高中英語語法大全-精講教程

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1、8點(diǎn)擊朗誦外語-需要啟用宏后才能使用朗誦功能啟用方法：先啟用編輯，然后啟用宏內(nèi)容。2003版啟用方法如下：工具宏安全性低或中重啟文檔啟用宏）不會啟用宏？點(diǎn)擊查看幫助！動詞時(shí)態(tài) 一般時(shí) 第一章 動詞時(shí)態(tài)一 在英語中不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)要用不同的動詞形式來表示這就叫做動詞的時(shí)態(tài)。一、一般時(shí) 一般時(shí)包括一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)和一般過去將來時(shí)。A.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主要用動詞原形來表示。主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)動詞后面要加-s或-es。They want good jobs.他們想要好的工作。The coat matches the dress.外衣和裙子很

2、相配。This work does not satisfy me.這項(xiàng)工作我不滿意。Do you understand?你懂了嗎?2一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的基本用法 第 1 頁，共 254 頁 a.表示現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣性的動作或存在狀態(tài) He always takes a walk after supper.晚飯后他總是散散步。Everyone is in high spirits now.現(xiàn)在大家都情緒高漲。b.表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理 The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.太陽從東方升起在西方落下。Sound travels faster

3、 through water than it doesthrough air.聲音在水中的傳播速度要比在空氣中快。Time and tide wait for no man.時(shí)間不等人。c.表示主語的特征、能力和狀態(tài) This cloth feels soft.這布摸上去很軟。I love classical music.我喜歡古典音樂。The President still seems able to find time togo fishing.看來總統(tǒng)仍能有時(shí)間去釣魚。第 2 頁，共 254 頁 d.表示按計(jì)劃或安排將要發(fā)生的動作 The meeting begins at 7:00.會

4、議七點(diǎn)鐘開始。We leave here at 8:00 sharp.我們八點(diǎn)整離開這里。e.在時(shí)間、條件、讓步狀語從句中表示將來動作 When you come next time,bring me somemagazines.你下次來時(shí)給我?guī)妆倦s志。If time allows,we shall go there tomorrow.如果時(shí)間允許的話我們明天去那里。Whether he agrees or not,I will stay at home.不管他同意與否我都會待在家里。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的特殊用法 a.用于新聞標(biāo)題或圖片說明中 China Declares Manned Spacef

5、light Successful 中國宣布載人航天飛行圓滿成功 Laura Bush Arrives in Moscow 勞拉布什抵達(dá)莫斯科 第 3 頁，共 254 頁 b.用于體育運(yùn)動、表演等實(shí)況報(bào)道中 Francis slips past,passes the ball to Yao Ming,who jumps,catches and shoots it intothe basket.弗朗西斯穿過去把球傳給姚明姚明跳起來接住球投進(jìn)籃里。Now,look,I press the button and turn on themachine.現(xiàn)在看我按下按扭打開了這臺機(jī)器。c.表示告誡或勸說

6、You mind your own business.你不要管閑事 If he does that again,he goesto prison.如果他再那樣的話他就會進(jìn)監(jiān)獄的。d.表示現(xiàn)在瞬間的動作 Here comes the bus.汽車來了。There goes the bell.鈴響了。B一般過去時(shí) 1 一般過去時(shí)的構(gòu)成 第 4 頁，共 254 頁 一般過去時(shí)是用動詞的過去式來表示。His words fetched a laugh from all present.他的話使在場的人都笑了。I did not sleep well last night.我昨晚沒睡好。Did you

7、direct the tourist to the hotel?你告訴這位游客去旅館的路了嗎 2一般過去時(shí)的用法 一般過去時(shí)的基本用法 a.表示過去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài) He suddenly fell ill yesterday.昨天他突然生病了。The engine stopped because the fuel was used up.發(fā)動機(jī)因燃料用光而停機(jī)了。注意 在一般過去時(shí)的句子中通常都要有表示過去的時(shí)間狀語?！菊`】I visited the Palace Museum.在沒有上下文的情況下應(yīng)避免這樣說 【正】I visited the Palace Museum

8、last year.第 5 頁，共 254 頁 去年我參觀過故宮博物院?！菊縄 have visited the Palace Museum.我參觀過故宮博物院。b.表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài) I wrote home once a week at college.我上大學(xué)時(shí)每周給家里寫一封信。He was already in the habit of reading widely inhis boyhood.他童年時(shí)就養(yǎng)成了廣泛閱讀的習(xí)慣。提示 表示過去的習(xí)慣性動作除了用過去式外還可以用used to或would來表示。She used to study late into th

9、e night when shewas in Senior Three.她上高三時(shí)經(jīng)常學(xué)習(xí)到深夜。He would sit for hours doing nothing.過去他常常一坐幾個(gè)鐘頭什么事也不做。c.表示過去連續(xù)發(fā)生的一系列動作 She entered the room,picked up a magazine andlooked through it carefully.她走進(jìn)房間拿起一本雜志認(rèn)真地翻閱了起來。The students got up early in the morning,didmorning exercises and then read Englishalo

10、ud in the open air.第 6 頁，共 254 頁 學(xué)生們很早起床做早操然后在室外朗讀英語。d.在時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中表示過去將要發(fā)生的動作 We would not leave until the teacher came back.老師回來我們才會離開。She told me she would not go if it rained thenext day.她告訴我如果第二天下雨的話她就不去了。一般過去時(shí)的特殊用法 a.在虛擬語氣中表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r(shí)間的動作或狀態(tài) Its time we went.是我們該走的時(shí)候了。I wish I were twenty years yo

11、unger.但愿我年輕20歲。I would rather you didnt doanything for the time being.我寧愿你暫時(shí)先不要采取什么措施。b.在口語中一般過去時(shí)往往顯示委婉客氣。I wondered if you could give me a hand.我想請你幫個(gè)忙。Might I come and see you tonight?第 7 頁，共 254 頁 我想今晚來看你好嗎 3一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的比較 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)要和現(xiàn)在時(shí)間相聯(lián)系而一般過去時(shí)和說話的“現(xiàn)在”不相聯(lián)系。His father is a film director.他父親是電影導(dǎo)演。他現(xiàn)

12、在還是 His father was a film director.他父親曾是電影導(dǎo)演。他現(xiàn)在不是 How do you like the novel?你覺得這部小說怎么樣還在看小說 How did you like the novel?你覺得這部小說怎么樣已看完小說 C一般將來時(shí) 1 一般將來時(shí)的構(gòu)成 一般將來時(shí)是由“will/shall+動詞原形”構(gòu)成的。shall只限于第一人稱主要見于英國英語現(xiàn)在的趨勢是第一、二、三人稱的單復(fù)數(shù)形式均用will表示。在口語中shall和will常縮寫成“l(fā)l”緊接在主語之后。其否定式shallnot 和will not 常簡略為shant 和wont。

13、第 8 頁，共 254 頁 Ill go and shut the door.我去關(guān)門。When will you know your exam results?你什么時(shí)候能知道考試結(jié)果 I can see youre busy,so I wont stay long.我看得出你很忙所以我不會呆太久的。提示在you and I或both ofus等短語后只用will不用shall。You and I will arrive there next Monday.我和你下周一都要到達(dá)那里。Both of us will graduate from middle school nextyear.我們

14、倆明年中學(xué)畢業(yè)。2一般將來時(shí)的用法 表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài) I shall be free this afternoon.我今天下午有空。Therell be no chemistry classes tomorrow.明天沒有化學(xué)課。They will probably go to Shanghai for theirholiday.第 9 頁，共 254 頁 他們可能去上海度假。注意 在口語中常用will/shall+bedoing結(jié)構(gòu)來代替will/shall+動詞原形以表示生動。Ill be seeing a friend off at the airport.我要去機(jī)場給一個(gè)

15、朋友送行。Hell be going with us tomorrow.他明天和我們一起去。表示將要反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作 My uncle will come to see me every Saturday.我叔叔每個(gè)星期六都會來看我。The students will have five English classes perweek this term.本學(xué)期學(xué)生們每周要上五節(jié)英語課。表示同意或答應(yīng)做某事 That bag looks heavy.Ill help you with it.這個(gè)包看起來很重我來幫你提。I wont tell anyone what happened,I prom

16、ise.我保證不告訴別人所發(fā)生的事。表示一種傾向或推測 Flowers will die without water.第 10 頁，共 254 頁 沒有水花會枯死的。Water will change into ice at 0.水在零攝氏度就會結(jié)冰。This will be your sister,I guess.我猜想這是你姐姐。3一般將來時(shí)的常用結(jié)構(gòu) 用于“I expect,Im sure,I think,I wonder+賓語從句”中 Dont worry about the exam.Im sure youllpass.不要擔(dān)心這次考試我確信你會通過的。I wonder what w

17、ill happen.我不知道將會發(fā)生什么事。I dont think the test will be very difficult.我想這次測驗(yàn)不會太難。用于“祈使句+and+陳述句”中 Work hard and you will succeed.如果你努力就會成功的。Go at once and you will see her.第 11 頁，共 254 頁 馬上去你就會見到她了。與表示時(shí)間或條件的狀語從句連用 Ill let you know as soon as he arrives.他一到我就通知你。If you ask him,he will help you.如果你請他他會幫

18、助你的。We shall go unless it rains.除非下雨否則我們是要去的。4將來時(shí)間的其他表達(dá)法 be going to+動詞原形“be going to+動詞原形”這一結(jié)構(gòu)常用于口語中。a.表示決定或打算要做某事 Im going to buy a new coat this winter.今年冬天我打算買一件新大衣。Are you going to play basketball after class?下課后你去打籃球嗎 He is going to be a doctor when he grows up.他長大后要當(dāng)醫(yī)生。What are you going to d

19、o today?第 12 頁，共 254 頁 今天你打算做什么 b.表示有跡象即將要發(fā)生什么事 Look at those black clouds.It is going to rain.瞧那烏云天要下雨了。The car is going to turn over.汽車要翻了 There is going to be a snowstorm.將有一場暴風(fēng)雪。比較 “be going to+動詞原形”與“will/shall+動詞原形”的區(qū)別 1be goingto通常表示很快就要發(fā)生的事而will/shall既可表示不久的將來也可表示長遠(yuǎn)的將來或不確定的將來。She is going to

20、 get better.她的病要好了。有恢復(fù)健康的跡象 She will get better.她的病會好的。認(rèn)為最終會恢復(fù)健康的 2will表示將來通常是指事先無計(jì)劃的意圖是臨時(shí)決定的 be going to則表示事先有計(jì)劃的意圖是經(jīng)過考慮的。第 13 頁，共 254 頁 George phoned while you were out.你外出的時(shí)候喬治打電話來的。Ok.Ill phone him back.好的我給他回電話。臨時(shí)決定 Matthew phoned while you were out.你外出的時(shí)候馬修打電話來了。Yes,I know.Im going to phone hi

21、m back.是的我知道了。我準(zhǔn)備給他回電話。早有安排 但在正式文體中要用will來表示事先安排的動作。The meeting will begin at 10:00 a.m.會議將在10點(diǎn)開始。Coffee will be served from 9:30 from todayonwards.從今天起9:30開始供應(yīng)咖啡。3表示有跡象顯示將要發(fā)生某一動作時(shí)要用begoing to不用will或shall。I feel terrible.I think Im going to be sick.我覺得不舒服我想我要生病了。4be going to可用于條件句表示將來時(shí)間will則不能。If yo

22、u are going to attend the meeting,youdbetter leave now.第 14 頁，共 254 頁 如果你要出席會議你最好現(xiàn)在就動身。be+動詞的-ing形式 “be+動詞的-ing形式”表示根據(jù)現(xiàn)在的計(jì)劃或安排預(yù)期將會發(fā)生某事這種安排不容隨意改變。在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中動詞-ing形式通常是表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動詞如arrive,come,go,leave,move,start,stay,get 以及eat,meet,seeoff,die等并與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用。如果沒有時(shí)間狀語則所表示的動作有即將發(fā)生之意。He is leaving for Xinjiang i

23、n a few days.他幾天后要?jiǎng)由砣バ陆?。I am dining out tonight.今晚我將出去吃飯。The plane is taking off soon.飛機(jī)馬上就要起飛了。The old man is dying.那位老人快要死了。比較 “be+動詞的-ing形式”和“be going to+動詞原形”的異同 1表示按計(jì)劃發(fā)生的動作時(shí)兩者可互換。We are moving to a new flat tomorrow.我們明天就要搬到新房子里去了。第 15 頁，共 254 頁 We are going to move to a new flat tomorrow.我們明天就

24、要搬到新房子里去了。2表示由于客觀因素而產(chǎn)生的將來動作或狀態(tài)時(shí)用begoing to結(jié)構(gòu)不用be+動詞的-ing形式。You are going to fall if you climb that tree.如果你爬樹的話你會摔下來的。不可說 You arefalling if.Be careful.You are going to break that chair.當(dāng)心你會把那張椅子弄壞的。不可說 You arebreaking that chair be+動詞不定式 這一結(jié)構(gòu)中的be只有現(xiàn)在式(am,is,are)和過去式(was,were)兩種形式。a.表示按計(jì)劃或安排將要發(fā)生的動作 T

25、he highway is to be open to traffic in May.這條公路將在五月份通車。Am I to take over his work?我是不是要接管他的工作 b.用于條件句中強(qiáng)調(diào)按計(jì)劃或安排將要發(fā)生的動作 If we are to take the 5:00 train,we must leavenow.如果我們乘坐5點(diǎn)的火車的話那我們現(xiàn)在就得出發(fā)。第 16 頁，共 254 頁 c.表示命令或吩咐等。否定形式常表示“禁止”或“不許”。You are to be back before 10 p.m.你必須在10點(diǎn)前回來。You are not to go out

26、alone at night.晚上你不能單獨(dú)出去。比較 “be+動詞不定式”與“be going to+動詞原形”的區(qū)別 1“be going to+動詞原形”側(cè)重說話人個(gè)人的意圖和打算“be+動詞不定式”側(cè)重受別人的指示或安排要做的事。Im going to try my best to write this articlewell.我將盡力把這篇文章寫好。Am I to wait here till their arrival?我要在這兒一直等到他們抵達(dá)嗎 2表示由于客觀因素或不受人控制的將要發(fā)生的動作時(shí)只用“be going to+動詞原形”不用“be+動詞不定式”。Its going

27、to rain.天要下雨了。不說Its to rain.Rachel is going to faint.雷切爾要暈倒了。第 17 頁，共 254 頁 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以用來表示將來時(shí)間主要用法有 a.表示由于日歷或時(shí)刻表的規(guī)定而固定不變的或比較不易變更的將來時(shí)間發(fā)生的動作。Tomorrow is Friday.明天是星期五。What time does the next train leave forParis?下一班開往巴黎的火車幾點(diǎn)出發(fā) b.在時(shí)間狀語從句或條件狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來時(shí)間的動作或狀態(tài)。Ill give the book to you after I fin

28、ish it.我看完這本書就給你。If he arrives,we must go and meet him at therailway station.如果他到了我們就得到火車站去接他。c.在hope,suppose等后面的賓語從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來動作或狀態(tài)。I hope all is well with him.我希望他一切都好。Suppse we go hiking tomorrow.我們明天還是去遠(yuǎn)足吧。D一般過去將來時(shí) 第 18 頁，共 254 頁 1一般過去將來時(shí)的構(gòu)成 一般過去將來時(shí)是由“should/would+動詞原形”構(gòu)成的。He asked me yesterda

29、y when I should leave forParis.昨天他問我什么時(shí)候動身去巴黎。They wanted to know how they would finish thehomework earlier.他們想知道怎樣才能早一點(diǎn)兒完成家庭作業(yè)。2一般過去將來時(shí)的用法 一般過去將來時(shí)間的出發(fā)點(diǎn)是過去即從過去某一時(shí)刻看以后要發(fā)生的動作和狀態(tài)。a.一般過去將來時(shí)常用于間接引語中 He said they would arrange a party.他說他們將安排一個(gè)晚會。I asked if he would come and fix my TV set.我問他是否來幫我修電視機(jī)。b.一

30、般過去將來時(shí)可用來表示非真實(shí)的動作或狀態(tài) If I had a chance to study abroad,I would studyat Cambridge University.如果我有機(jī)會出國學(xué)習(xí)的話我就會去劍橋大學(xué)。I wish he would go with me to the cinematonight.今晚他能和我一起去看電影就好了。第 19 頁，共 254 頁 3過去將來時(shí)間其他表達(dá)法 a.was/were going to+動詞原形 He said that he was going to live in thecountry when he retired.他說他退休后

31、要住在農(nóng)村。They thought it was going to rain.他們認(rèn)為天要下雨了。b.was/were+動詞的-ing形式 Nobody knew whether the guests were coming.沒人知道客人們是否要來。I was told that the train was leaving in a fewminutes.我被告知火車幾分鐘后就要開了。c.was/were+動詞不定式 She said she was to clean the classroom afterschool.她說她放學(xué)后要打掃教室。It was reported that ano

32、ther bridge was to bebuilt across the Yangtse River.據(jù)報(bào)道長江上將要再建一座大橋。提示 “was/were going to+動詞原形”或“was/were+動詞不定式完成式”可表示未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的過 第 20 頁，共 254 頁去將來時(shí)間的動作。Last Sunday we were going to visit the GreatWall,but it rained.上星期天我們本想去游覽長城的但卻下雨了。沒有去成 I was to have helped with the performance,but Igot flu the day be

33、fore.我是打算幫忙演出的但前天我感冒了。沒有幫上忙 d.was/were about to do “was/were about to do”表示說話的瞬間就會發(fā)生的動作。I felt something terrible was about to happen.我覺得有可怕的事要發(fā)生了。e.was/were on the point of doing Im glad you have come.I was on the point ofcalling you,but youve saved me thetrouble now.很高興你來了。我正準(zhǔn)備給你打電話現(xiàn)在你省去我這個(gè)麻煩了。提示

34、“be about to do”和“be on the point of doing”結(jié)構(gòu)一般不與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用但后面可以接when引導(dǎo)的分句。I was about to start when it suddenly began torain.我正要?jiǎng)由硖焱蝗幌掠炅?。?21 頁，共 254 頁 進(jìn)行時(shí)二、進(jìn)行時(shí) 進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動作正在進(jìn)行這個(gè)動作是暫時(shí)的也是未完成的。進(jìn)行時(shí)包括現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)和將來進(jìn)行時(shí)。A現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 1現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“am,is,are+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成的。Im reading the evening newspaper.我正在看晚報(bào)。Now

35、it isnt snowing outside.現(xiàn)在外面不在下雪。Are they playing soccer in the playground?他們正在操場上踢足球嗎 2現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法 a.表示說話的此刻正在進(jìn)行的動作 通常由表示“此刻”的時(shí)間狀語now,at thismoment或通過Look/Listen!這兩個(gè)提示語來表明此時(shí)此刻動作正在進(jìn)行。第 22 頁，共 254 頁 She is making a fire now.她正在生火。Listen!Mary is singing an English song in theclassroom.聽瑪麗正在教室里唱

36、英文歌。b.表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間段中正在進(jìn)行的動作 They are planting trees on the hill these days.這幾天他們正在山上種樹。I dont really work here;I am just helping outuntil the new secretary arrives.我并不在這兒工作我只是在新秘書來之前幫幫忙罷了。c.表示按計(jì)劃或安排將要發(fā)生的動作 能這樣用的動詞并不多通常是arrive,begin,come,do,drive,fly,go,leave,stay等表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動詞。這種用法比較生動給人以一種期待感。Jane and Betty

37、are going on holiday in a fewdays.幾天后簡和貝蒂將出去度假。Where are you staying in Guangzhou?你到廣州后準(zhǔn)備住在哪里 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊用法 a.表示一種重復(fù)的動作帶有“厭惡”、“贊嘆”等感情色彩 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)往往與constantly,always,forever等狀語連用給現(xiàn)在的動作披上 第 23 頁，共 254 頁一層感情色彩。Shes constantly complaining.她不停地抱怨。My brother is always leaving things about.我弟弟總是亂丟東西。He is foreve

38、r thinking of doing more for thestudents.他總是想著為學(xué)生多做些事情。b.表示某一具體動作或心理狀態(tài)的發(fā)展過程 The house is falling down.房子正在倒下。The weather is changing for the better.天氣慢慢轉(zhuǎn)好了。注意 有時(shí)表示一個(gè)動作剛剛開始。Im forgetting my English.我的英語開始忘了。Food is costing more.食品貴了起來。第 24 頁，共 254 頁 c.強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的重復(fù) The train is arriving late almost every d

39、ay thissummer.這個(gè)夏季火車幾乎天天晚點(diǎn)。Someone is knocking at the door.有人不斷地在敲門。The boy is jumping with joy.那男孩高興地跳個(gè)不停。d.表示兩個(gè)動作是同一動作 He who helps others is helping himself.幫人就是幫自己。If you insist on doing it,you are doing afoolish thing.如果你堅(jiān)持做這件事你就是在干傻事。e.be動詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) be動詞一般不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。但有時(shí)可用“am,is,are+being+形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)表示暫時(shí)或故

40、意如此。The boy is being naughty.這孩子有點(diǎn)兒淘氣。I dont think you are being fair.我認(rèn)為你不公平。He is being modest.第 25 頁，共 254 頁 他現(xiàn)在很謙虛。比較 You are not polite.你不講禮貌。一貫如此 You are not being polite.你可有點(diǎn)兒不禮貌了。暫時(shí)的現(xiàn)象 3不用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的動詞 表示狀態(tài)的動詞 這類動詞有seem,look,appear,have,belong to,own,hold等。This backpack belongs to me.這背包是我的。He see

41、ms rather angry with you.看起來他很生你的氣。表示知道、信念、理解、推測、懷疑、希望等含義的動詞 這類動詞有know,remember,understand,see,think,believe,suppose,hope,doubt等。I dont think he will come tomorrow.我想他明天不會來。第 26 頁，共 254 頁 I still remember the days when we studiedtogether.我還記得我們一起學(xué)習(xí)的那些日子。提示 有時(shí)這些動詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)可表示心理狀態(tài)的緩慢發(fā)展過程。Shes understandin

42、g you better now.她越來越了解你了。表示要求、心愿等意義的動詞 這類動詞有want,wish,need,desire等。Your clothes need washing.你的衣服需要洗了。How I wish I were a bird 我多希望我是一只鳥啊 表示繼續(xù)或持續(xù)含義的動詞 這類動詞有continue,keep,last,go on等。She still continues in poor health.她仍然身體很差。Every day after finishing his homework,he goeson to do some reading.他每天做完作

43、業(yè)后都會繼續(xù)看會兒書。第 27 頁，共 254 頁 表示感覺的動詞 這類動詞有see,hear,smell,taste,feel等。The apples taste good.這些蘋果嘗起來不錯(cuò)。This flower smells nice.這花聞上去很香。Your suggestion sounds reasonable.你的建議聽上去有道理。注意 如果這些動詞表示一種有意識的行為則可用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。She is tasting the apple.她正在嘗蘋果。The dog is smelling the footprints.狗正在嗅腳印。The bell is sounding for

44、 dinner.晚飯鈴響了。4現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的比較 暫時(shí)性動作和經(jīng)常性動作 第 28 頁，共 254 頁 The computer is working perfectly.計(jì)算機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)得很好。暫時(shí) The computer works perfectly.計(jì)算機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)很好。一直如此 持續(xù)性動作和短暫性動作 The bus is stopping.車停了下來。漸漸地 The bus stops.車停了。迅速 暫時(shí)性動作和永久性動作 She is living in the country.她現(xiàn)在住在農(nóng)村。暫時(shí) She lives in the country.她住在農(nóng)村。永久 有感情色彩和

45、沒有感情色彩 He is doing well at school.他在學(xué)校表現(xiàn)很好。贊揚(yáng) He does well at school.他在學(xué)校表現(xiàn)很好。一般事實(shí) 第 29 頁，共 254 頁 B.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)1.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成的。I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.昨天的這個(gè)時(shí)候我正在做作業(yè)。Were you expecting him yesterday?你昨天一直在等他嗎 They were not talking when I came in.我進(jìn)來的時(shí)候他們沒在說話。2.過去

46、進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法 a.表示在過去某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生的動作或該動作與過去的另一動作同時(shí)發(fā)生 I was having supper at 7:00 yesterday evening.昨天晚上7點(diǎn)我正在吃晚飯。She was playing the piano while I was readingthe newspaper.她彈鋼琴時(shí)我在看報(bào)。提示 第 30 頁，共 254 頁 當(dāng)句子意思很清楚時(shí)我們也可以把兩個(gè)動詞都換成一般過去時(shí)。We listened closely while the teacher read thetext.老師讀課文時(shí)我們都仔細(xì)地聽著。b.表示過去一

47、段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動作 We were talking about you the whole morning.我們整個(gè)上午都在說你。He was watching TV at home from 3:00 to 5:00yesterday afternoon.昨天下午從3點(diǎn)到5點(diǎn)他一直在看電視。c.表示按計(jì)劃、安排過去將要發(fā)生的事 He told me that he was going soon.他告訴我他很快就要走了。She said she was leaving for New York the nextmonth.她說她下個(gè)月動身去紐約。過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊用法 a.表示故事發(fā)生的背景

48、 It was snowing as the medical team made its wayto the front.那支醫(yī)療小組往前線行進(jìn)時(shí)天正下著雪。Tom slipped into the house when no one waslooking.湯姆乘沒人注意時(shí)溜進(jìn)了房間。第 31 頁，共 254 頁 b.表示一個(gè)新的動作剛剛開始 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)可用來引出一個(gè)新的動作這種用法頗有點(diǎn)兒像鏡頭轉(zhuǎn)換。Five minutes later,he was standing at the door,smoking.5分鐘后他已站在門口抽著煙。The baby was crying hard,and

49、 suddenly thecrying stopped.這嬰兒在大聲啼哭突然哭聲停止了。c.用來陳述原因或用作借口 She went to the doctor yesterday.She was havinga lot of trouble with her heart.她昨天去看病了。她患了很嚴(yán)重的心臟病。I havent finished my homework because I washelping my mother at home all dayyesterday.我作業(yè)沒做完是因?yàn)槲易蛱煲恢睅蛬寢屧诩腋苫?。d.與always,constantly等詞連用表示感情色彩 The g

50、irl was always changing her mind.這女孩老是改變主意。In the past he was constantly asking me formoney.過去他總是向我要錢。3過去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別 第 32 頁，共 254 頁 一般過去時(shí)往往表示某一動作已經(jīng)完成而過去進(jìn)行時(shí)卻表示動作在持續(xù)或未完成。She wrote a letter to her friend last night.她昨晚給朋友寫了封信。信寫完了 She was writing a letter to her friend lastnight.她昨晚一直在給朋友寫信。信不一定寫完 一般過

51、去時(shí)表示只做一次動作而過去進(jìn)行時(shí)卻表示動作反復(fù)地進(jìn)行。She waved to me.她朝我揮了揮手。She was waving to me.她不斷地朝我揮手。The boy jumped up and down.這男孩跳了一下。The boy was jumping up and down.這男孩不停地跳著。C.將來進(jìn)行時(shí) 1將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“shall/will+be+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成的。Dont phone me between 8:00 and 10:00.Well behaving classes then.第 33 頁，共 254 頁 8點(diǎn)到10點(diǎn)之間不要給我打電話

52、我們那時(shí)正在上課。Will you be using your bicycle this evening?今晚你用自行車嗎 She wont be having a meeting in her office at8:00 tomorrow.明天8點(diǎn)她不在開會。2將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法 a.表示在將來某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動作 Ill be taking my holiday soon.我不久就去度假了。They will be meeting us at the station.他們會在車站接我們的。b.在口語中代替will/shall do I hope you will be

53、 coming on time.我希望你按時(shí)來。Ill be seeing Mr.Smith tomorrow.我明天將見到史密斯先生。The minister will be giving a speech oninternational affairs.部長將就國際事務(wù)發(fā)表演講。第 34 頁，共 254 頁 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊用法 a.表示原因、結(jié)果或猜測 Please come tomorrow afternoon.Tomorrow morningIll be having a meeting.請你明天下午來吧。我明天上午有個(gè)會。表原因 Stop the child or he will

54、be falling over.抓住那個(gè)孩子要不他會掉下去的。表結(jié)果 You will be making a mistake.你會出錯(cuò)的。表推測 b.用在問句中表示委婉禮貌 Will you be reading anything else?你還要看點(diǎn)兒什么嗎 When shall we be meeting again?我們什么時(shí)候再見面 c.表示稍后一點(diǎn)兒的安排 The students aer studying Unit 3 this week,andnext week well be studying Unit 4.這星期我們學(xué)第三單元下周我們將學(xué)第四單元。My duties wil

55、l end in July and I will bereturning to Shanghai.我的任務(wù)在7月結(jié)束之后我會回上海。完成時(shí) 第 35 頁，共 254 頁三、完成時(shí) 完成時(shí)是用來表示動作的完成與未完成的情況。完成時(shí)包括現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)和將來完成時(shí)。A現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 1現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成形式是“have/has+過去分詞”?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常被稱為“與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系的過去”因此它不能與明確的過去時(shí)間狀語連用。Someone has broken the window.有人把窗戶打破了。I havent seen much of her lately.我最近不常見到她。How

56、 long have they been married?他們結(jié)婚多長時(shí)間了 2現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法 表示結(jié)果的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)著眼于過去的動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響。這是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“已完成”用法表示動作或過程發(fā)生在說話之前就已完成并與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。這種聯(lián)系實(shí)際上就是“過去的動作”對現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。第 36 頁，共 254 頁 I have bought a pen.我買了一支筆。結(jié)果I have a pen now.The temperature has increased by 10.溫度上升了10攝氏度。結(jié)果It is quite hot now.Air pollution h

57、as taken the lives of manypeople.空氣污染已經(jīng)奪去了很多人的生命。結(jié)果Airpollution is very serious now.注意 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的上下文所指的時(shí)態(tài)必須呼應(yīng)?！菊`】I have bought a pen but I have lost itnow.have bought表示你現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有筆了這和后面的have lost有矛盾 【正】I bought a pen but I have lost it now.我過去買了一支筆但我已經(jīng)把它丟了?！菊`】I have lost my pen but I have found itnow.have lo

58、st強(qiáng)調(diào)你現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)沒有筆了與后面have found的意思有沖突 【正】I lost mypen but I have found it now.我丟了一支筆但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)找到了。表示經(jīng)歷的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一時(shí)刻到說話時(shí)這段時(shí)間中的經(jīng)歷。Have you ever been to the Great Wall?第 37 頁，共 254 頁 你去過長城嗎 I have visited Beijing at least ten times.北京我至少訪問過十次了。She has never spent a holiday at the seaside.她從未到海濱度過假。表示延續(xù)的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 這

59、是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“未完成”用法表示一個(gè)動作或狀態(tài)從過去某時(shí)開始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在可能要繼續(xù)下去。Hes loved fishing for a long time.他愛好釣魚為時(shí)已久。他現(xiàn)在仍愛好釣魚 I have lived here for more than thirty years.我已在這兒住了三十多年了。也許還會繼續(xù)住下去 注意 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“未完成”用法既可用于動態(tài)動詞主要是持續(xù)動詞也可用于狀態(tài)動詞但它一般不適用于表示短暫動作或位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動詞如open,break,go,come,arrive,leave等。如用這類動詞表示“未完成”通常只限于否定結(jié)構(gòu)。I havent seen a fi

60、lm for weeks.我已經(jīng)好幾個(gè)星期沒看電影了。第 38 頁，共 254 頁 She hasnt written to me since September.自從9月份以來她還沒給我寫過信呢。3現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語 與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)“已完成”用法連用的時(shí)間狀語 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在時(shí)間以前的某個(gè)未明確指出的過去時(shí)間內(nèi)和它連用的時(shí)間狀語要與現(xiàn)在時(shí)間有關(guān)不能是明確地表示過去的時(shí)間狀語。a.不確定的過去時(shí)間狀語already,yet,before,recently,lately等 Ive seen the film before.我以前看過這部電影。Have you been th

61、ere lately?近來你去過那里嗎?b.頻度時(shí)間狀語often,sometimes,ever,never,once,rarely等 We have never heard of that.我們從未聽說過這事。He has sometimes played tennis.他有時(shí)打網(wǎng)球。Big Ben has rarely gone wrong.第 39 頁，共 254 頁 大本鐘很少出差錯(cuò)。c.包含現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語now,just,today,this morning,this week,thisyear等 I have just finished the letter now.我現(xiàn)在

62、剛寫完信。You have just missed the bus.你剛好錯(cuò)過公共汽車。Has he done much work today?他今天做了很多工作嗎 比較already和yet用法上的區(qū)別 already常用于肯定句置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑問句置于句末。但already有時(shí)也可用在疑問句中暗示驚訝的心情。She has already gone.她早就走了。Have you eaten your dinner already?你已經(jīng)吃過飯了?He has not come yet.他還沒有來。與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)“未完成”用法連用的時(shí)間狀語 第 40 頁，共 254 頁 與“已

63、完成”用法一樣表示具體的過去的時(shí)間狀語不能與“未完成”用法連用。與其連用的往往是指一段時(shí)間的狀語以具體表示某一動作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)了多久。a.since+具體時(shí)間表示動作或狀態(tài)從何時(shí)開始 Since then,he has developed another bad habit.自那以后他養(yǎng)成了另一個(gè)壞習(xí)慣。He hasnt been home since he graduated.他畢業(yè)后就沒回過家。b.for+一段時(shí)間表示動作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)了多久 We have worked here for ages.我們在這里工作很久了。There has been no rain here for nearl

64、y twomonths.這里已經(jīng)近兩個(gè)月沒有下雨了。c.until now,up till now,so far,up to themoment 到目前為止 I have not seen him so far.到目前為止我沒見過他。Up to the present,everything has been OK.第 41 頁，共 254 頁 到目前為止一切正常。d.in/during the past/last five years 在剛剛過去的5年里 He has been away from school during the last fewweeks.過去的幾個(gè)星期里他沒在學(xué)校。In

65、 the past few years they have dealt with quitea few international corporationssuccessfully.在過去的幾年中他們已經(jīng)和好幾家跨國公司做成了生意。e.all the while,all day一直一整天 She has been busy all day.她忙了一整天。4現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別 兩者都可表示過去發(fā)生過的動作但前者表示的是過去的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響而后者則只是表示過去有這一動作的事實(shí)。He locked the door.他鎖過門。但現(xiàn)在門是開是鎖不清楚。He has locked the d

66、oor.他把門鎖上了?，F(xiàn)在門是鎖著的。Who turned on the light?第 42 頁，共 254 頁 誰開的燈著眼開燈的動作不管現(xiàn)在燈是開是關(guān)。Who has turned on the light?誰把燈打開了著眼開燈的結(jié)果即現(xiàn)在燈還亮著。兩者都可表示過去開始并延續(xù)了一段時(shí)間的動作現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示該動作仍在繼續(xù)而一般過去時(shí)則說明該動作現(xiàn)已終止。He has lived in Beijing for four years.他在北京住了四年了。現(xiàn)在仍住那兒 He lived in Beijing for four years.他曾在北京住了四年?，F(xiàn)在不住那兒了 B過去完成時(shí) 過去完成時(shí)的動作須在過去某一時(shí)間之前發(fā)生即發(fā)生在“過去的過去”。1過去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成 過去完成時(shí)是由“had+過去分詞”構(gòu)成的。Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake.我很快就意識到我犯了一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤。The man sitting beside me on the plane was verynervous.He had not flown before