初一英語(yǔ)上冊(cè)知識(shí)點(diǎn) (2)
初一英語(yǔ)上冊(cè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)一、48個(gè)國(guó)際音標(biāo)及26個(gè)英文字母的正確書(shū)寫(xiě)要熟練掌握元音和輔音,5個(gè)元音字母(a, e, i, o, u),字母的正確占格及單詞間距。二、be動(dòng)詞的用法be動(dòng)詞有三種變形,分別是:am, is, are。記憶口訣:"我"用am, "你"用are, is用于"他、她、它"單數(shù)全都用is,復(fù)數(shù)全部都用are。三、人稱及人稱代詞的不同形式(主格和賓格)1、三種人稱:第一人稱(I, we),第二人稱(you, you),第三人稱(he, she, it, Maria)。2、人稱代詞的主格,即人稱代詞位于句子主語(yǔ)位置時(shí)的形態(tài):I, We, You, You, He, She, It, Maria。3、人稱代詞的賓格,即人稱代詞位于句子賓語(yǔ)位置時(shí)的形態(tài):me, us, you, you, him, her, it。4、形容詞性物主代詞:my, our, your, your, his, her, its, their。5、名詞性物主代詞:mine, ours, yours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs。6、反身代詞:myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves。四、基數(shù)詞(表示數(shù)量多少的詞,大致相當(dāng)于代數(shù)里的自然數(shù))zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty, twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-three,twenty-four, twenty-five, twenty-six, twenty-seven, twenty-eight, twenty-nine, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty,seventy, eighty, ninety, one hundred,one hundred and one。五、一般疑問(wèn)句及特殊疑問(wèn)句1、一般疑問(wèn)句:能用Yes或No來(lái)回答的問(wèn)句。一般疑問(wèn)句句尾讀升調(diào)。2、特殊疑問(wèn)句:不能用Yes或No來(lái)回答的問(wèn)句。特殊疑問(wèn)句句尾讀降調(diào)。六、可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種。1、規(guī)則變化:(1)一般情況直接在詞尾加"-s ",如:cake-cakes, bag-bags, day-days, face-faces, orange-oranges等;(2)以s, x, sh, ch結(jié)尾的詞,要在詞尾加"-es ",如:bus-buses, watch-watches, box-boxes等;(3)以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的詞,變y為i再加"-es ",如:baby-babies, country-countries, family-families等;(4)部分以f (e)結(jié)尾的詞,變f (e)為"ves ",如:knife-knives, half-halves等;(5)以o結(jié)尾的詞,加"-s "或"-es ",如:zoo-zoos, photo-photos, tomato-tomatoes, potato-potatoes等。記憶口訣:除了"英雄"hero外,凡是能吃的,加"-es ",不能吃的加"-s "。2、不規(guī)則變化:(1)改變單數(shù)名詞中的元音字母:man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth等;(2)單、復(fù)同形:sheep-sheep, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese等;(3)其他形式:mouse-mice, child-children等。七、簡(jiǎn)單句的成分及主謂一致原則最基本構(gòu)成:主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ),其中謂語(yǔ)由動(dòng)詞來(lái)充當(dāng)。主謂一致原則,就是句子的謂語(yǔ)要始終與主語(yǔ)保持?jǐn)?shù)量上的一致性。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)(簡(jiǎn)稱"三單")時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也要相應(yīng)變成單數(shù)形式;當(dāng)主語(yǔ)非"三單"時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用原形。實(shí)意動(dòng)詞變"三單"的規(guī)則如下:(1)一般動(dòng)詞在詞尾加"-s ",如:like-likes, tell-tells, play-plays等;(2)以字母s, x,ch, sh結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞加"-es ",如:guess-guesses, teach-teaches, watch-watches等;(3)以o結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞一般加"-es ",如:do-does, go-goes等;(4)以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,先變y為i,再加"-而是",如:fly-flies, carry-carries等;(5)have的三單形式是has。八、冠詞的用法(名詞前面必須要有冠詞)冠詞分為定冠詞(the)和不定冠詞(a, an)兩種。1、定冠詞the表示"特指",可譯為"這個(gè)"、"那個(gè)"、"這些"、"那些"。2、不定冠詞a, an用來(lái)表明(可數(shù))名詞的數(shù)量是"一個(gè)"。an用于以元音開(kāi)頭(注意不是以元音字母開(kāi)頭)的單詞前,a則英語(yǔ)非元音開(kāi)頭的單詞前。3、不定冠詞a, an與基數(shù)詞one的區(qū)別是:不定冠詞不是刻意強(qiáng)調(diào)"數(shù)量",而基數(shù)詞則強(qiáng)調(diào)"數(shù)量"。九、助動(dòng)詞(do, does )的用法只有實(shí)意動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)時(shí)才涉及使用助動(dòng)詞。以like為例:(1)當(dāng)句子為肯定句時(shí)不涉及使用助動(dòng)詞,只涉及"主謂一致"原則。eg : I like English a lot.Michael likes Chinese food very much.(2)當(dāng)句子為否定句時(shí),要根據(jù)主語(yǔ)的人稱來(lái)決定使用相應(yīng)的助動(dòng)詞:當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為"三單"時(shí),要使用does;當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為"非三單"時(shí),用助動(dòng)詞原形do。例如把下列句子變否定句:Kangkang likes math.-Kangkang doesnt like math.They like sports.-They dont like sports.(3)當(dāng)句子變疑問(wèn)句時(shí),同樣要根據(jù)句子的主語(yǔ)來(lái)決定在句首使用Do或Does.例如下列句子變問(wèn)句:Michael likes Chinese Food.-Does Michael like Chinese food? Yes, he does./ No, he doesnt.Jane and Helen like music.-Do Jand and Helen like music? Yes, they do./ No, they dont.十、名詞所有格1、Kangkangs books;Tom and Helens desk; Anns and Marias bikes;2、用of表示".的",但要從of后往of前翻譯:a book of mine(我的一本書(shū))3、have與of的區(qū)別:have一般表示"主動(dòng)擁有",往往用于有生命的人或動(dòng)物;無(wú)生命的物體一般不能"主動(dòng)擁有",表示所屬關(guān)系時(shí)要用of。例如:I have a new bike. She has two big eyes.a door of the house十一、初一英語(yǔ)上冊(cè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)之課本中的知識(shí)點(diǎn)1、Unit 1 -Unit 2(1)問(wèn)候語(yǔ):Good morning/ afternoon/ evening.How are you?-Just OK, thank you. How are you?-Not bad, thanks.Hi! Hello!How do you do?(2)道別用語(yǔ):Nice/ Glad to meet/ see you.(meet用于初次見(jiàn)面,see用于熟人間)Nice to meet/ see you, too.Goodbye. Byebye. Bye. See you (later/ tomorrow/ next time)! So long! Good night!(3)介紹人或者物的句型:This is.(4)Excuse me.與Im sorry.的區(qū)別:Excuse me.是要引起對(duì)方的注意,而Im sorry.則是向?qū)Ψ降狼浮?5)詞組be from = come from(6)當(dāng)問(wèn)句中問(wèn)到this/ that時(shí),回答要用it;問(wèn)到these/ those時(shí),要用they來(lái)回答。 例如: Whats this in English?-Its an eraser.What are those?-They are books.(7)對(duì)Thanks.的回答:Thats OK./ Youre welcome./ My pleasur.(8)look the same = have the same looksgive sth. to sb. = give sb. sth.be like = look likein the tree/ on the tree (樹(shù)上結(jié)的、長(zhǎng)出來(lái)的用on,否則用in)in red(穿著紅色的衣服)in the desk(在空間范圍之內(nèi))in English(用英語(yǔ))help sb. do sth.(9)both與all的區(qū)別:both表示"兩者都."all表示"三者及以上都."。2、Unit 3-Unit 4(1)speak的用法speak與say不同:speak表示"說(shuō)"的動(dòng)作,不表示"說(shuō)"的內(nèi)容;say則表示"說(shuō)"的內(nèi)容。speak后面除了能接"語(yǔ)言"外,不能直接接?xùn)|西,后面加了to則表示"對(duì).說(shuō)"。help sb. with sth.(幫助某人做/補(bǔ)習(xí).)want to do sth.(想要做某事)would like to do sth.not.at all(一點(diǎn)都不);Not at all.(沒(méi)關(guān)系/別介意)like.a lot = like.very much(2)some和any的區(qū)別:口訣:some用于肯定句,否定、疑問(wèn)變any。例如:I have some money.I dont have any money.Do you have any money?(3)have a seat = take a seat(請(qǐng)隨便坐)(4)祈使句(表示命令或請(qǐng)求的句子)祈使句一般都省略了主語(yǔ)You,所以其否定句直接用Dont開(kāi)頭。例如:Dont go there!(5)問(wèn)職業(yè):What does sb. do?What is sb.?Whats sb.s job?(6)work與job的區(qū)別:work是未必有報(bào)酬的"工作",例如homework, housework;而job則一定是有報(bào)酬的"工作"。(7)on指在物體的表面,不論這個(gè)面是否水平的,例如:on the desk/ wall/ farm/ playground(8)in hospital(住院);in the hospital(在醫(yī)院里)look after(照料/照顧/照看)help oneself(請(qǐng)自便/隨便吃)(9)表示"建議"的句型:"做某事如何?"What about (doing) sth.? (英式英語(yǔ))How about (doing) sth.? (美式英語(yǔ))Why dont you do sth.? = Why not do sth.?(10)"吃"一日三餐要用have:have breakfast/ lunch/ supperhave.for breakfast/ lunch/ suppertake ones orderbe kind to sb.(11)try on這個(gè)詞組可合可分:名詞可以放在這個(gè)詞組的中間或后面,但代詞只能放在詞組的中間。(12)在口語(yǔ)中往往用take表示"買(mǎi)"。(13)how many與how much的區(qū)別:how many + 可數(shù)名詞;how much + 不可數(shù)名詞(14)What do you think of.? 是詢問(wèn)對(duì)方對(duì)某事物的看法;How do you like.? 是問(wèn)對(duì)方對(duì)某事物喜歡的程度。think about(考慮)Thank you all the same. (即使對(duì)方?jīng)]能幫上忙,也要禮貌道謝)Thanks. = Thank you.(thank作為動(dòng)詞,不能單獨(dú)使用。)(15)one與it的區(qū)別:當(dāng)上下文說(shuō)的是同一種類事物時(shí),任意一個(gè)可以用one來(lái)代替;如果上下文所說(shuō)的是同一個(gè)事物時(shí)則用it。例如:Ann :I have a yellow bag.Jane :I have a green one.Tom : Hey, Mike. Where is your bike?Mike : Look, its over there.(16)倒裝句Here you are.Here it is.(17)be free (有空/免費(fèi))forget to do sth.(忘了去做某事)forget doing sth.(忘了做過(guò)某事)Whats up? = Whats wrong with.? = Whats the matter with.?(18)go + v.-ing結(jié)構(gòu)的含義:為了實(shí)現(xiàn)某目的才去的。例如:go fishing/ boating/ swimming/ shopping等(19)have to do sth.(非主觀因素,強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀因素,"不得不去做某事")must 則表示主觀愿望(20)fly a kite = fly kitesbe free = have time(21)句型"該干某事了。":Its time to do sth. = Its time for sth.例如:該吃午飯了.Its time to have lunch. = Its time for lunch.(22)時(shí)間的表述當(dāng)分針?biāo)傅臅r(shí)間大于0分、小于等于30分鐘時(shí),用"分鐘"past"小時(shí)"。例如:8:23-twenty-three past eight當(dāng)分針?biāo)傅臅r(shí)間大于30分鐘、小于60分鐘時(shí),用"剩余的時(shí)間"to"下一個(gè)整點(diǎn)"。例如:8:49-eleven to nine當(dāng)然,還可以直接按照小時(shí)、分鐘去讀出時(shí)間,例如:8:23-eight twenty-three; 8:49-eight forty-nine整點(diǎn)則在數(shù)詞后加"-oclock",例如:8:00-eight oclock在鐘點(diǎn)前介詞要用at.