《From_Word_to_Text2 1-2節(jié)》由會(huì)員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)《From_Word_to_Text2 1-2節(jié)（20頁(yè)珍藏版）》請(qǐng)?jiān)谘b配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。
1、Chapter FourFrom Word to Text1vSyntaxsntksisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.2vSyntacticrelationscanbeanalysedintothreekinds:relationsofposition位置關(guān)系位置關(guān)系relationsofsubstitu
2、tability替替代代關(guān)系關(guān)系relationsofco-occurrence同現(xiàn)關(guān)系同現(xiàn)關(guān)系1.Syntactic relations sntktk 34.1 Relations of PositionvPositionalrelation,orWORDORDER,referstothesequentialarrangementofwordsinalanguage.v如果單詞在句子中的位置是錯(cuò)誤的，就會(huì)趨如果單詞在句子中的位置是錯(cuò)誤的，就會(huì)趨向于說(shuō)話方式的不合文法或是荒謬。向于說(shuō)話方式的不合文法或是荒謬。4vForexample,vTheteachersawthestudentsvThes
3、tudentssawtheteacher5vWordorderisamongthethreebasicways(wordorder,geneticandarealclassifications)toclassifylanguagesintheworld:語(yǔ)言分語(yǔ)言分6種類型種類型SVO,VSO,SOV,OVS,OSV,andVOS.EnglishbelongstoSVOtype61.2 Relation of Substitutability vTheRelationofSubstitutabilityreferstoclassesorsetsofwordssubstitutableforea
4、chothergrammaticallyinsentenceswiththesamestructure.7The_smiles.manboygirlvItalsoreferstogroupsofmorethanonewordwhichmaybejointlysubstitutablegrammaticallyforasinglewordofaparticularset.81.3 Relation of Co-occurrence 同現(xiàn)關(guān)系（橫向，縱向）vItmeansthatwordsofdifferentsetsofclausesmaypermit,orrequire,theoccurren
5、ceofawordofanothersetorclasstoformasentenceoraparticularpartofasentence.9屬于同一詞匯搭配范疇或者某一領(lǐng)域的詞匯。屬于同一詞匯搭配范疇或者某一領(lǐng)域的詞匯。Forinstance,anominalphrasecanbeprecededbyadeterminerandadjective(s)andfollowedbyaverbalphrase.vRelationsofco-occurrencepartlybelongtosyntagmaticrelations,partlytoparadigmaticrelations.v同現(xiàn)
6、關(guān)系同現(xiàn)關(guān)系部分屬于組合關(guān)系部分屬于組合關(guān)系，部分屬于詞形變化，部分屬于詞形變化102.Grammatical construction and its constituents 語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)與成分2.1GrammaticalConstruction 分析法11Immediate Constituent Analysis(IC Analysis)直接成分分析法Thegirlatetheapple12 Phrase Structure Tree diagram 樹(shù)形圖 S NP VPDet N V NP Det NThe girl ate the apple13Bracketing 加括號(hào)vBrac
7、ketingisnotascommoninuse,butitisaneconomicnotationinrepresentingtheconstituent/phrasestructureofagrammaticalunit.(The)(girl)(ate)(the)(apple)SNPDetTheNgirlVPVateNPDettheNapple142.3 Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions 內(nèi)向結(jié)構(gòu)外向結(jié)構(gòu)vEndocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent
8、tothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,i.e.,awordoragroupofwords,whichservesasadefinablecentreorhead.Usuallynounphrases,verbphrasesandadjectivephrasesbelongtoendocentrictypesbecausetheconstituentitemsaresubordinatetotheHead.15名詞短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，形名詞短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，形容詞短語(yǔ)容詞短語(yǔ)常常屬內(nèi)向結(jié)構(gòu)，屬內(nèi)向結(jié)構(gòu)，因?yàn)樗齻儽话诶锩?。因?yàn)樗齻儽话诶锩妗?6vExocentricc
9、onstructionreferstoagroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwordswherenoneofthewordsisfunctionallyequivalenttothegroupasawhole,thatis,thereisnodefinable“Centre”or“Head”insidethegroup,usuallyincludingthebasicsentence,theprepositionalphrase,thepredicate(verb+object)construction,andtheconnective(be+complement)const
10、ruction.172.4 Coordination and Subordination 并列結(jié)構(gòu)和叢屬結(jié)構(gòu)vCoordinationisacommonsyntacticpatterninEnglishandotherlanguagesformedbygroupingtogethertwoormorecategoriesofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctionsuchasand,butandor.v2個(gè)或是更多的詞或是詞組具有相同的地位，他們各個(gè)或是更多的詞或是詞組具有相同的地位，他們各自相互獨(dú)立，可以承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的建筑功能。自相互獨(dú)立，可以承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的建筑功能。
11、vP91例子例子18Subordination vSubordinationreferstotheprocessorresultoflinkinglinguisticunitssothattheyhavedifferentsyntacticstatus,onebeingdependentupontheother,andusuallyaconstituentoftheother.從屬成分從屬成分可以可以修修主體，主體，因此因此,他們可以被稱他們可以被稱為修飾符。為修飾符。19vvvtwotwo dogdogvv head headvvI I cancan drinkdrinkvv head head20
From_Word_to_Text2 1-2節(jié)
