2019-2020年中考英語復(fù)習(xí)講義 第9章 動(dòng)詞的用法.doc

2019-2020年中考英語復(fù)習(xí)講義 第9章 動(dòng)詞的用法 動(dòng)詞是用來描述主主語的動(dòng)作行為或狀態(tài)的一類詞。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語，用來說明主語是什么、處于什么狀態(tài)或做什么。動(dòng)詞有不同的形式，這些形式體現(xiàn)了動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間、語態(tài)等信息。對(duì)于動(dòng)詞的考查大、方式靈活、越型多樣。在學(xué)習(xí)過粗，學(xué)生要掌握動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)及語態(tài)，牢記近義動(dòng)詞及動(dòng)詞短語的不同含義，.對(duì)于不同的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法，要多做練習(xí)，在實(shí)踐中加以區(qū)分，以便取得很好的學(xué)習(xí)效果。內(nèi)容導(dǎo)視知識(shí)點(diǎn)1動(dòng)詞的分類知識(shí)點(diǎn)2動(dòng)詞的用法知識(shí)點(diǎn)3動(dòng)詞的甚本形式知識(shí)點(diǎn)4短語動(dòng)詞知識(shí)詳單知識(shí)點(diǎn)1動(dòng)詞的分類分類特點(diǎn)例句實(shí)義動(dòng)詞表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，有完整的詞義，能獨(dú)立作謂語。按其帶不帶賓語可分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。Give me some ink, please.請(qǐng)給我一些墨水。He works hard.他工作努力。連系動(dòng)詞本身有詞義，不能獨(dú)立作謂語，必須和表語一起構(gòu)成謂語，說明主語的狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、特征或身份等。He is a teacher.他是一位老師。They look the same.他們看起來一樣。助動(dòng)詞本身無詞義，不能獨(dú)立作謂語，只能和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語。可用來表示否定、疑問、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣等。I am watching TV.我正在看電視。I dont speak English.我不說英語。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身有一定的意義，表示人的語氣和情態(tài)，不可單獨(dú)作謂語，須和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語。Tom can swim.湯姆會(huì)游泳。May I e in?我可以進(jìn)來嗎?知識(shí)點(diǎn)2動(dòng)詞的用法1.實(shí)義動(dòng)詞分類用法例句及物動(dòng)詞能直接跟賓語She bought a hook yesterday.她昨天買了一木書。【知識(shí)拓展】1.單賓語動(dòng)詞：即只可接一個(gè)賓語的動(dòng)詞，如accept接受；discover發(fā)現(xiàn)；enjoy享受；forget忘記；borrow借入；buy買；catch抓；invent發(fā)明；found建造；like喜歡；find尋找；forget忘記；receive接受；see看見；say說；show展示；make做；tell告訴等。例如:Im sorry that I forgot your address.對(duì)不起，我忘了你的地址。2.雙賓語動(dòng)詞：即后接間接賓語(指人)和直接賓語(指物)的動(dòng)詞，如give給；buy買；pay付款；hand遞；read讀；return返還；sell賣等。例如:I am going to return him the books tomorrow afternoon.我明天下午要把書還給他。3.接復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞：后接賓語和賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞，如believe相信；find發(fā)現(xiàn)；hear聽見，聽說；keep保持；make使得；see看見等。例如:They kept him waiting at the door for twenty minutes.他們讓他在門口等了20分鐘。4.接動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞：如advise建議；consider考慮；finish完成；imagine想像；practise練習(xí)；suggest建議等。例如:She practises playing the piano every day.她每天都練習(xí)彈鋼琴。5.接不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞：如agree同意；decide決定，下決心；hope希望；refuse拒絕；manage設(shè)法等。例如:Bill refused to take responsibility for the accident.比爾拒絕對(duì)那次事故承擔(dān)責(zé)任。不及物動(dòng)詞不能直接跟賓語He is waiting for you at the gate.他在門口等著你?！局R(shí)拓展】常見的不及物動(dòng)詞：ache疼痛；appear出現(xiàn)；arise出現(xiàn)，上升，起立；arrive到達(dá)，belong屬于；care關(guān)心；e來；cough咳嗽； cry哭；die死亡；disappear，上升消失；exist存在，生存；faint昏倒，變得微弱；fall落下；flow流動(dòng)；go去；happen發(fā)生；laugh笑；lie躺；listen聽；live生活，居住；look看；occur發(fā)生；rise上升，起立；sit坐；smile微笑；swim游泳2.連系動(dòng)詞分類常用詞例句表示主語的狀態(tài)、特征和身份等be(是)，look(看起來)，seem(似乎)，feel(感覺)，appear(出現(xiàn))，smell(聞起來)，taste(嘗起來)，sound(聽起來)He is a good father.他是一位好父親。She looks younger than before.她看起來比以前年輕。I feel sorry to hear that。聽到那我很難過。表示主語從一種狀態(tài)到另一種狀態(tài)，但側(cè)重于轉(zhuǎn)變后的結(jié)果turn(轉(zhuǎn)變)，bee(成為)，get(得到)，grow(增長(zhǎng))，go(去)，fall(跌落)，e(來)，prove(證明)Everyone will grow old.每個(gè)人都會(huì)變老。After a few years，the things got worse and worse.幾年后，情況變得越來越糟糕。表示主語保持某種身份、特征或狀態(tài)不變keep(保持)，remain(仍舊)，stay(保持)，continue(繼續(xù))The old man stays calm.老人保持平靜。Keep quiet while youre goingaround.參觀時(shí)要保持安靜。3.助動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞be人稱數(shù)現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)過去時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在分詞過去分詞第一人稱單數(shù)amwasbeingbeen復(fù)數(shù)arewere第二人稱單數(shù)arewere復(fù)數(shù)arewere第三人稱單數(shù)iswas復(fù)數(shù)arewere【知識(shí)拓展】助動(dòng)詞be的用法: be主要用來構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。(1) “be+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)例如:My boy friend is reading a newspaper in the sofa.我的男朋友正坐在沙發(fā)上看報(bào)紙。 be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如:The truth will be known場(chǎng)everyone.真相將會(huì)大白于天下。助動(dòng)詞do形式肯定式否定式縮略否定式原形dodo notdont第三人稱單數(shù)doesdoes notdoesnt過去式diddid notdidnt【知識(shí)拓展】助動(dòng)詢do的用法:do主要用來構(gòu)成否定句、疑問句或?qū)χ^語動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)。 有其他助動(dòng)詞的一般動(dòng)詞用do構(gòu)成否定句和疑問句。例如:I dont like this kind of music.我不喜歡這種音樂。do+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句。例如:I do need your help.我的確需要你的幫助。助動(dòng)詞have形式肯定式否定式縮略否定式原形havehave nothavent第三人稱單數(shù)hashas nothasnt過去式hadhad nothadnt【知識(shí)拓展】助動(dòng)詞have的用法:have 與過去分詞構(gòu)成各種完成時(shí)態(tài)。例如We havent seen for a long time.我們很久沒見面了4.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法例句can，could表示能力，意為“能，會(huì)”I can read this sentence in English.我能用英語讀這句話。表示許可時(shí)，意為“可以，能夠”，相當(dāng)于mayShe said that I could use her puter她說我可以使用她的電腦。用于推測(cè)，表示可能性，意為“可能”, could比can更加不肯定，多用于否定或疑問句The man cant he our teacher-he has gone to Beijing那個(gè)男人不可能是我們的老師，他去北京了。There is someone outside-who can it be?有人在外面，可能是誰呢?【知識(shí)拓展】 can的一般疑問句，肯定回答用Yes ,can; 否定回答用No,cant。例如:-Can you play the piano?你會(huì)彈鋼琴嗎?-Yes, I can.是的，我會(huì)。/No, I cant不，我不會(huì)。2 can, could和be able to的區(qū)別:can只有現(xiàn)在式和過去式，而be able to可以用于各種時(shí)態(tài);can( could)表示能力時(shí)，可用be able to代替。例如:I can(am able to) afford the car.我能買得起這輛小汽車。She has been able to e to school. 她已經(jīng)能去學(xué)校了I could(=was able to)drive a car before I left school.畢業(yè)前我就會(huì)開車。may, might表示允許或許可，意為“可以”May I have your name?我能知道你的名字嗎?May I use your phone?我可以用用你的電話嗎?表示征詢?cè)S可時(shí)，might比may的語氣委婉-Might I ask for a photograph of your little daughter?你小女兒的照片嗎?-Yes. you may.是的，可以。用于表推測(cè)時(shí)，是“可能，或許”之意，might語氣更加不肯定，多用于肯定句中He may be wrong，but Im not sure.也許他錯(cuò)了，但我也不確定。She might be very busy now.她現(xiàn)在可能非常忙。【知識(shí)拓展】1. may的一般疑問句，肯定回答用Yes，may. /Yes, of course. /Yes, certainly.;否定回答用No, cant/mustnt。例如:-Might/May I smoke in this room?我可以在這間屋子里抽煙嗎?-Yes, you may.是的，你可以。/No, you cant/mustnt.不，不可以。2.用于表示推測(cè)時(shí)，may和might一般不用于疑問句中，而在疑問句中，常使用can;在否定句中，maynot/might not意為“可能不”，而cant/couldnt意為“不可能”。例如:The young people might not like the idea.年輕人可能不喜歡這個(gè)主意。It cant/couldnt be our headmaster. He has gone to America那不可能是我們校長(zhǎng)。他已經(jīng)去美國(guó)了must表示必須，一定要，指說話人的主觀語氣You must obey the school rules你必須遵守校規(guī)。mustnt表示禁止，意為“千萬不要，禁止”，是說話人強(qiáng)有力的勸告You mustnt play with the knife or you may hurt yourself.你千萬玩刀否則你可能會(huì)傷到自己。表示推測(cè)時(shí)，用于肯定句，意為“想必，一定”，否定句中用cant ，couldnt來代替。This must be your room. 這一定是你的房問了。He must be eighty now.他現(xiàn)在想必有八十歲了。【知識(shí)拓展】1. must的一般疑問句，肯定回答為Yes， must.; 否定回答為No, neednt., 或No, dont have to.例如:-Must I clean the classroom now?我必須現(xiàn)在打掃教室嗎?-Yes, you must是的，你必須。-No, you dont have to. /No, you neednt.不，你不必。2 . must和have to的區(qū)別:用must表示“必須”的意思時(shí)，通常著重于說話者的主觀看法, 認(rèn)為有必要去做某事;而have to著重于客觀需要，含有“不得不”的意思。例如:We must study English hard.我們必須努力學(xué)習(xí)英語。You are ill today. You have to see a doctor.你今天病了，不得不去看醫(yī)生。用must表示“必須”，只有現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的形式，如果要表示過去時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)的“必須”，就要用have to的相應(yīng)形式。例如:You must drive fast to catch the time.你必須開車開快點(diǎn)來趕時(shí)間。They will have to leave tomorrow morning.他們必須明天早晨起程。will表示意志、愿望和決心，常譯為“愿意”If you will help us, we shall be very grateful.如果你愿意幫助我們,我們將不勝感激。用于第二人稱疑問句，表示請(qǐng)求或建議等Will you have dinner with me tonight?今天晚上和我一起吃飯好嗎?表示習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作或某種傾向，多用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)，常譯為“總是”Kate will sit there, waiting for her daughter to e back.凱特總是坐在那兒等女兒回來。would作為will的過去式，可表示過去的意志、愿望或決心等，意為“愿意”He promised he would never smoke again.他承諾他再也不吸煙了。表示過去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或某種傾向Their English teacher would tell them stories in English after class.他們的英語老師總是在課后用英語給他們講故事。用于第二人稱疑問句中，表示現(xiàn)在的請(qǐng)求、建議，比will的語氣委婉Would you please pass the English-Chinese dictionary on to Mary?請(qǐng)把這本英漢詞典傳給瑪麗好嗎? 【知識(shí)拓展】would like意為“愿意，想要”;would like/love to do sth意為“愿意/想要做某事”; would like sb. to do sth. 意為“想要某人做某事”。例如:Would you like a cup of tea?你想喝杯茶嗎?Would you like to sing a song?你想唱首歌嗎?I would like you to wake me up at 5:30 tomorrow morning我想讓你在明天早晨5:30叫醒我。shall用于第一，三人稱疑問句，表示征求對(duì)方意見Shall we begin now?我們現(xiàn)在就開始嗎?Tom is waiting outside. Shall he e in, sir?湯姆正在門外等著，可以讓他進(jìn)來嗎，先生?用于第二、三人稱陳述句時(shí)，表示命令、警告、允諾或威脅等Yon shall fail if you dont work hard.如果你不努力工作，你就會(huì)失敗。Tell Jerry that he shall get a gift if he is nice. 告訴杰里如果他表現(xiàn)好，他會(huì)得到一份禮物。shouldshall的過去式，用于第一，三人稱，多用于間接引語中，以征求對(duì)方意見I asked the manager if I should have a few days off. 我問經(jīng)理我是否可以請(qǐng)幾天假。Mr. Li asked if he should get his visa tomorrow.李先生問明天是否能拿到他的簽證。表示義務(wù)，職責(zé)時(shí)，意為“應(yīng)當(dāng)，應(yīng)該”，往往表示說話者的觀點(diǎn)表示驚訝、遺憾等，意為“竟然，居然”need表示“需要，必須”，多用于疑問句和否定句Need you go so soon?你需要這么早走嗎?You neednt e so early.你不必來這么早。【知識(shí)拓展】need的一般疑問句，肯定回答為Yes，must.;否定回答為No, neednt例如-Need he finish the article next week?他需要下星期完成這篇文章嗎?-Yes，he must.是的，他必須完成。/No , he neednt.不，他不需要。have to表示不得不，說明客觀條件只能如此;有時(shí)態(tài)形式的變化;否定式dont have to意為“不必”(=neednt)My brother was very ill，so I had to call the doctor in the midnight.我弟弟病得厲害，我只得半夜里把醫(yī)生請(qǐng)來。I havent got any money with me，so Ill have to borrow some from my friend.我身上沒帶錢，只好向朋友借點(diǎn)了。知識(shí)點(diǎn)3動(dòng)詞的甚本形式形式規(guī)則變化例句一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)第三人稱單數(shù)一般情況在動(dòng)詞后直接加-Slooklooks; workworks以o, s, x, sh, ch結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，后加-escatchcatches; gogoes以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，變y為i，再加-esstudystudies; trytries現(xiàn)在分詞一般情況在動(dòng)詞后直接加-ingreadreading; gogoing以ee, oe, ye結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，直接加-ingsee seeing; toetoeing以不發(fā)音字母e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，先去掉e，再加-ingloveloving; writewriting以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，詞尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的動(dòng)詞，先雙寫輔音字母，再加-ingcutcutting; putputting少數(shù)以ie結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，先變ie 為y再加-ingdiedying; lielying過去式和過去分詞一般情況在動(dòng)詞后直接加-ed askasked; helphelped以不發(fā)音字母e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，只加-d,likeliked; livelived以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，變y為i，再加-edcry cried; studystudied以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，詞尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的動(dòng)詞，先雙寫輔音字母，再加-ed stop stopped; planplanned知識(shí)點(diǎn)4短語動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成方式常見短語動(dòng)詞+冠詞+名詞give a concert開音樂會(huì)，give a tea。進(jìn)行測(cè)試，,have arest休息，have a picni。進(jìn)行野餐，have a try試一試，keep a record保持紀(jì)錄，leave a message留言，make a face做鬼臉, make a living謀生，make a speech進(jìn)行演講，pay a bill付賬,take a risk冒險(xiǎn)動(dòng)詞+名詞catch fire著火，keep watch守望/值班，make repairs維修，play sports做運(yùn)動(dòng)，take action采取行take measures采取措施，take place發(fā)生/舉行動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞catch hold of抓住，catch sight of看見，make contributions t。對(duì)做貢獻(xiàn)，make room for給騰地方，make use of利用，pay attention to注意,take advantage of利用，make contact with和接觸/聯(lián)系take pride in以;.自豪，動(dòng)詞+介詞+名詞e into use開始使用，get into trouble陷人麻煩，play with fire玩火/冒險(xiǎn)，wait in line排隊(duì)等候 動(dòng)詞+賓語+介詞+名詞bring. to mind使想起，put. into use應(yīng)用，put. into practice實(shí)行/實(shí)施，take. for example以為例動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞add up to合計(jì)達(dá)，break away from脫離, e up with想出/提出，catch up with趕上，追上，go ahead with開始，著手，go in for參加/追求，go along with一起去，hold on to堅(jiān)持，keep away from遠(yuǎn)離，look down upon瞧不起/輕視,put up with忍受/容忍，run out of用完考點(diǎn)突破考點(diǎn)1 考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法1.(矜南中考)Hi, guy ! You_ not park your car here. Its for our customers only.A. need B. can C. will D. may【解析】選B。由句意可知此處表示“不能在這里停車”，故用can not表示。2.(安順中考)-Must I do my homework now？-No，you _. You may have a rest. A. mustnt B. neednt C. cant D. wouldnt【解析】選B。must的一般疑問句，否定回答為neednt或dont have to.3.(赤峰中考)-Do you have any plans for this weekend? -Im not sum. I_ go climbing Mount Tai.【解析】選C, 由答語前半句可知，此處表達(dá)不確定的意思，即“也許，可能”。C項(xiàng)may有此含義。4.（遵義中考）She went to Hangzhou by train last night. She_be at home now.A. must not B.may not C.cant【解析】選C。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示推側(cè).由前句她去了杭州可知，.此處表示她不可能在家，故用cant表示否定推測(cè)?？键c(diǎn)2考查連系動(dòng)詞的用法5.(昆明中考)-The medicine_ awful. I cant stand it. -1 know, Jimmy. But its helpful to you. A. tastes B. eats C. drinks D. takes 【解析】選A, awful是形容詞作表語，前面用連系動(dòng)詞，藥從口人，故應(yīng)選tastes,6.(濰坊中考)-What will a science museum be like if you are asked to build one? -1 hope it will_ like a book. A. taste B. sound C. look D. smell 【解析】選C。問句中的a science museum為建筑物，故答語中應(yīng)該用look like，表示“看上去像”,其余選項(xiàng)不符合題意。7.(宿遷中考)-Your trainers_ colourful. -Yes. And they are popular among young people. A. feel B. smell C. taste D. look 【解析】選D, colourful肯定是用眼睛觀察，故空白處應(yīng)填look,8.(來賓中考)The cake_ delicious. I cant wait to eat it. A. feels B. sounds C. bees D. smells【解析】選D。由后一句可知還沒有吃蛋糕，所以此處表示蛋糕聞起來很美味，故用smells.考點(diǎn)3考查及物動(dòng)詞的用法9.(赤峰中考)-Do you take exercise every day?-Yes, I always_half an hour walking after dinner.A. spend B. takeC. costpay【解析】選A, spend some time in doing sth是固定用法，其中in可以省略。故選擇10.(十堰中考)-The song Where did the time go_ the old days and the love of family. -Sure. Its my favorite song. A. helps us out B. reminds us of C. lets us down D. regards us as【解析】選擇B 問句表示時(shí)間去哪兒了這首歌勾起了我們對(duì)昔日時(shí)光和親情的回憶。Reminds sb. of sth，意為“使某人想起某事”，符合句意。11. (南充中考)-Excuse me, can I_your pen? -Sorry, I have_ it to Bob. A. borrow; lent B. borrow; borrowed C. lend; borrowed D. lend; lent【解析】選A。第一空為“借入”，用borrow;第二空為借出”，且根據(jù)其前的have。可知此處為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故用lend的過去分詞形式lent.考點(diǎn)4 考查不及物動(dòng)詞的用法12.(龍東中考)-You look too tired. Why not_ a rest? -Sounds good. A. stop having B. to stop having C. stop to have 【解析】選C, why not后接動(dòng)詞原形，排除B; stop to do sth.意為“停下來去做某事，符合題意。故選C13.(滬州中考)Can you tell me what happened_ _ _him just now?A. with B. for C. to D. at【解析】選C sth. happened to sb.意為。某人發(fā)生了某李，其他介詞搭配有誤，故選C,14.(棗莊中考)He always doesnt know where to _ for vacation. A. go B. lead C. make D. invite【解析】選A。句意為:他總是不知道去哪里度假,go for vacation意為“去度假”?？键c(diǎn)5考查動(dòng)詞短語的用法15.(安順中考)Spring has e. We cant_ the plan. The trees must be planted this week. A. put off B. make up C. e up with D. look up 【解析】選A。由句意可知，春天來了，我們不能推遲計(jì)劃。這周必須把樹種好。put off推遲;make up編造; e up with跟上;look up向上看。故選A,16.(宜昌中考)-The misuse of personal information is being very serious. -How terrible! The public safety department must_ a solution. A. take up B. catch up C. e up D. think up 【解析】選D?？崭袼诰湟鉃?公共安全部門必須想出個(gè)辦法。think up意為“想出”，相當(dāng)于e up with，符合題意。17.(哈爾濱中考)Our school is planning to _ a band to give the students a chance to show their musical talent. A. take up B. set up C. pick up【解析】選B。句意為:我們學(xué)校計(jì)劃組建一支樂隊(duì)給學(xué)生們一個(gè)展示他們的音樂天賦的機(jī)會(huì)。set up有“建立，組建”之意。故選B,，/18. (濰坊中考)-Have you seen the film ing Home directed by Zhang Yimou? -Not yet. Im_ seeing it. Its said the film is great! A. looking down on B. looking out for C. looking up to D. looking forward to 【解析】選D。由句意可知此處表示“期望看到”之意，look forward to中的to為介詞，后接名詞,代詞，動(dòng)名詞。故選D,19.(荊州中考)-Weve been trying hard, but cant solve the problem. -I think you can_ it in another way. A. share with B. deal with C. keep up with D. point out with 【解析】選B。答句意為:我想你能夠用別的方法解決。deal with意為“解決”，符合句意。