2019-2020年高考英語(yǔ) 語(yǔ)法知識(shí)匯總 第12章 定語(yǔ)從句.doc

2019-2020年高考英語(yǔ) 語(yǔ)法知識(shí)匯總 第12章 定語(yǔ)從句第一節(jié) 真題精析1.Do you still remember the chicken farm _ we visited three months ago? 【05北京春】A.where B. whenC.thatD. what2. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _ the sailing time was 226 days. 【04全國(guó)】A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which3. There are altogether eleven books on the shelf,_five are mine.【04全國(guó)】A. on which B. in which C.of which D. from which4. _ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. 【04江蘇】 A. Which B. When C. What D. As5. Anyway, that evening, _ Ill tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachels place. 【04浙江】 A. when B. where C. what D. which6. I work in a business _ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance. 【04湖南卷】 A. how B. which C. where D. that7The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% are sold abroad. 【04遼寧卷】Aof which Bwhich of Cof them Dof that8. Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, , of course, made the others envy him. 【04天津卷】A. who B. that C. what D. which9. American women usually identify their best friend as someone _ they can talk frequently. 【04上海卷】A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom10.George Orwell, _ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays.【04北京】A.the real nameB. what his real nameC.his real name D. whose real name11._ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress. 【04北京】A. It B. As C. That D. What12. The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success. 【04全國(guó)】A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which13I can think of many cases students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay . 【xx上?！緼why Bwhich Cas Dwhere14. York, _last year, is a nice old city. 【xx北京】A. that I visited B. which I visitedC. where I visited D. in which I visited15.Alec asked the policeman he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident. 【xx上?！緼. with him B. who C. with whom D. whom16. We will be shown around the city, museum, and some other places, _ other visitors seldom go. 【xx北京】 A. what B. which C. where D. when17. Hes got himself into a dangerous situation he is likely to lose control over the plane. 【xx上?！緼. where B. which C. while D. why18. The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that far-away village. A. until B. that C. when D. where【NMET2011】19. _ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 【NMETxx】 A. It B. As C. That D. what20. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _,of course, made the others unhappy. 【NMETxx】 Awho Bwhich Cthis Dwhat21. Carol said the work would be done by October，_personally I doubt very much. A. it B. that C. when D. which【NMET09】22. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small townhe grew up as a child. 【NMETxx】 A. which B. where C. that D. when23. The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it【MET04】【答案與解析】1. C該題考查定語(yǔ)從句的用法。此處關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作visited的賓語(yǔ)故選that。句意：你還記得三個(gè)月前我們?nèi)⒂^的養(yǎng)雞場(chǎng)么？2. A該題是根據(jù)交際情景中考查定語(yǔ)從句的用法。根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句和現(xiàn)行詞的關(guān)系選擇適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，還原定語(yǔ)從句the sailing time of the journey was 226 days.得知是從屬關(guān)系，故選A.句意：環(huán)球旅行用了這位老水手9個(gè)月的時(shí)間，其中航海的時(shí)間是226天。3. C 該題根據(jù)交際情景考查定語(yǔ)從句的用法。選擇正確的介詞，首先確定定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是eleven books，在看它和定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系five of eleven books are mine,是從屬關(guān)系，故選C。句意：書(shū)架上有十一本書(shū)，其中五本是我的。4D 該題考查定語(yǔ)從句的用法。由as引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句修飾整個(gè)句子，可以放在句首、句中或句尾；which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句修飾整個(gè)句子只能放在句尾。句意：像以往一樣，我們已經(jīng)制訂出了生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃。5. D 該題根據(jù)交際情景考查定語(yǔ)從句的用法。在定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系詞應(yīng)當(dāng)作tell的賓語(yǔ)，故選which。句意：反正那天晚上我最后在雷切爾那里停留了，關(guān)于那天晚上的事我以后再和你細(xì)說(shuō)。6. C 該題考查定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞的使用。關(guān)鍵是對(duì)business一詞的理解，business意為：商店；商行。關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)，故選where。句意：我在一家商行工作幾乎每個(gè)人都在等待時(shí)機(jī)。7A該提示根據(jù)交際情景考查“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的用法。兩部分有逗號(hào)無(wú)連詞，由此判斷是定語(yǔ)從句，因此選擇A。句意：這家工廠每年生產(chǎn)50萬(wàn)雙鞋，百分之八十的用于出口。8. D 該題根據(jù)交際情景考查定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞的用法。根據(jù)句意得知是which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾整個(gè)句子。句意：海倫對(duì)她的小兒子比對(duì)其他孩子要好得多，這當(dāng)然是其他孩子妒忌他了。 9. D 考查定語(yǔ)從句的用法。先行詞為someone表示人，關(guān)系代詞作介詞with的賓語(yǔ)，talk with somebody“與交談”，可以將介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，因此，選D。句意：美國(guó)婦女通常把最好的朋友看成能經(jīng)常在一起聊天的人。10.D 該題考查定語(yǔ)從句的用法。real name和George Orwell的關(guān)系是從屬關(guān)系，故選whose引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。句意：?jiǎn)讨螉W韋爾真名叫埃里克亞瑟寫(xiě)了很多政治題材的小說(shuō)與論文。11.B 該題考查as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾整個(gè)句子的用法。句意：據(jù)報(bào)紙報(bào)道，那兩個(gè)國(guó)家的談判正在進(jìn)展。12C 該題是考查介詞+ 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的用法。關(guān)鍵是介詞的選擇，還原定語(yǔ)從句my students acted in the play at the New Years party，據(jù)此應(yīng)選介詞in。句意：我的學(xué)生在新年晚會(huì)上演的英語(yǔ)劇很成功。13.D 考查定語(yǔ)從句，case意思是“情形、環(huán)境”，其在定語(yǔ)從句中只能作狀語(yǔ)，因此選擇關(guān)系副詞where。句意：我可以想出很多學(xué)生明顯知道單詞語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)但不能寫(xiě)出好論文的情況。14B 該題考查定語(yǔ)從句的用法。先行詞York后面有逗號(hào)，故后面是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句不能選that,在定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞做動(dòng)詞visited 的賓語(yǔ)，因此該題選擇答案B。題意：去年我訪問(wèn)過(guò)紐約，紐約是一個(gè)美麗的古城。15.C 考查定語(yǔ)從句。he worked 是一個(gè)由with+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。句意：Alec要求和他一起工作的警察無(wú)論什么時(shí)候出現(xiàn)事故都和他聯(lián)系。16C該題考查定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系詞的用法。該題的現(xiàn)行詞是some other places，從定語(yǔ)從句可以看出該詞在句中作狀語(yǔ),因此選C. where。有人將領(lǐng)我們參觀這座城市，如學(xué)校、博 物館以及一些別的游客很少去的地方。17.A 考查定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞。定語(yǔ)從句是一個(gè)主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，situation在定語(yǔ)從句中只能用作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。因此選擇關(guān)系副詞where。18. C該題考查定語(yǔ)從句的用法。解本題的關(guān)鍵是要先找準(zhǔn)先行詞“the hours”，然后理解關(guān)系副詞“when”本身在其引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。因?yàn)閯?dòng)詞+ 副詞短語(yǔ)接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以放在動(dòng)詞與副詞之間也可以放在副詞后面，該題可以改為下列語(yǔ)序The film brought back the hours _I was taken good care of in that far-away village to me這樣就一目了然。句意：這部電影把我?guī)У皆谀沁b遠(yuǎn)的村莊我受到呵護(hù)的時(shí)光。19. B該題考查關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。在關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，as指代整個(gè)句子（即沒(méi)有具體的先行詞），as的意思是“正如、就像”，從句可置于句前、句尾或句中（較靈活）。句意：眾所周知，月球圍繞地球轉(zhuǎn)。20. B該題考查which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。該題主從句之間有逗號(hào)因此是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾整個(gè)主句，指代前面這件事。題中的of course 起到干擾作用。句意：Dorothy總是高度地評(píng)價(jià)她在劇中的角色，這當(dāng)然使別人不高興。21. D該題考查which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。該題主從句之間有逗號(hào)因此是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾整個(gè)主句，指代前面這件事。it不可引導(dǎo)從句；that不可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句；when不合題意。句意：卡羅說(shuō)十月份要完成這項(xiàng)工作，我個(gè)人對(duì)此十分懷疑。 22. B該題考查定語(yǔ)從句的用法。先行詞是the small town地點(diǎn)的名詞，定語(yǔ)從句中缺少地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)， 故用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。句意：在巴黎住了50年后，他回到了孩提時(shí)代生長(zhǎng)過(guò)的小城鎮(zhèn)。23. B 該題考查which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句的用法。該題主從句之間有逗號(hào)，因此是which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾整個(gè)主句。句意：結(jié)果是天氣很好，這比我們預(yù)料的好得多。第二節(jié) 考點(diǎn)歸納在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞，用作定語(yǔ)的從句叫做定語(yǔ)從句(attributive clause)。被定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞叫做先行詞(antecedent)。定語(yǔ)從句必須放在先行詞之后。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有關(guān)系代詞who、whom、whose、which、that和關(guān)系副詞when、where、why等。一、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的功能關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞功能有三個(gè)：1）用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，在先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句之間起紐帶作用，使二者聯(lián)系起來(lái)。2）關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞可作定語(yǔ)從句的一個(gè)成分。關(guān)系代詞可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)；關(guān)系副詞可作狀語(yǔ)。3）關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在從句中代替在他前面的先行詞。1、作主語(yǔ) 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)應(yīng)與先行詞一致。All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需要的是大量的油。（引導(dǎo)詞that在句中作主語(yǔ)）The foreigner who visited our class yesterday is from Canada. 昨天到我班來(lái)訪的外國(guó)人來(lái)自加拿大。（引導(dǎo)詞who在句中作主語(yǔ)）2、作賓語(yǔ) 在定語(yǔ)從句里作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞在口語(yǔ)中常被省去The noodles (that) I cooked were delicious. 我煮的面條美味可口。（引導(dǎo)詞that，可省略）The fish (which) we bought wes not fresh. 我們買(mǎi)的魚(yú)不新鮮。（引導(dǎo)詞which，可省略）3、作定語(yǔ) 關(guān)系代詞whose在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)用。This is the boy whose mother is our Chinese teacher. 這就是那個(gè)男孩，他母親是我們的語(yǔ)文老師。注意：關(guān)系代詞whose在從句中與它所修飾的詞一起作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以跟介詞放在主語(yǔ)和從句之間。The boss in whose pany Mr. Kang worked called at the hospital. 老板到醫(yī)院拜訪了康先生，康先生在他的公司里工作。4、作狀語(yǔ) 關(guān)系副詞where, when和why在定語(yǔ)從句中分別作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和原因狀語(yǔ)。Ill never forget the time when we worked on the farm. 我將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我們?cè)谵r(nóng)場(chǎng)工作的那段日子。The factory where his father works is in the west of the city. 他父親工作的那個(gè)工廠在城市的西部。This is the reason why he came late. 這就是他來(lái)晚的理由。That和those可作定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞，但this和 these不能，同時(shí)，在作先行詞時(shí)，只有those可指人，試比較：(對(duì)) He admired that which looked beautiful.他贊賞外表漂亮的東西。(對(duì)) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的人。（those指人）(錯(cuò)) He admired that who danced well.（that作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)不能指人）(對(duì)) He admired those who danced well.他贊賞跳舞好的人。（those指人）(對(duì)) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的東西。（those指物）二、關(guān)系代詞的用法work英語(yǔ)中的關(guān)系代詞有who，whom，whose，which，that和as。它們的用法如下：1、who，whom的用法who和whom指人，who在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)；whom在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)，在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中可省略。在口語(yǔ)中可用who代替whom。In the beginning, people who bought the tomato often got angry. 起初，買(mǎi)到西紅柿的人常常會(huì)生氣。(作主語(yǔ))The person (whom) you should write to is Mr. Ball. 你應(yīng)該給他寫(xiě)信的人是波爾先生。(whom作賓語(yǔ)能省略)His mother, whom he loved dearly, died in 1818. 他很愛(ài)你的母親，她于1818年去世了。（whom引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，作賓語(yǔ)但不能省略）2、whose的用法whose 指人或物，在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)，指物時(shí)常可用of which取代。I have a friend whose father is a mayor. 我有個(gè)朋友，他父親是市長(zhǎng)。We lived in a house whose window faces south. 我們住在窗口朝南的房子里。3、which 的用法which指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中可省略。They needed a plant which didnt need as much water as rice.他們需要一種不像水稻那樣需要水的作物。（作主語(yǔ)，不能省略）It is used to record the tickets (which) passengers buy.它用來(lái)記錄乘客所購(gòu)買(mǎi)的車(chē)票。(作賓語(yǔ)，可以省略)He came late, which we all know. 我們都知道，他來(lái)晚了。（作賓語(yǔ)，在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中不省略）4、that 的用法that 多指物，有時(shí)也指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，指物時(shí)其用法和which大致相同，但也有區(qū)別。All the people that e from the country work much harder. 所有來(lái)自農(nóng)村的人工作都更努力。（that指人，在從句中作主語(yǔ)，不能省略）She is the only person(that) I can trust. 她是我唯一可以依賴(lài)的人。（that指人，在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，可以省略）5、關(guān)系代詞that和which的區(qū)別（1)相同點(diǎn)這兩個(gè)關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，都可以指物；在從句中都可作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)；作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)都可省略。The train that ( which ) has just left is for Shanghai.剛開(kāi)的那列火車(chē)是去上海的。(作主語(yǔ))The film that(which) we saw last night is wonderful.我們昨天晚上看的電影好極了。(作賓語(yǔ)，可省略)（2）用that，不用which的情況當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞all, one, few, little, everything, nothing,any, anything, little等不定代詞或被它們修飾時(shí)。Is there anything that I can do for you?有什么要我做的事嗎?He answered few questions that the teacher asked.他幾乎沒(méi)有回答老師的那些問(wèn)題。當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。This was one of the most interesting books that were sold in this book store.這是這家書(shū)店售出的最有趣的書(shū)之一。當(dāng)先行詞有the very，the only，the same等修飾時(shí)。Thats the only thing that we can do now.目前我們只能這樣了。Those are the very words that he used.那就是他的原話。當(dāng)先行詞是一個(gè)既指人又指物的并列詞組時(shí)。They were talking about the persons and things that they saw in the factory.他們?cè)谡務(wù)撛诠S里看到的人和事。當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)。China is not the country that it was.中國(guó)已經(jīng)不是過(guò)去的中國(guó)了。當(dāng)要避免與疑問(wèn)詞which重復(fù)時(shí)。Which is the car that was made in Beijing?哪輛車(chē)是北京制造的?當(dāng)先行詞為the way, the time, the period等時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞常用that，但通常被省略。I dont like the way(that)you speak to her.我不喜歡你對(duì)她說(shuō)話的方式。（3）用which，不用that的情況引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。Football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world.全世界都踢足球，它是一項(xiàng)有趣的運(yùn)動(dòng)。直接放在介詞后作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)。Language is the most important tool without which people cant municate with each other.語(yǔ)言是最重要的工具，沒(méi)有它，人們便無(wú)法交流。教你巧學(xué)巧記:that和which的區(qū)別，很容易記混，用下面的順口溜便不難區(qū)分：that，which可互換，下列請(qǐng)況勿照辦，that情況比較多，不妨對(duì)你說(shuō)一說(shuō);不定代詞這路貨，全用that準(zhǔn)沒(méi)錯(cuò)。先行詞前被限制，千萬(wàn)不要用which，要用which別著急，介詞提前逗隔離。6、關(guān)系代詞who與that的區(qū)別（1）當(dāng)先行詞是he、people、those，elder等時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞常用who。He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到長(zhǎng)城非好漢。Those who are for me, put up your hands. 同意我的人請(qǐng)舉手。（2）當(dāng)引導(dǎo)詞作定語(yǔ)從句的表語(yǔ)時(shí)常用that。She isnt the little girl that she used to be. 她再也不是過(guò)去的那個(gè)小姑娘了。He is the man that I asked for help yesterday.他就是我昨天求助的人。7、as的用法（1）as引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句通常構(gòu)成such.as或the same.as固定搭配，as在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。 Many of the sports were the same as they are now.過(guò)去的許多運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目同現(xiàn)在的一樣。(作表語(yǔ))Dont read such books as are not worth reading. Read such books as you can understand.不要讀那些不值得讀的書(shū)，只去讀那些你能讀懂的書(shū)就可以了。He lent me as much money as he had.她把所有的錢(qián)借給了我。（2）suchthat與suchas“suchthat”表示“如此以致”的意思，用來(lái)引導(dǎo)一個(gè)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句；而“suchas”表“像這樣的”的意思，用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，as在從句中充當(dāng)主、賓或表語(yǔ)等。He is such an honest man that we respect him.他是一個(gè)如此誠(chéng)實(shí)的人以至于我們都尊敬他。He is such an honest man as we respect.他像我們所尊敬的這種誠(chéng)實(shí)的人。（3）the samethat與the same as“the samethat”表同一人或物，而“the sameas”表同種類(lèi)的東西。試比較下列兩個(gè)句子：This is the same book that I lost.這就是我丟失那本書(shū)。（指同一本書(shū)）This is the same book as I lost.這本書(shū)跟我丟失那本書(shū)一模一樣。（并不是原來(lái)的那一本）（4）as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句as作關(guān)系代詞，還可用來(lái)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，可以用來(lái)代替一個(gè)句子或單詞，as引導(dǎo)的句子可放在句首、句末或句中。The moon, as is known to everybody, travels round the earth once every month.As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.四、關(guān)系副詞英語(yǔ)中的關(guān)系副詞有where，when，why等。1、when的用法when指時(shí)間，修飾表時(shí)間的先行詞，在定語(yǔ)從何中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。July and August are the months when the weather is hot. 七八月是天氣很熱的月份。2、where的用法where指地點(diǎn)，修飾表地點(diǎn)的先行詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。She will go home where she can rest. 她要回家了，在家里她可以休息。注意：先行詞為表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)的名詞時(shí)，關(guān)系詞不一定都用when或where。如果關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，就要用關(guān)系代詞whch或that。This is the factory that/which we visited last year.這是我們?nèi)ツ陞⒂^的那家工廠。I wont forget the time that we spent in the countryside.我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我在農(nóng)村度過(guò)的那段時(shí)光。3、why的用法why指原因，修飾名詞reason，在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)。This is the reason why he did so. 這就是他這樣做了的理由。Do you know the reason why he left early?你知道他為什么早走嗎？定語(yǔ)從句用法巧記歌訣主句型，從句型，兩種句子要完整。從句緊靠先行詞，系詞引導(dǎo)要弄清。定人用who或whom，定物which當(dāng)先用。關(guān)系代詞有that，定人定物有本領(lǐng)。定時(shí)間要用when，定地點(diǎn)where行。關(guān)系代(副)詞作成分，唯作賓語(yǔ)可以省。五、“介詞關(guān)系代詞”用法“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)是一較為復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題，初學(xué)英語(yǔ)者對(duì)此往往感到棘手。因此，下面僅就幾種常見(jiàn)的“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)淺析如下。1、介詞+which在定語(yǔ)從句中分別作時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和原因狀語(yǔ)介詞+which在關(guān)系分句中分別作時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)和原因狀語(yǔ)，代替相應(yīng)的關(guān)系副詞when，where和why。I still remember the day on which (=when)I first came to school.我仍然記得初來(lái)學(xué)校的那一天。The factory in which (=where) I work is a large one.我工作的工廠是一個(gè)大廠子。This is the reason for which(=why)he was put in prison.這就是他為什么被關(guān)起來(lái)的原因。2、介詞+which(指物)/whom(指人)在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)介詞+which(指物)/whom(指人)在關(guān)系分句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，表示存在關(guān)系，關(guān)系分句主謂常須倒置。They arrived at a farm house in front of which sat a small boy.他們來(lái)到一處農(nóng)舍，前邊坐著一個(gè)小孩。I saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird.我看見(jiàn)一個(gè)人，他的頭上站著一只鳥(niǎo)。3、不定代詞或數(shù)詞+of+which(指物)/whom(指人)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)不定代詞或數(shù)詞+of+which(指物)/whom(指人)，在關(guān)系分句中作主語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明整體中的部分。China has a lot of islands, one of which is Taiwan.中國(guó)有許多島嶼，其中之一是臺(tái)灣。There are a lot of students here，none of whom like the film.這里有許多學(xué)生，他們之中無(wú)人喜歡這個(gè)電影。4、介詞+which(指物)/whom(指人)，在關(guān)系分句中作目的、方式或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞一般受動(dòng)詞或介詞后的名詞所制約。Could you tell me for whom youve bought this coat?你能告訴我這件衣服是給誰(shuí)買(mǎi)的嗎?5、介詞+which(指物)/whom(指人)，用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系分句中，作狀語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者。The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot. 傷害羊的那只狼被打死了。The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter. 打死狼的那人是一個(gè)好獵手。6、名詞+of which，代替whose+名詞，在關(guān)系分句中作定語(yǔ)。I saw some trees, the leaves of which (=whose leaves)were black with disease.我看見(jiàn)一些樹(shù)，它們的葉子因生病而發(fā)黑。He mentioned a book, the title of which (=whose title )Ive forgotten.他提到一本書(shū)，書(shū)的名我忘了。7、介詞+which(指物)/whose(指人)，修飾后邊的名詞。The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.司機(jī)就是她從他的房間偷走地圖的那個(gè)人。比較：介詞+which+不定式。此種用法多見(jiàn)于正式文體中，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)帶有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句。She had only 1.87 with which to buy(=she could buy)Jim, her husband, a present.她只有一元八角七分錢(qián)，用這些錢(qián)給他的丈夫吉姆買(mǎi)一件禮物。At last he had something about which to write (=he could write) home. 他終于有給家寫(xiě)信的內(nèi)容了。六、限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句1、限制性定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句分限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句兩種。限制性定語(yǔ)從句為先行詞不可缺少的定語(yǔ)。如果將這種定語(yǔ)從句省去，主句的意思就會(huì)不完整或失去意義。這種從句和主句的關(guān)系十分密切，寫(xiě)時(shí)不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。She has found the necklace that she lost 2 years ago. 她找到了兩年前丟失的項(xiàng)鏈。(限制性定語(yǔ)從句)This is the man who came to see you yesterday.這就是昨天來(lái)看你的那個(gè)人。(限制性定語(yǔ)從句)It happened at the time when I left the office. 這件事發(fā)生在我離開(kāi)辦公室的時(shí)候。2、非限制性定語(yǔ)從句非限制性定語(yǔ)從句和主句的關(guān)系不十分密切，只是對(duì)先行詞作附加的說(shuō)明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。這種從句和主句之間往往用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)，一般不用that來(lái)引導(dǎo)。Yesterday, I met Li Ping, who seemed to be busy. 昨天我遇見(jiàn)了李平，他好像很忙。(非限制性定語(yǔ)從句)In Britain, which has a population of 55. 8 million, 110,000 people die from smoking each year. 英國(guó)有5580萬(wàn)人口，每年有11萬(wàn)人口死于吸煙。(非限制性定語(yǔ)從句)Abraham Lincoln, who led the United States through these years, was shot on April 14, 1865 at a theatre in Washington, D. C. 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)美國(guó)人民經(jīng)歷了這些年的亞伯拉罕林肯1865年4月14日在華盛頓的一家戲院被槍殺。(非限制性定語(yǔ)從句)3、限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別（1）形式上不同非限制性定語(yǔ)從句在書(shū)寫(xiě)時(shí)往往用逗號(hào)和主句分開(kāi)，而限制性定語(yǔ)從句不用逗號(hào)與主句分開(kāi)。Last night I saw a very good film，which was about the Long March.The man whom I met in the street was a driver.（2）可否省略的不同限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語(yǔ)，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意義，而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)先行詞作的附加說(shuō)明，即使去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。I was the only person in my office who was invited.They set up a state of their own, where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.（3）關(guān)系代詞的不同非限制性定語(yǔ)從句不能用that代替who，whom和which，并且關(guān)系代詞在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)也不能省略，但在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中卻恰恰相反。如: This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.She sang a new song, which we liked very much.（4）翻譯方式不同限制性定語(yǔ)從句往往譯在先行詞之前，而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句往往譯為一個(gè)并列的句子。She is the nurse who looks after the children.她就是照料這些孩子的阿姨。This note was left by Xiao Wu, who was here a moment ago.這個(gè)條子是小吳留的，她剛才到這兒來(lái)過(guò)。比較:He has a brother, who lives in Beijing. (有一個(gè)哥哥。) He has a brother who lives in Beijing. (可能有幾個(gè)哥哥，其中一個(gè)是住在北京的。)4、as與which在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中的用法區(qū)別as和which作為關(guān)系代詞都可以用來(lái)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，指代整個(gè)主句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容，在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，但它們?cè)谟梅ㄉ鲜怯袇^(qū)別的，這一點(diǎn)許多學(xué)生往往搞不清楚。現(xiàn)就它們引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的用法簡(jiǎn)述如下：（1）相同之處當(dāng)從句位于主句之后，引導(dǎo)詞指代整個(gè)主句所表達(dá)的全部意義時(shí)，as和which可以互換。The elephant is like a snake, as/which everybody can see.熱和人都看得出，這頭大象像條蛇。He is an Englishman, as/which I know from his accent.他是一個(gè)英國(guó)人，那時(shí)我從他的口音上知道的。（2）不同之處as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，位置比較靈活，可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之中或之后，而which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能位于主句之后，不能謂語(yǔ)主句之前。Robert is good at languages, as we all know. 羅伯特擅長(zhǎng)學(xué)語(yǔ)言，這我們都知道。As is known to all, China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30 years time. 都知道,再過(guò)二十到三十年，中國(guó)將成為一個(gè)強(qiáng)大先進(jìn)的國(guó)家。Air, as we know, is a gas. 我們知道，空氣是一種氣體。注意：as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句常有“如同那樣”的含義，因此在一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)如as we know/as is known to all(眾所周知),as we all can see(正如我們大家都能看到的那樣),as has been said before/above(正如前文所述),as has been pointed out(正如所指出的那樣),as might be imagined(可以想象得到),as might be expected(正如所預(yù)料的那樣),as is often the case(情況常常是這樣)等中，一般不能用which代替as。搭配上，在由the same或such所修飾的名詞后通常用as作關(guān)系代詞引出限制性定語(yǔ)從句。I have got into the same trouble as he (has).我遇到了與他一樣的麻煩。Ive never heard of such a moving story as he is telling.我從未聽(tīng)過(guò)像他講得那么有趣的故事。which引導(dǎo)的從句在意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句，可以用and this代替，意思是“這件事”；as引導(dǎo)的從句主要起連接上下文的作用，表達(dá)說(shuō)話人的觀點(diǎn)、看法，并指出主句內(nèi)容的根據(jù)或出處等。例如：He sold his bicycle, which surprised me. (=He sold his bicycle, and this surprised me.)他把自行車(chē)賣(mài)了,這使我感到奇怪。As is known to all, China is the country with largest population in the world. 眾所周知，中國(guó)是世界上人口最多的國(guó)家。當(dāng)which在從句中指代的是先行詞本身而不是主句時(shí)，不可用as代替which。The apple tree, which I planted last year, has not borne any fruit.這棵蘋(píng)果樹(shù)是我去年種下的，還沒(méi)有結(jié)出任何果實(shí)。The book, which I bought yesterday, is very instructive.我昨天買(mǎi)的那本書(shū)很有教育意義。在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，which既可作系動(dòng)詞be的主語(yǔ)，也可作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)，而as只可作系動(dòng)詞be的主語(yǔ)。He married her, which was natural. (可用as代替which)他和她結(jié)婚了，這是很自然的事。He saw the girl, which delighted him. (不可用as代替which)他見(jiàn)到了那個(gè)女孩，這使他很高興。He was late for class again, which made the teacher very angry. (不可用as代替which)他上課又遲到了，這使老師很生氣。as引導(dǎo)的從句在意義上不可與主語(yǔ)相悖，而which引導(dǎo)的從句則不受此限制。例如：Mummy treats me like a baby, which I cant bear.媽媽把我當(dāng)小孩看待，這使我不能忍受的。The result of the experiment was very good, which we hadnt expected.試驗(yàn)結(jié)果很好，這是我們沒(méi)預(yù)料到的。The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.天氣證明很好，這我們沒(méi)預(yù)料到。七、特殊的先行詞1、當(dāng)先行詞是way意為：方式、方法，時(shí)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞有三種情況：1）in which 2)that 3)不填。Tell me the way （不填；in which; that）you came here.告訴我你是怎么來(lái)的。2、當(dāng)先行詞是time意為：次數(shù)，時(shí)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞有兩種情況：1）不填 2)that。This is the first time I have been here.這是我第一次來(lái)這里。3、當(dāng)先行詞是one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 He is one of the students who were praised yesterday.他是昨天受到表?yè)P(yáng)的學(xué)生之一。4、當(dāng)先行詞是the (only) one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。He is the only one of the students who was praised yesterday.他是昨天唯一受到表?yè)P(yáng)的學(xué)生。第三節(jié) 鞏固提高1.To get the job started, _I need is your permission.A. only what B. all what C. all that D. only that2. His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone_family was poor.(1988)A.of whom B.whom C.of whose D.whose3. In the dark street,there wasnt a single person_she could turn for help. A.that B.who C.from whom D.to whom4. All_is needed is a supply of oil. A.the thing B.that C.what D.which5. Finally,the thief handed everything_he had stolen to the police. A.which B.what C.whatever D.that6. All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those_in the forest. A.once they grew B.they grew once C.that once grew D.once grew7. I dont like_you speak to her. A.the way B.the in that C.the way which D.the way of which8. Can you tell me the name of the factory_you visited last week? A.what B.where C./ D.when9.All_is needed is a supply of oil.(1989) A.the thing B.that C.what D.which10.Finally the chief handed everything_ he had stolen to the police. A.after B.what C.whatever D.that11.Can you tell me the name of the factory_you visited last week? A.what B.wher