小升初英語 知識(shí)梳理總復(fù)習(xí) 語法知識(shí) 閩教版.doc

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語法知識(shí) 英語動(dòng)詞4種時(shí)態(tài)： 1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：常與表示程度或頻度的詞連用，如：often（經(jīng)常） , usually（通常，一般） , sometimes（有時(shí)） , always（總是，一直） , never（從不）,表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,表示現(xiàn)在的特征或狀態(tài),表示普遍真理。用動(dòng)詞原形表示，第三人稱單數(shù)后，動(dòng)詞要在詞尾加s（或es，或變y為i再加es）。如：I often get up at 7:00. He often gets up at 7:30. 2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在這一階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。用am / is / are 加 動(dòng)詞ing形式表示，如: What are you doing? I am reading a book. What is he doing? He is singing. 3、一般將來時(shí)：常與表示將來的時(shí)間連用，如：tomorrow , next week , next year 等,表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。用 am/ is/ are 加 going to形式表示，如：What are you going to do tomorrow? I’m going to ride a horse. 用will 加動(dòng)詞原形表示，如：What will you do next Sunday? I will go shopping. 用am/ is/ are 加動(dòng)詞ing 形式表示，如：What are you doing tomorrow? I’m going bowling. 4、一般過去時(shí)：經(jīng)常與表示過去的時(shí)間連用, 如: yesterday, last night等, 表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。動(dòng)詞要用動(dòng)詞的過去式。如： Who was first? Ken was first. Where were you yesterday? I was at home. What did you do yesterday? I went to school. 形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)： 1、單音節(jié)詞：比較級(jí)加er, 最高級(jí)加est. 如：tall—taller—the tallest, He is taller than his brother. Tom is the tallest in his class. 2、多音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞：比較級(jí)加more, 最高級(jí)加 the most. 如： interesting---------more interesting---------the most interesting, Music is interesting subject. P.E. is more interesting than music.. Science is the most interesting subject. 形容詞變?yōu)楸容^級(jí)的變化規(guī)則：（1）一般情況下，在形容詞的詞尾直接加er。如: tall—taller short—shorter.(2)以字母e結(jié)尾的形容詞，在詞尾直接加r，如：nice—nicer. late—later (3)以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，且結(jié)尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的詞，先雙寫這個(gè)輔音字母，再加er.如：big—bigger thin—thinner fat—fatter (4)以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)形容詞，先變y為i , 再加er。如：easy—easier heavy—heavier funny—funnier.（2）、部分形容詞比較級(jí)的不規(guī)則變化：good—better well—better bad—worse badly—worse many—more much—more little—less far—farther 動(dòng)詞ing的變化規(guī)律： 1）直接加ing ，如： open-opening, clean-cleaning, meet-meeting, sing-singing, study-studying, … 2） 去掉詞尾不發(fā)音的e ，如：take-taking, close-closing, come-coming, drive-driving, have-having, use-using, write-writing, practice-practicing, … 3） 重讀閉音節(jié)的，雙寫最后的字母，加 ing , 如： sit-sitting, put-putting, begin-beginning , get-getting, swim-swimming, run-running, cut-cutting, become-becoming, … 主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)動(dòng)詞的變化規(guī)律(與名詞變復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)律相同)： 1） 直接加s， 如：cook-cooks, come-comes, close-closes,… 2)以o, x, s, sh, ch 結(jié)尾+es , 如: teach-teaches, go-goes, do-does, catch-catches, wash-washes, brush-brushes, miss-misses, … 3） 輔音字母加y結(jié)尾，把y改為i ，+es， 如：fly-flies, worry-worries, carry-carries, … 4） 以f或fe結(jié)尾，把f或fe，改為v+es. 5） 特殊：have-has, … 6）家庭、親屬和朋友：姓名、年齡、地址、特點(diǎn)與愛好：與你的關(guān)系 words: family, grandfather(grandpa/granddad), grandmother(grandma/grand mum), father, mother, brother, sister, uncle, aunt, cousin, friend 相關(guān)句型: 1) Is he/she Tom’s cousin? Yes, he/she is. No, he/she isn’t. 2) Who’s he/she? He’s/She’s my friend. 3) How many people are there in your family? Who are they? There are four, my father, my mother, my brother and me. 注意： 1）名詞單復(fù)數(shù)，如：family-families; 名詞單數(shù)--復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)律: （1）1） 直接加s， 如： boy-boys, term-terms, 2)以o, x, s, sh, ch 結(jié)尾+es , 如: box-boxes, class-classes, glass-glasses, coach-coaches, dress-dresses, fax-faxes, inch-inches, match-matches, 3） 輔音字母加y結(jié)尾，把y改為i ，+es， 如：baby-babies, lady-ladies, factory-factories, peach-peaches, library-libraries, watch-watches , 4） 以f或fe結(jié)尾，把f或fe，改為v+es: leaf-leaves, knife-knives, wife-wives, shelf-shelves, … 5） 特殊: man-men, policeman-policemen, woman-women, child-children, goose-geese, tooth-teeth, foot-feet, 6) 不變: hair, milk, tea, coffee, water, bread, rice, paper, juice, meat, people, fish, sheep, … （2）名詞所有格，表明是“誰的” 如： my cousin’s , his parents’ 它的構(gòu)成規(guī)則： 單數(shù)名詞后+“ ’s”， Mike’s mother. 復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾有，其后只+“ ’”，Teachers’ Da教師節(jié). 若是兩人共有時(shí)，只在后者+ “’s ”, Jim and Tom’s mother.吉姆和湯姆的母親。 不是兩者所共有的，兩者都+ “ ’s ”, Jim’s and Tom’s mother.吉姆母親和湯姆的母親。 名詞若是無生命，所有格構(gòu)成用of, a map of China.一幅中國(guó)地圖 I一般過去時(shí)態(tài) 定義：表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。 結(jié)構(gòu)：“主語+動(dòng)詞的過去式” 用法： 1.表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。 He was here yesterday. I got up at seven yesterday morning. My mother was at work yesterday afternoon. Did you have a good time last summer? 2.表示過去經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 My mother often went to work by taxi last year. When I was a student, I often listened to music. 3. 常與一般過去時(shí)態(tài)連用的時(shí)間有：一般過去式的用法： 一般過去式 表示過去的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)，通常一般過去式帶有表示動(dòng)作時(shí)間狀語的詞，詞組或從句, 如yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚時(shí)可以不帶時(shí)間狀語。 I worked in that factory last year. 去年我在那一家工廠工作。 I met him yesterday. 昨天我碰見了他。 I went to the Tian Long Mountain yesterday. 昨天我們?nèi)チ颂忑埳健? 一般過去式構(gòu)成：表示一般過去式的動(dòng)詞通常用動(dòng)詞的過去式形式來表示，而動(dòng)詞的過去式是在動(dòng)詞 原形的基礎(chǔ)上變化的。動(dòng)詞的過去式可分為規(guī)則動(dòng)詞和不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞。 4. 一般過去時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞: last year; last night yesterday (+morning, afternoon, evening) in +過去時(shí)間詞: in 1998… II 過去式規(guī)則變化 （a）動(dòng)詞詞尾+“ed”。 walk →walked（走）need →needed （需要） （b）動(dòng)詞詞尾為“e”時(shí)，加“-d”。 live →lived （?。﹍ike →liked （喜歡） （c）動(dòng)詞詞尾為“輔音字母+y”時(shí)，去“y”加“ied”，若是詞尾為“元音字母+y”，只加“ed”。 study →studied （學(xué)習(xí)）play→played （游戲） （d）原形動(dòng)詞詞尾為重讀閉音節(jié)時(shí)，先雙寫該輔音字母再+“ed”stop →stopped III 過去式規(guī)則變化 (一) 不變 1.cut cut 2.let let 3.put put 4 read read 5．must must （二）改成a 1. come came 2.become became 3. begin began 4. drink drank 5.have had 6.run ran 7. sit sat 8.ring rang 9. sing sang 10.swim swam 11.give gave （三）改成ght 1. think thought 2.fight fought 3.bring brought 4. buy bought 5. catch caught 6. teach taught （三）改成t 1.keep kept 2.sleep slept 3.sweep swept 4.feel felt 5.spend spent 6.learn learnt 7.mean meant （四）改成ew 1.blow blew 2. know knew 3.grow grew 4. draw drew 5.throw threw 6. fly flew （五）改成o 1.get got 2.forget forgot 3.write wrote 4.ride rode 5.drive drove 6.sell sold 7.tell told 8.stand stood 9.understand understood 10.speak spoke 11.hear heard 12.take took (六)其他形式 1.make made 2.hear heard 3.eat ate 4.mean meant 5.say said 6.find found 7.meet met 8.see saw 9.can could 10.shall should 11.will would 12. may might 13.go went 14.see saw 15.wear wore 時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)間標(biāo)志口訣集錦 1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：“總經(jīng)常有每沒（美眉^^）復(fù)星周” 總：always， usually等 經(jīng)常：often 有：sometimes （記住，“有”不是have，而是“有時(shí)”） 每：every week/month/year 等 沒：never 復(fù)星周：on Mondays， on Tuesdays等 2. 一般過去時(shí)：“昨天上個(gè)XX（讀作叉叉）前，in加年份when字連”（原創(chuàng)） 昨天：yesterday， 后面可以加morning， afternoon，evening等 上個(gè)：last，后面可以加week， month，year等 XX前：ago，前面可以加three weeks/months/years ago in加年份：in 2009/2008/1986/1220等，2010前全用一般過去時(shí)，后年2012前就都是過去時(shí)了，2012，世界末日？電影看多了。 when字連：when I was a child等 when字后面都是過去時(shí)，也要用一般過去時(shí)。 3. 一般將來時(shí)時(shí)間標(biāo)志口訣：正好和一般過去時(shí)對(duì)應(yīng)：“明天下個(gè)XX后” 明天：tomorrow，后面可以加morning， afternoon，evening 下個(gè)：next，后面可以加week， month，year等 XX后：after和in，后面可以加three weeks/months/years 這里要注意一下，after后加時(shí)間點(diǎn)才表示將來，如after 3 o‘clock 。加時(shí)間段表示過去，如after 2 hours 表示過去。in后加時(shí)間段表將來，如in two years。 4. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：“現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻看和聽，最近在哪請(qǐng)安靜?！? 現(xiàn)在：now， at present， at the moment等 時(shí)刻：It’s ten o‘clock. I’m beating Xiaoqiang. 看和聽：Look！ Listen！后面一般都用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。 最近：What are you doing recently/these days？ 在哪：Where is Xiao Z？ Xiao Z is beating Xiaoqiang. 請(qǐng)安靜：Be quiet！/Don‘t make any noise！/Stop making noise！ Xiaoqiang is sleeping.