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1、English GrammarEdited and PublishedFor Your Reference Only第四講 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)概念（時(shí)間與時(shí)態(tài)）時(shí)態(tài)是一種語(yǔ)言的手段，因語(yǔ)言的不同而有區(qū)別。英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)以動(dòng)詞形式變化表示句中談到的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)的時(shí)間關(guān)系和說(shuō)話的時(shí)間。（十一種）P79表格1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法 1) 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻腮度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： every, sometimes,at, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning.2) 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。 The earth
2、 moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China.3) 表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before a fall.驕者必?cái) ?注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語(yǔ)從句中，即使主句是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 4) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。 I dont want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比較：Now I put the suga
3、r in the cup.I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說(shuō)明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 4.2.1現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法：a. 表示現(xiàn)在表示現(xiàn)在( 指說(shuō)話人說(shuō)話時(shí)指說(shuō)話人說(shuō)話時(shí)) 正在發(fā)生的事情。正在發(fā)生的事情。 We are waiting for you.b. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長(zhǎng)期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，
4、說(shuō)話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長(zhǎng)期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說(shuō)話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。 Mr. Green is writing another novel.(說(shuō)話時(shí)并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。說(shuō)話時(shí)并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。) She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.c. 表示漸變的動(dòng)詞有：表示漸變的動(dòng)詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。等。 The leaves are turning red. Its getting warmer and warmer.d. 與與always, constantly,
5、 forever 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說(shuō)話人的主觀色彩。的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說(shuō)話人的主觀色彩。 You are always changing your mind.典型例題典型例題 My dictionary _, I have looked for it everywhere but still_ it.A. has lost, dont find B. is missing, dont findC. has lost, havent found D. is missing, havent found. 答案答案D. 前句是
6、一個(gè)仍在持續(xù)的狀態(tài)，應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時(shí)，由于沒(méi)有找到，其影響仍前句是一個(gè)仍在持續(xù)的狀態(tài)，應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時(shí)，由于沒(méi)有找到，其影響仍然存在，應(yīng)用完成時(shí)，瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定式時(shí)可用于完成時(shí)。然存在，應(yīng)用完成時(shí)，瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定式時(shí)可用于完成時(shí)。2.不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞 1) 事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continueI have two brothers.This house belongs to my sister.2) 心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞
7、心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hateI need your help.He loves her very much.3 ) 瞬間動(dòng)詞瞬間動(dòng)詞 accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.I accept your advice.4) 系動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞seem, rema
8、in, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turnYou seem a little tired.4.3一般過(guò)去時(shí) 1）在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。）在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。等。 Where did you go just now?2）表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。）表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。 When I was a c
9、hild, I often played football in the street. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.3）句型：）句型： It is time for sb. to do sth 到到時(shí)間了時(shí)間了 該該了了 It is time sb. did sth. 時(shí)間已遲了時(shí)間已遲了 早該早該了了 It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺(jué)了。你該睡覺(jué)了。 It is time you went to bed.你早該睡覺(jué)了。你早該睡
10、覺(jué)了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示表示寧愿某人做某事寧愿某人做某事 Id rather you came tomorrow.4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過(guò)去時(shí)，作試探性的詢問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求、建議等。等用過(guò)去時(shí)，作試探性的詢問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求、建議等。I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。我以為你想要一些。比較：比較：一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過(guò)去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過(guò)去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。Christine was an invalid all her life.
11、 (含義：她已不在人間。含義：她已不在人間。)Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著)Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.( 含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去) 注意：注意： 用過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語(yǔ)氣。用過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語(yǔ)氣
12、。1）動(dòng)詞）動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。等。Did you want anything else?I wondered if you could help me.2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would.Could you lend me your bike?4.4過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)（P108 略）4.5現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過(guò)去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)
13、生在過(guò)去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成：狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成： have (has) +過(guò)去分詞。過(guò)去分詞。(2)用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型 1）It is the first / second time. that結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is the that結(jié)構(gòu)，結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)從句要
14、用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí). This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. 這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。 This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing.這是我第一次聽(tīng)他唱歌。這是我第一次聽(tīng)他唱歌。典型例題典型例題(1) -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here.A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案答案B. This is the first time 后面
15、所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選B。 2) -Have you _ been to our town before? -No, its the first time I _ here.A. even, come B. even, have comeC. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無(wú)論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，從
16、句要用完成時(shí)。 注意：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。（錯(cuò)）I have received his letter for a month.（對(duì)）I havent received his letter for almost a month.3比較過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)比較過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 1）過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。 2）過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):yesterday,
17、 last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, w
18、ork, study, know. 過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。舉例： I saw this film yesterday.（強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了。） I have seen this film. （強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。） Why did you get up so early?（強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了。） Who hasnt handed in his paper?（強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子，可能為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。） She has returned from Paris.
19、她已從巴黎回來(lái)了。 She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回來(lái)了。 He has been in the League for three years.(在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)) He has been a League member for three years.(是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)) He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入團(tuán)，joined為短暫行為。) I have finished my homework now. -Will somebody go and get Dr. White? -Hes already been
20、 sent for. 句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。 （錯(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （對(duì)）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.4比較比較since和和for Since 用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。度。I have lived here for more than twenty years.I
21、have lived here since I was born.My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949. Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976. I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl. My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.注意：并非有注意：并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
22、的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。作為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 I worked here for more than twenty years. (我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。) I have worked here for many years. (現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作?，F(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。) 小竅門：當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)+一段時(shí)間，這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，我們用下面的公式轉(zhuǎn)化，很容易就能排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中的誤使。1)(對(duì)) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago,
23、 and is still studying it now.2)(錯(cuò)) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.顯然，第二句不對(duì)，它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years.5.延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞 1) 用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷；延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷；
24、瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié)瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié) 果，不果，不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 He has completed the work.他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。 (表結(jié)果表結(jié)果) Ive known him since then. 我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。(表經(jīng)歷表經(jīng)歷)2)用于用于till / until從句的差異從句的差異 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句，表示延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句，表示“做做直到直到” 瞬間動(dòng)詞用瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句，表示于否定句，表示“到到，才，才” He didnt come back until ten oclock. 他到
25、他到10 點(diǎn)才回來(lái)。點(diǎn)才回來(lái)。 He slept until ten oclock. 他一直睡到他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。點(diǎn)。4.5 將來(lái)一般時(shí)將來(lái)一般時(shí)1.用法用法1)shall用于第一人稱，常被用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在爭(zhēng)求意見(jiàn)時(shí)常用于第二人稱。在陳述句中用于各人稱，在爭(zhēng)求意見(jiàn)時(shí)常用于第二人稱。Which paragraph shall I read first.Will you be at home at seven this evening?2)be going to +不定式，表示將來(lái)。不定式，表示將來(lái)。 a. 主語(yǔ)的意圖，即將做某事。主語(yǔ)
26、的意圖，即將做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。 The play is going to be produced next month。 c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事有跡象要發(fā)生的事 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.3) be +不定式表將來(lái)，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。不定式表將來(lái)，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday.4)be about to +不定
27、式，意為馬上做某事。不定式，意為馬上做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意：注意：be about to 不能與不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀等表示明確將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。語(yǔ)連用。 2.be going to / will 用于條件句時(shí)， be going to表將來(lái) will表意愿If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your c
28、lothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. 3.be to和和be going to be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事。 be going to 表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客觀安排)Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主觀安排)4.6過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí) 1） 概念：表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去-|-|-|-其構(gòu)成是had +過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。那時(shí)以前 那
29、時(shí)現(xiàn)在 2） 用法a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris.b. 狀語(yǔ)從句 在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.c. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示原本，未能 We had hoped that you woul
30、d come, but you didnt.3)過(guò)去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)過(guò)去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
31、典型例題典型例題 The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _ in the office.A. had written, leftB，were writing, has left C. had written, had leftD. were writing, had left 答案答案D. 把書忘在辦公室把書忘在辦公室發(fā)生在發(fā)生在去取書去取書這一過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前，因此這一過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前，因此忘了書忘了書這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去的過(guò)去，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。句中這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去的過(guò)去，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。句中when表示的表示的是時(shí)
32、間的一點(diǎn)，表示在是時(shí)間的一點(diǎn)，表示在同學(xué)們正忙于同學(xué)們正忙于這一背景下，這一背景下，when所引導(dǎo)的所引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。因此動(dòng)作發(fā)生。因此前一句應(yīng)用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。前一句應(yīng)用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。注意：注意：had no when還沒(méi)等還沒(méi)等 就就had no sooner than剛剛 就就 He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 4.7時(shí)態(tài)一致時(shí)態(tài)一致 1) 如果從句所敘述的為真理或不變的事實(shí)，則永遠(yuǎn)用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。At that time, people did not know that the earth moves.He told me last
33、 week that he is eighteen. 2) 賓語(yǔ)從句中的助動(dòng)詞ought, need, must, dare 時(shí)態(tài)是不變的。He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 4.8 時(shí)態(tài)與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)every , sometimes,at , on Sunday, 一般過(guò)去時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now一般將來(lái)時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)next, tomorrow, in+時(shí)間時(shí)間,
34、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening when, while將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài) verb tenses
