詞都意為“以便……；為了……”，它們引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中常用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。in order that比so that正式，引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句可置于主句之前或之后，而so that引導(dǎo)的從句只能置于主句之后。如： I'll speak slowly so that you can understand me. 我會(huì)慢慢說(shuō)，以便你能懂。 In order that we might see the sunrise，we started for the peak early. 為了能看到日出，我們很早就出發(fā)去了山頂。,2．for fear that，in case 引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，for fear that表示“害怕，擔(dān)心某事會(huì)發(fā)生”；in case(that)表示“以防出現(xiàn)某種情況”。如： Mary didn't want to get out of bed，for fear that she might wake her baby(up)． 瑪麗不想起床，擔(dān)心吵醒她的寶寶。 Take your raincoat，in case it rains. 帶上雨衣吧，以防下雨。,如： Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe in him. ＝Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe in him. 邁克是一個(gè)如此誠(chéng)實(shí)的工人，以至于我們都相信他。 2．除結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句外，too.to.(太……而不能……)，enough to.(達(dá)到某種程度可以……)等不定式結(jié)構(gòu)同樣可以表示結(jié)果。如： He didn't get up early enough to catch the bus. ＝He got up too late to catch the bus. 他起床太晚了，沒(méi)有趕上那班公共汽車。,六、條件狀語(yǔ)從句 引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有：if，unless(＝if.not如果不；除非……否則……)，so/as long as(只要)，in case(萬(wàn)一)，on condition that(條件是)，suppose/supposing(that)(假設(shè)，如果)，provided that(如果)等。如： You'll fail the exam unless you study hard(＝if you don't study hard)． 除非你努力學(xué)習(xí)，否則你考試會(huì)不及格。 As long as you don't lose heart，you will succeed. 你只要不灰心就會(huì)成功。,Suppose/Supposing(that) they refuse us，who else can we turn to for help? 假如他們拒絕了我們，我們還能求助于誰(shuí)？ You can go swimming on condition that you don't go too far from the river bank. 只有不離河岸太遠(yuǎn)你才能下去游泳。,七、方式狀語(yǔ)從句 引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有：as，as if，as though等。方式狀語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)放在主句之后。其中as if或as though引導(dǎo)的從句一般用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，但如果從句中所陳述的情況很可能實(shí)現(xiàn)，也可用陳述語(yǔ)氣。如： Do as you are told to，or you'll be fired. 告訴你怎么做你就怎么做，否則你會(huì)被解雇。 The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son.(虛擬語(yǔ)氣) 這位老太太對(duì)待這個(gè)男孩就像他是她自己的兒子似的。 I feel as if I have a fever.(陳述語(yǔ)氣) 我感覺(jué)好像發(fā)燒了。,八、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 1．a(chǎn)lthough/though(盡管，雖然)，even though/even if(即使)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。although與though兩者意思相同，一般可互換，都可以與yet，still或nevertheless連用，但不能和but連用。如： He is unhappy，though/although he has a lot of money. 雖然他很有錢(qián)，但他并不幸福。 Although/Though it was raining hard，yet they went on playing football. 雖然雨下得很大，但他們還是繼續(xù)踢足球。 Even though/if it is raining，we'll go there.(陳述語(yǔ)氣) 即使下雨，我們也要去那里。 Even if I were busy，I would go.(虛擬語(yǔ)氣) 即使忙，我也要去。,特別注意：though還可用作副詞，意為“可是，然而”，置于句末。如： He said he would come；he didn't，though. 他說(shuō)他會(huì)來(lái)，可是沒(méi)有來(lái)。 2．whether.or.(不管……還是……)；疑問(wèn)詞＋ -ever與no matter＋疑問(wèn)詞(不管……；無(wú)論……)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。如： Whether you believe it or not，it is true. 不管你相信與否，那都是真的。 Whoever you are(＝No matter who you are)，you must obey the rules. 無(wú)論你是誰(shuí)，你都要遵守規(guī)則。,3．when，while也可作從屬連詞表讓步，while常用在句首，when常用在句中，相當(dāng)于although。如： Suddenly，she stopped when she ought to have continued. 盡管她應(yīng)該繼續(xù)下去，她卻突然停住了。 While I admit that there are problems，I don't agree that they cannot be solved. 盡管我承認(rèn)有問(wèn)題存在，但我不同意說(shuō)這些問(wèn)題不能解決。,九、比較狀語(yǔ)從句 1．a(chǎn)s.as；not so/as.as；the same.as；such.as 連詞表示同程度級(jí)的比較，肯定句用as.as，否定句可用not as.as或not so.as。如： He doesn't run so (as) fast as Jack (does)． 他跑得不如杰克快。 Henry is not such a good worker as Peter. 亨利不是一個(gè)像彼得這樣的好工人。 2．than表示不同程度的比較，主句中用形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)。如： He runs less fast than me. 他跑得不如我快。,[考點(diǎn)二] 狀語(yǔ)從句的幾種重要句式 1．not until.句型的強(qiáng)調(diào)和倒裝用法。如： It was not until you told me that I had any idea of it.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型) Not until you told me did I have any idea of it.(not until置于句首，主句要部分倒裝) 直到你告訴我，我才知道這件事。,3．在so/such.that.句型中當(dāng)so或such置于句首時(shí)，主句要用倒裝語(yǔ)序。如： So clever a student was he that he was able to work out all the difficult problems. 他是如此聰明的一個(gè)學(xué)生，以至于成功地解出了所有難題。 4．a(chǎn)s引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句須用倒裝，句型為：adj./adv./n.(一般不帶冠詞)/v.(原形)＋as＋主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)。 Angry as/though he was，he managed to speak calmly. 盡管他很生氣，他還是設(shè)法讓自己平靜地講話。,5．在時(shí)間、條件、方式、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果從句的主語(yǔ)和主句主語(yǔ)一致或從句的主語(yǔ)為it而且從句的謂語(yǔ)又包含be，就可以省略從句中的“主語(yǔ)＋ be”部分，構(gòu)成下列結(jié)構(gòu)： (1)連詞＋分詞 Look out while crossing the street. 穿過(guò)街道時(shí)要小心。 (2)連詞＋形容詞 Come tomorrow if possible. 如果可能的話明天來(lái)。,(3)連詞＋介詞短語(yǔ) While in Beijing，I paid a visit to the Great Wall. 在北京的時(shí)候，我參觀了長(zhǎng)城。 (4)連詞＋不定式 He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子好像要說(shuō)些什么。,