2019-2020年高考英語 語法知識匯總 第10章 非謂語動詞.doc

2019-2020年高考英語 語法知識匯總 第10章 非謂語動詞第一節(jié) 真題精析1._ with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice. 【05北京春考】A.To face B. Having facedC.FacedD. Facing2. “We cant go out in this weather,” said Bob, _ out of the window.【04全國】 A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked3. Helen had to shout _ above the sound of the music. 【04全國】A. making herself hear B. to make herself hearC. making herself heard D. to make herself heard4. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _ in your mind instead of before your eyes. 【04全國】A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed5. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when_ at the meeting by my boss.【04全國】A. questioning B. having questioned C.questioned D. to be questioned6. Alice returned from the managers office,_ me that the boss wanted to see me at once. 【04全國】A. having told B. tells C. to tell D. telling7. The old man, _abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. 【04江蘇】 A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked8. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining pany, _ as 3M.【04浙江卷】 A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known9. You were silly not _ you car. 【04湖南卷】 A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked10. _ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. 【04廣東卷】A. Not pleting B. Not pleted C. Not having pleted D. Having not pleted11. If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better _ ityouve got some big bills ing. 【04廣東卷】A. forget B. forgot C. forgetting D. to forget12The news reporters hurried to the airport ,only_ the film stars had left. 【04福建卷】Ato tellBto be toldCtellingDtold13Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time_ the exam. 【04福建卷】ApassBto passCpassedDpassing14I dont know whether you happen , but Im going to study in the U.S.A. this September. 【04遼寧卷】Ato be heard Bto be hearing Cto hear Dto have heard15 by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm. 【04遼寧卷】AAttracting BAttracted CTo be attracted DHaving attracted16. Dont leave the water while you brush your teeth. 【04天津卷】A. run B. running C. being run D. to run17. Laws that punish parents for their little childrens actions against the laws get parents_. 【04重慶卷】A. worried B. to worry C. worrying D. worry18. According to a recent U.S. survey, children spent up to 25 hours a week _ TV. 【04上海卷】A. to watch B. to watching C. watching D. watch19. The flu is believed _ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. 【04上海卷】A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. be have caused20. The flowers _ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. 【04上海卷】A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt21. The disc, digitally _ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. 【04上海卷】A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded C. having recorded22. Having been attacked by terrorists, _.【04上海卷】A. doctors cane to their rescue B. the tall building collapsedC. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists23.My advisor encouraged _ a summer course to improve my writing skills.【04北京】A.for me takingB. me takingC.for me to take D. me to take24._ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. 【04北京】A.To waitB. Have waitedC.Having waited D. To have waited25.When flint _ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.【04全國】 A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced26. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found in the kitchen. 【NMETxx】Asmoke Bsmoking Cto smoke Dsmoked27It is believed that if a book is , it will surely the reader . 【xx上?！緼interested interest Binteresting be interested Cinterested be interesting Dinterestinginterest28The discovery of new evidence led to . 【xx上海】Athe thief having caught Bcatch the thief Cthe thief being caught Dthe thief to be caught29An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered clear warnings before firing any shots . 【xx上?！緼to issue Bbeing issued Cto have issued Dto be issued30.The teacher asked us _so much noise. 【xx北京】A. dont make B .not make C. not making D. not to make31._ time, hell make a first-class tennis player. 【xx北京】 A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given32. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _whether they will enjoy it. 【NMETxx】 A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen33. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run panies are striving their products more petitive. 【xx上?！緼. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made34.Though _ money, his parents ,managed to send him to university. 【xx上?！?A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in35.Dont use words , expressions, or phrases only to people with specific knowledge. 【xx上?！緼. being known B. having been knownC. to be known D. known36. to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin. 【02上海】A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed37.- How do you deal with the disagreement between the pany and the customers? -The key _ the problem is to meet the demand _ by the customers. 【02北京】 A. to solving; making B. to solving, made C. to solve; making C. to solve, made38. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows_. 【NMETxx】 A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it39._ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered【NMETxx】40. Ive worked with children before , so I know what _in my new job. 【NMETxx】Aexpected Bto expect Cto be expecting Dexpects41. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _the next year.Acarry out Bcarrying out Ccarried out Dto carry out【NMETxx】42. Robert is said_ abroad. but I dont know what country he studied in. 【NMETxx】A. to have studied B. to study Cto be studying Dto have been studying43.The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _it more difficult.A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make【NMETxx】44. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door_ "Sorry to miss you；will call later." 【NMET2011】A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading45. Cleaning women in big cities usually get _by the hour. 【NMET2011】A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay46. European football is played in 80 countries, _it the most popular sport in the world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make【NMET03】47. I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone 【NMET01】48. The Olympic Games, _in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing【NMET08】49. The patient was warnedoily food after the operation. 【NMET07】 A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating50. in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. 【NMET06】A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose51. Paul doesnt have to be made.He always works hard. 【NMET2011】A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning52. You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. 【NMET05】 Well, now I regretthat.A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done53. We agreedhere but so far she hasnt turned up yet. 【NMET1995】 A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met54. Rather than _ on a crowded bus, he always prefers_ a bicycle. 【MET04】A. ride; ride B. riding; ride C. ride; to ride D. to ride; riding55. The missing boys were last seen _ near the river. 【MET04】A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play56. The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, _ that he had enjoyed his stay here. 【MET1994】A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added57. The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. 【MET1994】A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written58.I must apologize for _ ahead of time. 【MET1994】 Thats all right.A. letting you not know B. not letting you knowC. letting you know not D. letting not you know【答案與解析】1. C該題考查非謂語動詞的用法。Arnold與face是被動關(guān)系，此處faced with a difficult situation作狀語，故選C。句意：面對困境，阿諾德決定向老板請教。2. A該題考查非謂語動詞的用法。主語和look是主動關(guān)系，此處表示伴隨。句意：鮑勃看著窗外說到：“這種天氣我們不能出去?！?. D 該題考查非謂語動詞的用法。據(jù)題意此處時表示目的故選不定式；herself 和hear的關(guān)系是被動關(guān)系，故選heard。句意：海倫不得不喊得比音樂聲大，想讓大家聽到她說話。4. C該題考查非謂語動詞的用法。此處是分詞作定語，pictures和form的關(guān)系是主動關(guān)系，故選C，同時強調(diào)和謂語動作同時發(fā)生。句意：讀書和看電視是兩種不同的體驗；（讀書）是在大腦中形成圖像，而不是在你眼前（看電視）。5. C 該題考查非謂語動詞的用法。此處是連詞“when+分詞”作狀語，主語I和question的關(guān)系是被動關(guān)系，故選擇C。其實，by my boss這也是一個重要的啟示。句意：說起這件事我很慚愧，但在會上老板問我時我撒謊了。6. D 該題考查非謂語動詞的用法。句子主語Alice是tell動作的執(zhí)行者，returned和tell動作幾乎同時發(fā)生，因此選擇telling。句意：愛麗絲從經(jīng)理辦公室回來，告訴我老板要立即見我。7. D 該題考查非謂語動詞。關(guān)鍵詞for twenty years，因此此處是強調(diào)work動作在is on the way back之前發(fā)生，故選現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式。句意：這位老人在國外工作20年后踏上了返回祖國的路。8. B 該題考查非謂語動詞作狀語的用法。Linda和know as 的關(guān)系是被動關(guān)系，故選B。句意：琳達在明尼蘇達制造業(yè)礦業(yè)公司工作，都知道她是三老板。9. B 該題是考查非謂語動詞的用法。不定式的完成形式表示不定式的動作在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生。因為沒鎖車才傻。句意：你太傻了怎么沒鎖車。10. C該題考查非謂語動詞的用法。據(jù)題意此處強調(diào) not plete的動作發(fā)生于stay之前，故選完成形式。Not放在分詞前面。句意：節(jié)目未完成，他們不得不在這里再住兩周。11. A該題考查動詞形式的用法。better= had better后接動詞原形。句意：如果你打算這周花錢玩，你最好別想了。你的一些大的賬單要到。12B 該題考查非謂語動詞的用法。關(guān)鍵詞only。only+不定式表示未預(yù)料到的結(jié)果，此時tell和reporter是被動關(guān)系，故選B。句意：新聞記者們匆匆忙忙地趕到機場，卻被告知電影明星在已離開。13D該題考查動詞形式的用法。have a good/hard time doing sth為習(xí)慣用語。句意：病了近一個月了，他艱難地通過了考試。14D該題考查非謂語動詞的形式。從句意分析強調(diào)hear的動作在know之前發(fā)生，you和hear的關(guān)系是主動關(guān)系，因此選擇D。句意:我不知道你是否已經(jīng)聽說了，我今年九月要去美國學(xué)習(xí)。15B該題考查非謂語動詞的作狀語。主語the girl和Attract是被動關(guān)系，因此選擇過去分詞，表示被動與完成。句意：為大自然的美所吸引，這位倫敦姑娘決定在農(nóng)場上再呆兩天。16. B該題考查非謂語動詞的用法。water和run的關(guān)系是主動關(guān)系，故選B。句意：你刷牙時不要讓水一直流。 17. A該題考查非謂語動詞的用法。parents和worry是被動關(guān)系，故選過去分詞。句意：懲罰父母對他們的孩子違法行為的法律令父母們擔(dān)憂。18. C 考查非謂語動詞的用法。spend后面可以接some time/ money on something或者(in) doing something 做賓語。句意：根據(jù)美國最近的一次調(diào)查表明，孩子每周用高達25個小時看電視。19. C 考查非謂語動詞的用法?！懊~+ be+ believed （said,reported）+不定式”相當(dāng)于“Its believed(said, reported) that”,可以看作一個句型。flu與cause之間是一種動賓關(guān)系，所以應(yīng)該用動詞不定式的被動形式，因此，C正確。句意：流感被認為是由在人類鼻腔和喉腔細胞內(nèi)繁殖的病毒引起的。 20. B 考查非謂語動詞的用法。非謂語動詞形式在這里作定語修飾the flowers，smell作不及物動詞，與flowers之間構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系，因此，B正確。句意：植物園內(nèi)芳香四溢的花吸引游客們享受自然的美。21. A考查非謂語動詞的用法。disc與record是被動關(guān)系。過去分詞作定語表示過去與被動的含義，動詞不定式作定語通常表示將來的含義，因此，A正確。句意：用數(shù)碼技術(shù)錄制的光盤在那晚的晚會上聽起來很迷人。22. B 考查非謂語動詞的用法。本題的關(guān)鍵是應(yīng)該知道分詞的邏輯主語應(yīng)該與句子的主語相同，having been attacked的對象應(yīng)該是the tall building，因此，B為正確答案。句意：受到恐怖分子攻擊后，那座大樓倒塌了。23.D 該題考查不定式作賓語補足語的用法。encourage sb. to do sth.為習(xí)慣用語，意為：鼓勵某人做某事。句意：我的導(dǎo)師鼓勵我去上暑期班來提高寫作技能。24.C 該題考查非謂語動詞的用法。考查時間先后關(guān)系，wait的動作在realize之前發(fā)生故選現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式。句意：排隊等了半小時后，湯姆突然意識到他把錢包落到家里了。25.B該題考查非謂語動詞的用法。Introduce是及物動詞，flint和introduce關(guān)系是被動關(guān)系，故選過去分詞。句意：燧石投放市場，這種產(chǎn)品很成功。26. B該題考查非謂語動詞作主語補足語的用法。在這里cook是smoke的動作執(zhí)行者，故選現(xiàn)在分詞作主語補足語。句意：如果發(fā)現(xiàn)廚師在廚房里抽煙，他會被立即解雇。27.D 考查interest一詞的不同形式有不同的用法，interest作名詞的意思是“興趣、利益”，作動詞意思是“使人感興趣”，interested 表示的是“感興趣”的心理狀態(tài)，interesting 意思是“有趣的”表示特點或特性，因此D正確。28.C 考查動詞短語與動名詞的用法，lead to 導(dǎo)致，后接名詞或動名詞，the thief與catch之間形成一種動賓關(guān)系，因此動名詞要用被動語態(tài)，正確答案為C。29.A 考查非謂語動詞，order后應(yīng)使用動詞不定式，動詞不定式里的動詞issue與soldiers之間是一個動賓關(guān)系，所以用動詞不定式的主動語態(tài)，并且issue的動作不會先于order發(fā)生，因此選擇A。30.D 該題考查非謂語動詞否定的用法。非謂語動詞否定是用not來構(gòu)成，ask后接不定式構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，即ask sb to do sth 或者ask sb not to do sth，故選答案D。題意：老師叫我們不要大聲喧嘩。31.D 該題考查非謂語動詞的用法。從四個選項一眼就能看出這是考查非謂語動詞作狀語的用法，在看一下句子主語為he，與give的關(guān)系是被動關(guān)系，故選答案D過去分詞作狀語，表示被動。題意：如果給他時間，他會成為一流的羽毛球運動員。32.B 該題考查動詞不定式。后一句中的第一個it 是形式主語,其真正主語是whether they will enjoy it , 第二個it 是指上句中的 having a trip abroad .這對老夫婦是否enjoy having a trip abroad 還需要進一步查明，用將來時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)，即remains to be seen ，故答案為B。句意：對老兩口來說出國旅游固然好，可是這還要看他們是否喜歡33. A 考查動詞的非謂語動詞。動詞不定式座目的狀語。strive一詞的用法：strive to do sth或strive for sth意思為“努力做某事”。句意：為了在國際市場上取得更大的份額，許多國際公司正在努力使自己的產(chǎn)品具有競爭性。34.C 考查分詞的用法。分詞短語作狀語時，有時前面可用一個連詞，表示強調(diào)或出于表達需要，常用的連詞有：when, while, after, if, though, unless, as if 等。35.D 考查分詞作定語的用法，分詞與其修飾的名詞形成一種邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，故選用過去分詞，D為正確答案。36.C 考查動名詞的用法。句子意思為“皮膚暴露的時間太久，將對皮膚有害?！眅xpose與skin是一種動賓關(guān)系，所填入的成分在句中做主語，因此，應(yīng)選用動名詞的被動語態(tài)形式。C為正確答案。37.B該題考查非謂語動詞。該題的關(guān)鍵詞是key為名詞意為：關(guān)鍵；要害，后接介詞to+名詞活動名詞；另外，the demand后接分詞短語作定語，demand是make動作的承受著，表被動，故選答案B。句意：-你怎樣處理公司與顧客之間的不和？-處理這個問題的關(guān)鍵是滿足顧客的要求。38. C 該題考查疑問詞后加不定式短語的用法。do with 和 疑問詞what 連用是習(xí)慣用語，do with 的賓語是上半句中的land in Australia, 即代詞 it ，整個what to do with it 又 作know 賓語，故 C 項是正確的。句意：聽說澳大利亞所需處理的土地，比政府所知的還要多。39. A該題考查動詞的非謂語動詞v-ing作時間狀語形式。該題題干中有逗號，而且句子主語是分詞動作的執(zhí)行者，故應(yīng)考慮不同的非謂語形式在表達意思上的差異，從而作出選擇。該句的意思是“河流已經(jīng)遭受如此嚴重的污染，現(xiàn)在要想清理也許太晚了”。后面句子的動作發(fā)生在前面動詞 suffer行為之后，因此，所設(shè)空中應(yīng)該選用表示“已經(jīng)完成”狀態(tài)的v-ing的完成體 Having suffered （選項 A）。另外，already 也起到提示與限制作用。40. B 該題考查疑問詞后加不定式短語的用法。疑問詞后加不定式短語可以作賓語與表語，該題關(guān)鍵詞what。I dont know what to expect.句意：我以前和孩子一起工作過，所以我知道在新工作中期待什么。41. C該題考查過去分詞作賓補的用法。過去分詞carried out在句子中作see的賓語補足語。這個句子較復(fù)雜，但只要把句子結(jié)構(gòu)還原，就一目了然。the plan在句子中是定語從句的先行詞，在定語從句that they would like to see 中作賓語，所以還原后變成they would like to see the plan carried out的形式。因此可以很容易選出正確答案C。句意：經(jīng)理們討論了他們要在下一年實施的這個計劃。42. A 該題考查動詞不定式的用法。be said 后接動詞不定式，從“what country he studied in ” 得知study abroad在said之前發(fā)生，所以用不定式的完成形式。句意：據(jù)說Robert已出國學(xué)習(xí)，但我不知他在哪個國家。43. B 該題考查兩個并列動詞不定式短語作表語的用法。句意：新技術(shù)的目的是使生活變得更簡單而不是使之更復(fù)雜。to make life easier 和not to make life more difficult是并列的結(jié)構(gòu)作表語。44. D 該題考查現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語的用法。從句子成分分析，前面有逗號分開，又沒有連詞連接， 故此處要用非謂語動詞。message 是read動作的執(zhí)行者故應(yīng)當(dāng)選現(xiàn)在分詞。C項to read為不定式作狀語，通常表示目的、結(jié)果或原因，用在此處不妥。上面寫著一般用read和say這兩個動詞。句意：我回家時看到門上別著一個紙條上面寫著：“很遺憾沒有見到你，以后再來拜訪。”45. C 該題考查過去分詞作表語的用法。get在此相當(dāng)于系動詞后接過去分詞作表語,還表示被動意義。get paid 意為：報酬。句意：大城市的婦女清潔工通常按小時計酬。46. A 該題考查現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語的用法。題意“踢歐式足球在80個國家盛行，這使它成為世界上最流行的體育運動”。 兩部分有逗號又沒有連詞連接，應(yīng)用非謂語動詞作狀語。空白處不能選謂語動詞，故B兩項不可取。C為過去分詞表示被動，與題意不符，又因D項為不定式，不定式通常表示目的或出乎預(yù)料的結(jié)果不能作伴隨狀語。選項A為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語，表示伴隨狀況。該句中的making 相當(dāng)于which makes。47. B 該題考查非謂語動詞作賓語的用法。love doing 指一貫喜歡做某事；would/should love/ like to do sth. 虛擬語氣句，用來陳述自己的愿望，表示“想要做某事”。因有l(wèi)ast night 和work extra hours to finish a report.故使用would love to have gone來表示謂語動詞的動作在加班之前發(fā)生。句意：昨晚我很想去晚會的，但為了完成報告不得不加班。48. C 該題考查過去分詞作后置定語的用法。the Olympic Games與play之間為被動關(guān)系，故play作用被動形式，時間狀語in 776 B. C.表示動作已經(jīng)完成，故用過去分詞短語作定語相當(dāng)于非限制性定語從句。to be first played屬于不定式被動式，它表示該動作在謂語動詞之后發(fā)生，與時間狀語in 776 B. C. 相矛盾。句意：公元前776年開始舉行的奧林匹克運動會直到1912年才允許婦女參加。49. C 該題考查動詞不定式作主補的用法。關(guān)鍵詞是動詞warn，warn意為：警告，用于warn sb to do sth 結(jié)構(gòu)中，用于被動語態(tài)是以不定式作其主語補足語，不定式的否定式是not to do，所以本題答案為C。句意：病人被警告術(shù)后不能吃油膩的東西。50. C 該題考查分詞短語作狀語的用法。lose oneself ；be lost in thought是動詞lose的一種 固定用法，意為“陷入沉思之中”。兩部分有逗號又沒有連詞，應(yīng)用非謂語動詞作狀語，以說明險些撞到汽車上的原因，根據(jù)過去分詞表示被動的原則， be lost in thought 又是固定結(jié)構(gòu)，故用過去分詞lost。題意：他陷入了沉思，險些撞到他前面汽車上。51. B 該題考查動詞不定式作賓補的用法。在英語中，使役動詞make, let, have和感官動詞see, hear, feel等后面的復(fù)合賓語中的不定式均不帶to，但是改成被動句后，不定式前的to就不能省略，所以本題答案為B。句意：沒必要強迫保羅學(xué)習(xí)，他總是很努力。52.D 該題考查非謂語動詞作賓語的用法。regret doing sth意為：后悔干了某事，表明動作已完 成；regret to do sth意為：為去干某事后悔，表明當(dāng)時還未做。例如：I regret to say that you cant go with me.據(jù)第一句話得知raise objection at the meeting動作已完成,故選 動名詞。句意：“你真勇敢在會上提出反對意見。”“噢，我現(xiàn)在真為此事兒后悔?！?3. C 該題考查動詞不定式作賓語的用法。該題的關(guān)鍵詞是agree其后跟不定式作賓語。選項D雖 屬不定式，但不定式的完成式表示動作已發(fā)生，與hasnt turned up yet 相矛盾，所以不能選D。只能跟不定式作賓語的動詞還有：afford，ask，beg，choose，decide，determine，hope，offer，want，manage，plan，refuse，pretend，promise，wish等。agree作不及物動詞還有下列結(jié)構(gòu)：agree with sb/what one said同意某人的意見或者所說的話；agree to sth（plan ，opinion etc）同意某事（計劃，觀點等）；agree on/upon sth就某事達成共識。句意：我同意在這里碰面但她到現(xiàn)在還沒露面。54.C 該題考查動詞不定式的用法。prefer to do rather than do 為習(xí)慣用語，該題中的rather than提前表示強調(diào)，后接動詞原形；prefer 后接to do。題意：他寧愿騎自行車也不愿乘坐擁擠的公共汽車。55. C 該題考查非謂語動詞作賓補的區(qū)別。感官動詞hear，listen to，see，watch，notice，feel等其后的賓補可以是現(xiàn)在分詞也可以是不定式?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示動作正在進行，不定式表示動作已經(jīng)完成。該題的關(guān)鍵是last seen，據(jù)此play的動作是當(dāng)時正在發(fā)生的動作，故選C。題意：最后找到那個丟失的孩子時，他正在河邊玩耍。56. C 該題考查現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語的用法。該題的關(guān)鍵在于有逗號分開，但沒有連詞，故選分詞，且句子主語又是add動作的執(zhí)行者，故選現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語。句意：來訪的總理表示對這次會談滿意，并補充說他在這兒過得很愉快。57. D 該題考查現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語的用法。textbook是write動作的承受者，又后面有in the 16th century過去時間狀語，故用過去分詞表示被動與完成。句意：為英語教學(xué)編寫的第一套教科書出臺于16世紀。58. B 本題考查動名詞的否定式的用法。動名詞的否定式，其否定詞not應(yīng)放在動名詞之前構(gòu)成，not doing。句意：“因事前沒告訴你我必須向你道歉?！薄皼]關(guān)系。”第二節(jié) 考點歸納非謂語動詞就是在句子中不能單獨作謂語的動詞，這樣的動詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。它包括動詞的不定式、V-ing和V-ed三種形式。非謂語動詞具有雙重性質(zhì)，它既有動詞性質(zhì)，又有非動詞性質(zhì)。具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征，因此在句中除了不能作謂語外，可以作主語、賓語、表語、賓語補足語和主語補足語、定語、狀語。非謂語動詞不能作謂語，因此不能借助于助動詞或情態(tài)動詞否定，但是它可以借助于not或never來實現(xiàn)對他的否定。非謂語動詞不能作謂語，因此在語法上不能有主語，但由于它們表示的是動作，在意思上是可以有主語的，這個主語可稱為邏輯主語（the Logical Subject）。邏輯主語與非謂語動詞之間的主謂關(guān)系是我們選用非謂語動詞的主動式還是被動式的依據(jù)，如果邏輯主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，選用主動形式；如果是動作的承受者，則選用被動形式。一、動詞不定式動詞不定式(infinitive)是動詞的一種非限定形式，即非謂語動詞形式，它有兩種形式：一種是“to + 動詞原形”構(gòu)成（to- infinitive）；另一種是不帶to的不定式,即動詞原形(bare- infinitive)。所有行為動詞都有不定式形式，其否定式是在不定式前加not。動詞不定式（或不定式短語）沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，在句子中不能作謂語。（一）動詞不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)動詞不定式有一般式、進行式、完成式、完成進行式四種時態(tài)變化形式，一般式和完成式有被動語態(tài)變化形式。 主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)一般式to writeto be written進行式to be writing完成式to have writtento have been written完成進行式to have been writing1、不定式的時態(tài)意義不定式的時態(tài)是以句中謂語動詞的時間為依據(jù)的 （1）一般式表示的動作或狀態(tài)通常發(fā)生在謂語動詞之后或同時發(fā)生。They made plans to live in Paris. 他們計劃住在巴黎。（to live 發(fā)生在 made plans之后）（2）進行式表示其動作正在進行，與謂語動詞發(fā)生的動作同時進行。He pretended to be listening to me carefully. 他假裝認真地聽我講。注意：不定式的進行式常同may, might, can, could, must, need, ought to, should, will, would 等情態(tài)動詞連用，表示“可能、應(yīng)當(dāng)或想必”正在進行的動作。You oughtnt to be talking so much. 你不應(yīng)該說這么多。He might be reading a novel at that time. 那時他可能正在讀小說。（3）不定式的完成時表達下列意義：A. 不定式的完成式所表示的動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。I am sorry to have kept you waiting. 對不起，讓你久等了。（to have kept發(fā)生在I am sorry所表示的時間之前）She is said to have just pleted a novel. 據(jù)說她剛完成一部小說。（to have just pleted a novel發(fā)生在She is said所表示的時間之前）B. 用在intended, expected, meant, hoped, promised, planned, wished, thought, desired, was, were等詞后，不定式的完成式表示未曾實現(xiàn)的愿望、期待、想法、打算或計劃等。to have + 過去分詞表示動作， to have been表示狀態(tài)。I meant to have done the work before Sunday. 我本想星期天前完成這項工作。（沒完成）I was to have been a doctor. 我本打算當(dāng)個醫(yī)生。（沒當(dāng)成）I intended to have e to see you.我本打算來看你的。(但沒來)C.用在seem, appear, thing, consider, believe等后，表示一個動作先于另一個動作發(fā)生。I seem to have seen her somewhere before.以前我好像在那見過她。（see在seem之前發(fā)生）He was believed to have been a reporter.都認為他從前干過記者。D. 在should(would) like 或should(would)have like后用不定式完成式表示沒有實現(xiàn)的愿望。I should like to have gone with her.我多么愿意和她一起去。（但沒去）I would like to have seen her face when she read the letter.我真想見到她讀信時的表情。（但沒看到）（4）不定式的完成進行式表示動作在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生，而且一直進行著。 He was happy to have been staying with his uncle.他很高興一直跟他叔叔住在一起。 He looked too young to have been publishing books for six years.他看上去很年輕，不像已經(jīng)出版了6年書的人。（5） e + 不定式表示一個動作發(fā)生的過程 He will e to understand it in the end.他最終會懂得的。 Later he came to be a famous painter.后來他成了著名的畫家。2、動詞不定式的被動語態(tài)如果不定式的邏輯主語是不定式動作的執(zhí)行者不定式用主動式；如果不定式的邏輯主語是不定式動作的承受者時，不定式用被動語態(tài)。The doctor remended the room to be aired. 醫(yī)生建議讓房間透透氣。The sports meeting on the weekend has to be put off. 周末的運動會被迫推遲。3、意義上被動形式上主動的不定式（1） 在“there be+主語