語法篇 特殊句式

學海網(wǎng) 1學海網(wǎng) 2學海網(wǎng) 3學海網(wǎng) 4考點三：省略句考點三：省略句1狀語從句的省略(1)在時間、地點、條件、方式或讓步狀語從句中，如果謂語含有動詞be，主語又與主句的主語一致或主語是it時，主謂均可以省略。如：時間狀語從句：Please come here as soon as (it is) possible.請盡快到這里來。學海網(wǎng) 5地點狀語從句：Fill in the blanks with articles where(it is)necessary.在需要的空處填上冠詞。條件狀語從句：She wont come to the party unless (she is) invited.除非被邀請，她不會參加聚會。方式狀語從句：I wonder why he didnt do as (he was) told to.我想知道他為什么不按告訴他的那樣做。學海網(wǎng) 6比較狀語從句：It is much colder today than (it was) yesterday.今天比昨天冷很多。讓步狀語從句：Though (they were) tired, they went on walking.盡管他們很累了，他們?nèi)岳^續(xù)步行。學海網(wǎng) 7(2)狀語從句省略主語時，其后用現(xiàn)在分詞表示該動詞與省略的主語是主謂關系，用過去分詞則表示為動賓關系。如：Be careful when (you are) crossing the street.穿過街道時要小心。Once (he is) burnt, a child dare not touch the fire again.被燙過一次，小孩再不敢碰火了。學海網(wǎng) 82虛擬語氣中if和should的省略(1)在虛擬條件句中，將had，should或were提至句首，省去if。如：If we had known about the plans for the factory, we would never have bought the house.Had we known about the plans for the factory, we would never have bought the house.如果我們知道工廠的計劃，我們決不會買那個房子。學海網(wǎng) 9If I were you, I would not do it like that.Were I you, I would not do it like that.如果我是你，我不會那樣做。學海網(wǎng) 10(2)主語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句用虛擬語氣時可省略should。如：The workers demanded that their wages (should) be increased.工人們要求漲工資。類似的動詞還有：suggest，advise，ask，insist，order，prefer，propose，request，require，command，recommend等。學海網(wǎng) 11It is desired that we (should) arrive there before dark.It is necessary that he (should) know it.My suggestion is that we (should) visit the exhibition at once.學海網(wǎng) 123定語從句中關系詞的省略(1)作賓語的關系代詞常可以省略(非限制性定語從句除外)。如：He lost the watch (that/which) he bought yesterday.(2)關系副詞：when，why，where有時也可以省略。如：Thats the very reason (why) I want to kill you.This is the place (where) the accident happened yesterday.學海網(wǎng) 13(3)the way，the time后面的定語從句，常省略關系副詞。如：I dont like the way he speaks to others.I didnt know the time he arrived.學海網(wǎng) 144不定式中“to”省略(1)感官動詞(see，feel，hear，notice，watch，observe，listen to等)和使役動詞(let，make，have)后接不定式作賓語補足語時，主動句中省略to，但在被動式中不能省略(let除外)。如：I heard someone sing in the next room.我聽見隔壁有人唱歌。The thief was noticed to slip into the room.那個小偷被看見溜進了屋。學海網(wǎng) 15(2)動詞help后的不定式to可省略。如：He will help(me)(to) work out the problem.他會幫我解決困難。學海網(wǎng) 16(3)介詞but/except后跟不定式作賓語時，若其前有實義動詞do的某一形式，則to須省去。如：He did nothing but wait all the time.他什么都沒做只是一直在等待。若句中but/except前無do/does/did，則to不能省去。如：He has no choice but to wait.他別無選擇除了等待。學海網(wǎng) 17(4)不定式作表語時，若主語為what引導的主語從句，不定代詞all作主語被定語從句修飾或含有thing的定語從句作主語時，如果其前出現(xiàn)過實義動詞do的各種形式，不定式中“to”可以省去。如：What he can do is (to) wait.The only thing he could do was (to) wait.All that he can do is (to) wait.他所能做的只有等待。學海網(wǎng) 18(5)固定結構或句型中常省去“to”。cant (help) but dowhy not do？prefer to dorather than doto do and/or do學海網(wǎng) 195“替代性”省略(1)not與think，suppose，believe，guess，expect，be afraid等連用，代替否定的賓語從句，so代替肯定的賓語從句。如：Do you think hes got the meaning of the text?你認為他理解了課文的意思了嗎？I expect so/I expect not.我想是的/我認為沒有。學海網(wǎng) 20(2)“so謂語主語”倒裝句子用于肯定的情況，“neither/nor謂語主語”用于否定的情況。如：Tom works hard on his study. So does Jenifer.湯姆學習很努力。珍尼弗也一樣。If you dont go there, neither shall I.如果你不去那里，我也不會去。(3)在have，need，ought，be going，used等后面，省略動詞而保留to。如：I didnt want to go there, but I had to.我不想去那里，但我不得不去。學海網(wǎng) 21(4)在某些形容詞glad，happy，pleased，delighted等后面，省略動詞而保留to。Will you join in the game?Id be glad to.你想?yún)⒓颖荣悊幔课液軜芬?。學海網(wǎng) 22(5)否定形式的省略用not to。如：Shall I go instead of him?I prefer not to.我代替他去嗎？我認為不要。學海網(wǎng) 23(6)如果不定式中含有助動詞be，have，have been，通常保留be，have和have been。如：Are you a sailor?No, but I used to be.你是水手嗎？不是的，但我曾經(jīng)是。He hasnt finished yet.Well, he ought to have.他還沒完成。噢，他應該完成了。學海網(wǎng) 24考點四：獨立主格結構考點四：獨立主格結構1常見的構成形式有：(1)名詞或代詞現(xiàn)在分詞。如：Time/Weather permittingIf time/weather permits, we shall have a picnic this weekend.如果時間/天氣允許的話，我們周末去野餐。(2)名詞或代詞過去分詞。如：The job finished, we went home straight away.工作結束后，我們便立即回了家。學海網(wǎng) 25注意：用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞，要看前面的名詞或代詞與后面動詞的關系：是主謂關系，即名詞或代詞作了動詞的邏輯主語，就用v.ing形式；若是動賓關系，即名詞或代詞是動詞的邏輯賓語，用v.ed形式。學海網(wǎng) 26(3)名詞或代詞形容詞。如：He entered the room, his nose red with cold.他進到房間里，鼻子凍得紅紅的。(4)名詞或代詞副詞。如：Dinner over, we decide to play bridge.吃過晚飯，我們決定打橋牌。學海網(wǎng) 27(5)名詞或代詞介詞短語。如：The teacher came into the classroom, book in hand.老師進了教室，手里拿著書。(6)名詞或代詞不定式。如：I send you today three fourths of the sum agreed upon between us, the rest to follow within a month.我今天把我們之間已商定的總數(shù)的3/4寄給你，余下的部分將在一個月內(nèi)寄去。學海網(wǎng) 282with復合賓語結構with的復合結構在句中作狀語或定語等，構成形式只是在獨立主格結構前with，語法功能與獨立主格結構相同，但獨立主格結構中的作邏輯主語的代詞用主格，而with復合結構中的邏輯主語用名詞或賓語代詞。如：學海網(wǎng) 29(1)with名詞/代詞分詞。如：With the crowds cheering, they drove to the palace.在人群的歡呼聲中，他們驅(qū)車來到皇宮。比較：As time goes on, our life is becoming more beautiful.With time going on, our life is becoming more beautiful.(2) with名詞/代詞形容詞。如：He stared at me with his mouth open.他張著嘴，凝視著我。學海網(wǎng) 30(3) with名詞/代詞介詞短語。如：He stood with his hand in his pocket.他站著，一只手插在口袋里。注意：與獨立主格結構的區(qū)別。如：He ran into the house, sword in hand.(名詞sword前沒有冠詞)He ran into the house, with a sword in his right hand.(名詞sword前有冠詞)學海網(wǎng) 31(4)with名詞/代詞副詞。如：The boy stood there, with his head down.這個男孩站在那兒，低著頭。(5)with名詞/代詞不定式。如：With no one to talk to, John felt sad.由于沒有人說話，約翰感到很傷感。(6) with名詞/代詞名詞。如：She died with her son(being) yet a school boy.她去世時兒子還在上學讀書。學海網(wǎng) 32(7)with的復合結構還有可能作定語。如：Troy was a strong city with a great and thick wall around it.特洛伊是一座周圍有又大又厚的城墻圍繞的堅固城市。學海網(wǎng) 33考點五：反意疑問句考點五：反意疑問句1反意疑問句的構成學海網(wǎng) 34學海網(wǎng) 35學海網(wǎng) 362. 回答反意疑問句時應遵循以下原則：(1)要么肯定，要么否定，不能出現(xiàn)Yes，I dont.和No，I do.的形式。(2)不要看漢語如何翻譯，只看所提到的事情是否發(fā)生。如果發(fā)生了，用肯定回答，否則用否定回答。當對方問你You arent a teacher，are you？或You are a teacher, arent you？時，你只要聽懂you和teacher兩個單詞即可，如果你是老師，回答Yes, I am.否則回答No, I am not.學海網(wǎng) 373反意疑問句的其他注意點：(1)陳述部分含有used to的反意疑問句其反意疑問詞用usednt或didnt均可。如：You used to sleep with the windows open, usednt/didnt you?(2)陳述部分含有ought to的反意疑問句其反意疑問詞用oughtnt或shouldnt均可。如：He ought to attend the lecture, oughtnt/shouldnt he?學海網(wǎng) 38(3)陳述部分含有must的反意疑問句當must作“必須”講時，其反意疑問詞用neednt；當含有mustnt(不允許、禁止)時，其反意疑問詞用must/may。如：You must go now，neednt you?You mustnt smoke here, must/may you?當must表示推測，作“一定，準是”講時，可首先將句子改為“I am sure that”從句，反意疑問部分的動詞形式根據(jù)be sure后的賓語從句的謂語動詞形式確定。 學海網(wǎng) 39如：You must be hungry now, _？I am sure that you are hungry, arent you?You must be hungry now, arent you?You must have heard about it，_？I am sure that you have heard about it, havent you?學海網(wǎng) 40You must have heard about it，havent you?You must have watched that football match last night, _？I am sure that you watched that football match last night, didnt you?You must have watched that football match last night, didnt you？(陳述部分有表示過去的時間狀語last night)學海網(wǎng) 41(4)陳述部分含有否定詞或半否定詞的反意疑問句當陳述部分帶有seldom，hardly，scarcely，never，few，little，nothing，nobody等否定詞或半否定詞時，反意疑問部分的動詞用肯定形式。如：He could hardly walk without a stick, could he?(5)陳述部分含有由表示否定意義的前綴構成的詞的反意疑問句其反意疑問部分的動詞一般用否定式。如：Tom dislikes playing tennis, doesnt he?Its unfair, isnt it?學海網(wǎng) 42(6)含有賓語從句的反意疑問句當陳述部分帶有賓語從句時，反意疑問部分的主語應與主句的主語保持一致。如：He said that she would come to my birthday party, didnt he?但是當主句是I think，I believe，I suppose，I expect，I imagine等結構時，反意疑問部分的主語和謂語動詞均應該和賓語從句的主語和謂語保持一致。比較：I dont believe he will succeed, will he?He doesnt believe she will succeed, does he?學海網(wǎng) 43(7)祈使句的反意疑問句祈使句后加反意疑問句，不表示反意，而表示一種語氣，其結構為：祈使句，will you?Letsshall we?Let uswill you?Let第三人稱will you？如：Open the door, will you?Lets go out for a walk, shall we?Let us go home now, will you?學海網(wǎng) 44考點六：祈使句和感嘆句考點六：祈使句和感嘆句1祈使句(1)否定式和強調(diào)式Dont be so sure.(否定式)Never come late.(強調(diào)式)Please dont forget to take your medicine.(否定式)Do come on time this evening.今晚務必準時到。(強調(diào)式)Do be careful! 千萬要小心！(強調(diào)式)學海網(wǎng) 45(2)帶主語祈使句為了加強語氣或特別指明向誰提出命令或要求時，須加主語“you”，有時還可同時加稱呼語。如：Tom, you water the flowers!命令吩咐幾個人分頭做幾件事時，祈使句須帶主語“you”，還可同時帶稱呼語。如：You，girls，clean the desks；you，boys，sweep the floor.在表達“不高興，厭煩”等情緒時，可帶主語“you”。如：You mind your own business！你少管閑事！學海網(wǎng) 46祈使句的主語除了用“you”外，還可用“everybody，everyone，somebody，someone”等，它們的位置可以放在句首，也可以放在句末；放在句首時，即使不用逗號與謂語部分分開，謂語動詞也不受“第三人稱單數(shù)s”規(guī)則的影響。如：Someone answer the phone！誰去接一下電話！Be quiet，everyone！大家靜下來！學海網(wǎng) 47(3)祈使句and/or陳述句if主句Work hard and you will succeed.(If you work hard, you will succeed.)Hurry up or we will be late.(If you dont hurry up, we will be late.)One more minute and I will finish it.(If you give me one more minute, I will finish it.)學海網(wǎng) 482感嘆句(1)基本構成形式Whata(n)(形容詞)可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)主語謂語，如：What a clever boy he is!What(形容詞)復數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞主語謂語，如：What beautiful flowers these are!What sweet water it is!學海網(wǎng) 49How形容詞a/an單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞主語謂語，如：How difficult a problem it is!How形容詞/副詞主語謂語，如：How high the mountain is!How fast he is running!學海網(wǎng) 50(2)省略形式的感嘆句how直接修飾謂語動詞：How主語謂語，如：How (much) we love our motherland!省略主語和謂語，如：What an interesting book (it is)!How wonderful (it is)!學海網(wǎng) 51謝謝觀看！謝謝觀看！