（全國通用）高中英語 語法復習講義+訓練 代詞

高中英語語法復習講義代詞一、概說代詞是代替名詞及起名詞作用的短語或句子的詞。代詞可分為人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞、關系代詞、不定代詞等九類。二、人稱代詞1. 人稱代詞的用法。人稱代詞在句中能夠用作主語(用主格，如I, you, he, she, we, they, 等)和賓語(用賓格，如me, you, him, her, us, them等)：He loves her, but she hates him. 他愛她，但她卻討厭他。注：(1) 在口語中，當人稱代詞用作表語、用于than, as 之后或用于強調句中被強調時，能夠用賓語：“Who is it?” “Its me.” “是誰呀?”“是我。”He sings better than me. 他比我唱得好。He is as tall as her. 他和她一樣高。Its me who did it. 這是我干的。但是，若than, as 后的人稱代詞后跟有動詞，則必須用主格：He sings better than I do. / He is as tall as she is.(2) 單獨使用的人稱代詞通常用賓格：“Im tired.” “Me too.” “我累了?！薄拔乙怖哿恕！薄癢ho wants this?” “Me.” “誰要這個?”“我要。”(3) 有時用主格或賓格會導致意思的變化：I like you better than he. 我比他更喜歡你。為I like you better than he likes you.之略。I like you better than him. 我喜歡你勝過喜歡他。為I like you better than he likes him.之略。2. 人稱代詞的排序：(1) 人稱代詞的排列順序為：單數(shù)人稱代詞通常按“二三一”排列，即you, he and I;復數(shù)人稱代詞通常按“一二三”排列，即 we, you and they：You, he and I are of the same age. 你，他和我都是同一年齡。We , you and they are all good citizens. 我們，你們和他們都是好公民。但若是用于承擔責任或錯誤等場合，則可把第一人稱 I 置于其他人稱代詞之前：I and Tom are to blame. 我和湯姆該受批評。比較：Tom and I hope to go there. 湯姆和我想去那兒。但是，you and I 是固定結構，語序通常不宜顛倒。(2) 在通常情況下，人稱代詞在句子中出現(xiàn)在它所代替的名詞之后，即先出現(xiàn)名詞，再出現(xiàn)相對應的代詞。但是，在書面語中，有時也可出現(xiàn)代詞，后出現(xiàn)代詞所代替的名詞：As soon as it had hopped off, the plane picked up speed. 飛機剛一起飛，就加了速。(比較：As soon as the plane had hopped off, it picked up speed.)3. 人稱代詞后跟名詞同位語。有些人稱代詞后有時可跟同位語：These small desks are for us students. 這些小課桌是給我們學生的。We girls often go to the movies together. 我們女孩子常一起去看電影。He asked you boys to be quiet. 他要你們男孩子安靜些。三、物主代詞1. 物主代詞的用法。物主代詞分形容詞性物主代詞(my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their)和名詞性物主代詞(mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs)。形容詞性物主代詞在句只用作定語;名詞性物主代詞則不能用作定語，但能夠用作主語、賓語、表語、連用of作定語：His son is taller than hers. 他的兒子比她的兒子高。Her son is a friend of ours. 她的兒子是我們的朋友。Ours is a great country. 我們的國家是一個偉大的國家This is your pen. Mine is in the box. 這是你的鉛筆，我的在鉛筆盒里。注：能夠說 a friend of mine (ours, yours, hers, his, theirs)，但是不能說 a friend of me (us, you, her, him, theirs)，但是“名詞+of it”有時可用來代替“its+名詞”，如 its price 也可說成 the price of it。2. 物主代詞與own 連用。為了強調，有時可在物主代詞后加上own一詞：Mind your own business. 別管閑事。I saw it with my own eyes. 那是我親眼看到的。有可用 of ones own 置于名詞后作定語：I hope to have a room of my own. / I hope to have my own house. 我希望有自己的房子。3. 使用物主代詞注意點和易錯點：(1) 要注意英語與漢語使用物主代詞的差異。漢語說“我?！?，說成英語應是my school，而不能是 I school;漢語說“他媽”，說成英語應是his mother，而不能是 he mother;同樣地，漢語說“你先生”，說成英語應是your husband，而不能是 you husband。另外，有些在英語中必用的物主代詞在漢語中往往無需表達，如：聽到這個消息，他搖了搖頭。誤：Hearing the news he shook head.正：Hearing the news he shook his head.漢語通常只說“搖頭”，不說“搖某人的頭”，而英語則說 shake ones head。(2) 有時按漢語習慣似乎應用物主代詞，而英語卻要用人稱代詞：這個學期誰教我們的英語?誤：Who will teach our English this term?正：Who will teach us English this term?English 作為一個表示語言的名詞，其前不能用物主代詞，除非它表示的是使用英語的水平或能力，如可說 My English is poor. 我的英語(水平)不行。類似地，不能說 He teaches my physics，但可以說 My physics is good。(3) 不要受相似結構和短語的影響而用錯物主代詞。如lose heart 與 lose ones heart，兩者僅差一個物主代詞，意思截然不同：前者意為“灰心”、“泄氣”;后者意為“愛上”、“鐘情于”;又如 haveon one's mind(為擔憂，把掛在心上)與keepbearin mind(記住，把記在心里)，兩者結構相似，但一個用物主代詞，一個不用物主代詞。四、反身代詞1. 反身代詞的基本形式。反身代詞是 oneself根據(jù)所指詞的人稱、性別、單復數(shù)等的變化可以有 myself, himself, herself, yourself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 等形式。2. oneself與himself。當one指人時，其相應的反身代詞通常用oneself, 在美國英語中也可用himself：One should not praise oneself himself. 一個人不應該自吹自擂。3. 反身代詞的句法功能：(1) 用作同位語(加強被修飾詞的語氣，緊放在被修飾名詞后, 或句末)：The box itself is not so heavy. 箱子本身并不重。You yourself said so. / You said so yourself. 你自己是這樣說的。(2) 用作賓語(動詞或介詞的賓語)：Take good care of yourself. 照顧好自己。She could not make herself understood. 她不能使別人聽懂她的話。(3) 用作表語：The poor boy was myself. 那個可憐的孩子就是我自己。The ones who really want it are ourselves. 真正想要它的是我們自己。有時用于 be, feel, seem, look 等后作表語表示身體或精神處于正常狀態(tài)：I'm not quite myself these days. 我近來身體不大舒服。I'll be myself again in no time. 我過一會兒就會好的。(4) 用作主語。在現(xiàn)代英語中，反身代詞一般不能獨立用作主語，但是它卻可以借助 and, or, nor 等連詞與其他名詞一起構成并列主語(且位于并列主語的后部)，以及用于某些特殊結構(如as.as等)：My brother and myself went there yesterday. 昨天我兄弟和我一起去了那兒。Jim's sister and himself get up at six every day. 吉姆的妹妹和他每天6點起床。He was as anxious as myself. 他和我一樣擔心。五、相互代詞1. 相互代詞的形式與用法。英語的相互代詞只有each other和one another，它們在句中通常只用作賓語：We should help each other. 我們應該互相幫助。They respect one another. 他們互相尊重(對方)。The sea and the sky seem to melt into each other. 大海和藍天似乎融為一體。2. 使用相互代詞注意點：(1) 相互代詞在句中通常只用作賓語，不可用作主語，所以以相互代詞為賓語的句子不能變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)。(2) 不要將相互代詞誤認為是副詞，將其用作狀語，如可說 talk to each other，但不能說 talk each other。(3) 相互代詞可以有所有格形式：The students borrowed each other's notes. 學生們互相借筆記。They looked into each other's eyes for a silent moment. 他們默默地對視了一會兒。(4) 有時可分開用：We each know what the other thinks. 我們都知道對方的想法。Each tried to persuade the other to stay at home. 每個人都設法想說服對方留在家里。(5) 有人認為，each other用于兩者，one another用于三者，但在現(xiàn)代英語中兩者?？蓳Q用(即均可用于兩者或三者)。六、指示代詞1. 指示代詞的用法。指示代詞(this, that, these, those)在句中可作主語、賓語、表語、定語：This is yours and that is mine. 這是你的，那是我的。I want this book, not that book. 我要這本書，不是那本書。I like these and he likes those. 我喜歡這些，他喜歡那些。These computers are cheap. 這些電腦便宜些。What I want to say is this. 我想說的就是這點。注：指示代詞用作主語和定語時，可指人或物;用作賓語和表語時，只指物。如This is my father. this 在句中作作主語，可以指人，但是在Do you know this? 中，this作賓語，此句只能理解為“你知道這個情況嗎?”不能理解為“你認識這個人嗎?”2. 表替代的that 與 those。有時為了避免重復，可用 that 和 those 代替前面提到的名詞：The population of China is much larger that that of Japan. 中國人口比日本人口多得多。(that = the population)His views are close to those of the Socialist Party. 他的觀點接近社會黨的觀點。(those = the views)3. this 與 that用法比較(1) 用來回指上文提到的事情時，可用this 或 that，但是若要指下文敘述的事情，通常要用 this：She married Jim, and this that surprised me. 她嫁給了吉姆，這使我感到很吃驚。I want to know this: Is he healthy? 我想知道這一點：他是否很健康。注：回指上文的 that 在譯成漢語時，通常卻譯為“這”：Thats where you are wrong. 這就是你不對的地方。(2) 在打電話時，通常用 this 指自己，用 that 指對方：Hello. This is Jim. Is that John? 喂,我是吉姆,你是約翰嗎?但在美國英語中指對方時也可用 this。(3) 除用作代詞外，this 和that 都可用作副詞，與形容詞或副詞連用，其義為“這么”、“那么”(=so)：It's about this (that) high. 大約這(那)么高。Is it this hot every day? 每天都有這么熱嗎?4. this 的特殊用法。注意以下各句中this 的用法：He will be in Paris this day next week. 下個星期的今天他將在巴黎了。He will come here this day next month. 他將在下個月的今天來這兒。比較：He got married ten years ago today. 他是10年前的今天結婚的。七、疑問代詞1. 疑問代詞的用法。疑問代詞(who, whom, whose, which, what等)在句中可用作主語、表語、賓語、定語等：Who is your English teacher? 你們的英語老師是誰?Whose is this umbrella? 這傘是誰的?Whose umbrella is this? 這是誰的傘?What question did he ask? 他問了什么問題?Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? 茶和咖啡，你喜歡那樣?注：who 和 whom 只用作主語、賓語和表語，不用作定語，what, which, whose 則既可用作主語、賓語和表語，也可用作定語。2. 兩組疑問代詞的用法比較(1) who 與 whom：前者為主格，用作主語，后者為賓格，用作賓格：Who spoke at the meeting? 誰在會上發(fā)言了?Whom are you talking about? 你們在談論誰?但是，當用作賓語的 whom 位于句首時，通?？捎脀ho 代之：Who(m) is the letter from? 這信是誰寄來的?若是緊跟在介詞之后用作賓語，則只能用 whom。(2) what, which 與 who： 若后接名詞(即用作限定詞)，只用which和what，不能用who：Which / What train did you come on? 你是坐哪次火車來的?What和 which 的區(qū)別是：當選擇的范圍較小或比較明確時，多用 which;當選擇的范圍較較大或不明確時，多用 what：Which color do you like, red, black or white? 紅色、黑色和白色，你喜歡哪種?What color is your car? 你的汽車是什么顏色的?但是，若指人，即使選擇的范圍不明確，也多用 which：Which What writers do you like? 你喜歡哪些作家? 若其后不接名詞(即用作代詞)，三者均可用，which和what的用法區(qū)別可參見上面的分析。至于who，它一般只用來指人(用作代詞的 which 不用于指人)，不管選擇范圍大還是小、明確還是不明確均可用：Who won Tom or Mike? 誰贏了，是湯姆還是邁克?Who is your favorite poet? 你最喜歡的詩人是誰?當選擇范圍比較明確且用作賓語時，who也可用which或which one代之：Who Which /Which one do you like better, your father or your mother? 你更喜歡誰，父親還是母親? 由于what和who的選擇范圍可以很大或不明確，所以其后可以跟 else，表示其他的人(或事物)，但卻通常不跟表示特定范圍的of 短語;而 which 的選擇范圍相對比較小或明確，所以其后一般不接 else，卻常與表特定范圍的of短語連用：Who (What) else did you see there? 你在那兒還看到了別人的什么人(什么東西)?Which of the three girls is the oldest? 這三個女孩中哪個年紀最大? 另外，比較以下兩句："Who is he?" 他是誰?(who 指姓名、關系等)What is he? 他是干什么的?(what 指職業(yè)、地位等)3. 兩類易混句型的區(qū)別。請先看以下兩句：What do you think he wants? 你認為他想要什么?Do you know what he wants? 你知道他想要什么嗎?上面第一句為特殊疑問句，第二句為一般疑問句，它們不能倒過來說成Do you think what he wants? What do you know he wants? 其原則區(qū)別是：可以用 yes 或 no 回答者，用一般疑問句的形式(疑問詞放在句中，即主句之后)，適合這類句型的主句動詞通常有 know, hear, ask, tell 等;不能用 yes 或 no 回答者，用特殊疑問句的形式(疑問詞放在句首)，適合這類句型的主句動詞通常有 think, believe, suppose, guess 等：Where do you suppose he has gone? 你認為他去什么地方了?Did you ask why he had left so soon? 你問過他為什么那么快就離開了嗎?4. 兩個疑問代詞同用的情況。請看以下實例：Where and when were you born? 你出生在何時何地?When and how did he go there? 他是什么時候、怎么去那兒的?"Where is it?" "Where is what?" “它在哪兒?”“什么在哪兒?”八、連接代詞1. 連接代詞的用法。連接代詞主要包括who, whom, what, which, whose, whoever, whatever, whichever, whosever 等，它們在句中可用作主語、賓語、表語、定語等，可以引導主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句：I don't know who he is. 我不知道他是誰。What he says sounds reasonable. 他說的話聽起來很有道理。The question is who(m) we should trust. 問題是我們該信任誰。I'll take whoever wants to go. 誰想去我就帶誰去。Take whichever seat you like? 你喜歡坐哪個座位就坐哪個?I will just say whatever comes into my mind. 我想到什么就說什么。注：who, whom, whoever 等不用于名詞前作定語。2. what 的兩種用法。請看以下兩個句子：I didn't know what he wanted. 我不知道他想要什么。I gave her what she wanted. 我給了她想要的一切。上面第一句中的 what 表示“什么”，帶有疑問的意味;第二句中的 what 表示“所的一切事或東西”，其意義上大致相當于 that (those) which, the thing (things) that, anything that, all that, as much as等，又如：What =That which you say is quite true. 你說的完全是事實。He saves what = all that he earns. 他賺多少，積蓄多少。Call it what = anything thatyou please. 你喜歡叫它什么就叫它什么。這樣用的 what 有時還可后接一個名詞：He gave me what money = all the money that he had about him. 他把身邊帶有的錢全給了我。What friends =All the friends that he has are out of the country. 他所有的朋友都在國外。3. whatever, whoever, whichever用法說明。主要用于引導主語從句和賓語從句：He does whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么，他就做什么。Whoever breaks the rules will be punished. 誰違反這些規(guī)則都將受到處罰。I'll give the ticket to whoever wants it. 請想要這票，我就把它給誰。Whichever team gains the most points wins. 哪個隊得分最多，哪個隊就贏。注：其中的 ever 主要用于加強語氣，含有“一切”、“任何”、“無論”之義。使用這類詞時，注意不要按漢語習慣用錯句子結構：任何人(誰)先來都可以得到一張票。誤：Anyone comes first can get a ticket. / Who comes first can get a ticket.正：Anyone who comes first can get a ticket./ Whoever comes first can get a ticket.九、不定代詞1. 不定代詞概說。英語的不定代詞有 all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no, few, little, both, enough, every 等，以及由 some, any, no 和 every 構成的合成代詞(即somebody, anyone, nothing 等)。在這些不定代詞中，多數(shù)都能作主語、賓語、表語或定語，但是代詞 none 以及由 some, any, no 和 every 構成的合成代詞只能作主語、賓語或表語，不能作定語，而 no 和 every 則只用作定語。2. 指兩者和三者的不定代詞。有些不定代詞用于指兩者(如both, either, neither)，有的不定代詞用于指三者(如all, any, none, every)，注意不要弄混：Both of my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是醫(yī)生。All of the students are interested in it. 所有的學生對此都很感興趣。There are trees on any side of the square. 廣場的每一邊都種有樹。He has two sons, neither of whom is rich. 他有兩個兒子，都不富有。He has three sons, none of whom is rich. 他有三個兒子，都不富有。注：each 可用于兩者、三者或三者以上，而 every 只用于三者或三者以上，因此用于兩者時只能用 each，不能用 every。如不能說 There are trees on every side of the road.3. 復合不定代詞的用法特點。復合不定代詞包括 something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, everything, everybody, everyone 等。它們在句中可用作主語、賓語或表語，但不能用作定語。something, someone 等和 anything, anyone等的區(qū)別與 some 和 any 的區(qū)別一樣，前者一般用于肯定句，后者一般用于否定句、疑問句或條件句(參見 any & some)。具體使用時應注意以下幾點：(1) 復合不定代詞受定語修飾時，定語應放在它們后面：There is nothing wrong with the radio. 這收音機沒有毛病。Have you seen anyone anybody famous? 你見過名人嗎?(2) 指人的復合不定代詞若用作主語，其謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)，相應的人稱代詞和物主代詞也用單數(shù) he, him, his (不一定指男性)。但在非正式文體中常用復數(shù)代詞 they, them, their：Everyone knows this, doesn't he don't they? 人人都知道這一點，不是嗎?If anybody anyone comes, ask him them to wait. 要是有人來，讓他等著。(3) 指事物的復合不定代詞若用作主語，謂語動詞只能用單數(shù)，相應的人稱代詞也只能用 it，而不用 they：Everything is ready, isn't it? 一切都準備好了，是嗎?(4) anyone, everyone 等只能指人，不能指物，且其后一般不接of 短語。若是指物或后接 of 短語，可用 any one, every one (分開寫)：any one of the boys (books) 孩子們(書)當中的任何一個(本)every one of the students (schools) 每一個學生(一所學校)4. 是any not 還是 not any。按英語習慣，any 以及含有any的復合不定代詞用于否定句時，它只能出現(xiàn)在否定詞之后，而不能在否定詞之前：誤：Any one doesn't know how to do it.正：No one knows how to do it. 任何人都不知道如何做它。誤：Anybody Anyone cannot do it.正：Nobody No one can do it. 這事誰也干不了。誤：Anything cannot prevent me from going.正：Nothing can prevent me from going. 什么也不能阻擋我去。5. 不定代詞與部分否定。不定代詞all, both, every 等與 not 連用時構成部分否定;若 要表示完全否定，則需換用 none, neither, no one等。比較：All of the students like the novel. 所有這些學生都喜歡這本小說。Not all of the students like the novel. 并不是所有這些學生都喜歡這本小說。All of the students dont like the novel. 并不是所有這些學生都喜歡這本小說。None of the students like the novel. 這些學生當中沒有一個喜歡這本小說。6. all, both, each 等用作同位語。若用作主語同位語，主語可以是名詞或代詞;若用作賓語等其他成分的同位語，則賓語等成分必須是人稱代詞，而不能是名詞：We have all read it. 我們都讀過他。(all 修飾的主語是代詞)The villages have all been destroyed. 村莊都被毀了。(all 修飾的主語是名詞)They told us all to wait there. 他叫我們都在那兒等。(all 修飾的賓語是代詞)但不能說：They told the men all to wait there. (all 修飾的賓語是名詞不是代詞)7. so little 與 such little的區(qū)別。用so little還是such little取決于little的意思：若表示數(shù)量方面的“少”，則用so little;若表示形狀體積的“小”，則用such little：He has so little time for reading. 他讀書的時間少得可憐。I've never seen such little boxes. 我從未見過那樣小的盒子。8. some 與 any的用法區(qū)別。一般說來，some 用于肯定句中，any 用于否定句和疑問句中。但是，在表示請求、邀請或征求意見的句子中，通常要用 some 而不用any：Would you like some cake? 吃點蛋糕嗎?Why not buy some bread? 為什么不買些面包呢?Shall I get some chalk for you? 要我?guī)湍隳眯┓酃P來嗎?注：any 有時也用于肯定句中，此時表示“任何”：Any colour will do. 任何顏色都行。Come any day you like. 隨便哪天來都可以。9. many 與 much的用法區(qū)別。兩者都表示“許多”，但 many 修飾或代替可數(shù)名詞(復數(shù))，與 few(少數(shù))相對;而 much 用來修飾或代替不可數(shù)名詞(單數(shù))，與little(少量)相對。在口語中兩者主要用于非肯定句中：Did you see many people there? 你在那兒看見許多人了嗎?We don't have much time. 我們沒有許多時間。在肯定句中，一般用 a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等代之。但在正式文體中有時也用于肯定句中;另外，若用作主語或主語的定語，或其前有 how, too, as, so, a good, a great 等修飾，也可用于肯定句中：Many of us left early. 我們有許多人離開得很早。Much work has been done. 許多工作都已經(jīng)做了。You've given me too much. 你已給我太多了。Take as many (much) as you want. 你要多少拿多少。I asked her a great many questions. 我問了她許多問題。10. few, a few 與 little, a little的用法區(qū)別。(1) few和a few 后接可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)形式。few 表示數(shù)量很少或幾乎沒有，強調“少”，含有否定意義;a few 表示數(shù)量雖然少但畢竟還有，強調“有”，含有肯定意義：It is very difficult, and few people understand it. 它很難，沒有幾個人能懂。It is very difficult, but a few people understand it. 他雖難，但是有些人懂。(2) little 和 a little 之后接不可數(shù)名詞，其區(qū)別跟 few 和 a few 之間的區(qū)別相似：Unfortunately, I had little money on me. 很不巧，我身上沒帶什么錢。Fortunately, I had a little money on me. 幸好我身上帶著一點錢。11. other, the other, another與others的用法區(qū)別：這些不定代詞不僅在含義上有單復數(shù)之分，而且在用法上有泛指(無the)和特指(有the)之別。其用法區(qū)別可歸納如下：(1) 指單數(shù)時，若泛指用another，若特指用 the other：Give me another (one). 另外給我一個。Shut the other eye, please. 請把另一只眼睛也閉上。(2) 指復數(shù)時，若泛指用 other(后接復數(shù)名詞)，若特指用the other(后接復數(shù)名詞)：There are other ways of doing it. 做這事還有其他的辦法。Where have the other students gone? 其他學生都到哪里去了?(3) others永遠表示復數(shù)意義(且其后不能再接名詞)。其用法大致相當于“other+復數(shù)名詞”，同樣地 the others 大致相當于“the other+復數(shù)名詞”：Other people Others may not think that way. 別的人可能不這樣想。He is cleverer than the others the other students in her class. 他比班上其他學生聰明。(4) another一般只能表單數(shù)，且其后接名詞也只能接單數(shù)名詞。但是若其后有數(shù)詞或 few 修飾時，則也可接復數(shù)名詞：We need another few chairs. 我們還需要幾把椅子。In another two weeks it'll be finished. 再過兩個星期就可做完了。(5) 與 some 對比使用時，用 others(此時與 some 同義)：Some say yes, and others say no. 有人說對，有人說不對。12. 不定代詞與語境考題。不定代詞是高考的?？伎键c，有的不定代詞考題出得比較靈活，不能死套規(guī)則，要注意結合語境來理解：(1) “Is _ here?” “No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave.”A. anybody B. everybody C. somebody D. nobody若只是從表面來看，填空句是個疑問句，可能會誤選A。但其實此題最佳答案應選B，因為下文的答句說“只有Bob和Tim請假了”，這說明問句是在查人數(shù)，故用 Is everybody here? (大家都到齊了嗎?)(2) I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with _.A. everything B. anything C. something D. nothing此句若從表面看，有可能誤選B，因為填空句為否定句。但實際上最佳答案為A，因為上文說“我同意他說的大部分內容”，這與下文的 but I dont agree with everything(但并不是同意他說的所有內容)完全相符。(3) “Do you have _ at home now, Mary?” “No, we still have to get some fruit and tea.”A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing答案選C，句意為“瑪麗，現(xiàn)在家里東西都準備齊了嗎?”“還沒有，我們還要買些水果和茶?！?4) “If you want a necklace, Ill buy one for you at once.” “Oh, no. A necklace is not _ that I need most.A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything此題容易誤選A，機械地認為：something 用于肯定句，anything 用于否定句或疑問句。但是，此題的最佳答案是B，something 在此的意思不是“某種東西”，而是指“那種東西”或“這種東西”，即心中最想要的那種東西(相當于 the thing)。十、關系代詞1. 關系代詞的用法。主要的關系代詞有 that, who, whom, whose, which, as 等。其中who, whom 只用于指人，which, as 只用于指事物，whose, that 既可于指人也可用于指物。關系代詞在定語從句主要用于主語、賓語(可以省略)、表語或定語：He is the man who that lives next door. 他就是就是住在隔壁的那個人。How do you like the photo that which I took? 你覺得我拍的這張照片怎么樣?This is the same watch as I lost. 這塊表跟我丟失的那塊一樣。I want to find someone with whom I could discuss music. 我想找個能和我談音樂的人。She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 她收到了老板的邀請，這是她意想不到的。2. that 與 which的用法區(qū)別。兩者都可指物，?？苫Q。其區(qū)別主要在于：(1) 引導非限制性定語從句時，通常要用which：She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 她收到了老板的邀請，這是她意想不到的。(2) 直接放在介詞后作賓語時，通常要用which：The tool with which he is working is called a hammer. 他干活用的那個工具叫做錘子。(3) 當先行詞是下列不定代詞或被它們修飾時much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing) 等時，通常用that：There was little that the enemy could do but surrender. 敵人無法,只有投降了。All Everything that can be done must be done. 凡能做的事都必須做。(4) 當先行詞有the very, the only, the same 等修飾時，通常用that：This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有這一個。Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原話。(5) 當先行詞有形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞(包括last, next等)等修飾時，通常用that：This is the best dictionary that I've ever used. 這是我用過的最好的詞典。The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你應該做的第一件事是訂個計劃。(6) 當關系代詞在定語從句中用作表語時，通常用that：China is not the country (that) it was. 中國已不是過去的中國了。(7) 當先行詞是一個既指人又指物的并列詞組時，通常用that：They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他們談論了使他們印象最深的人和事。(8) 當要避免重復時：Which is the course that we are to take? 我們選哪門課程?3. that與who的用法區(qū)別。(1) 兩者均可指人，有時可互換：All that who heard him were delighted. 所有聽了他講話的人都很高興。Have you met anybody that who has been to Paris? 你遇見過到過巴黎的人嗎?He is the only one among us that who knows Russian.他是我們中間唯一懂俄語的人。(2) 但是在下列情況，通常要用 that：當先行詞是一個既指人又指物的并列詞組時：I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad. 我就我在國外所見到的人和事作了報告。當先行詞是who時(為避免重復)：Who was it that won the World Cup in 1982? 誰贏得了1982年的世界杯?當關系代詞在定語從句中作表語時(可省略)：Tom is not the boy (that) he was. 湯姆這孩子已不是以前那個樣子了。4. as與which的用法區(qū)別(1) 引導限制性定語從句時，在such, as, the same后只能用as，其他情況用 which：I never heard such stories as he tells. 我從未聽過他講那樣的故事。It's the same story as I heard yesterday. 這故事跟我昨天聽到的一樣。This is the photo which shows my house. 這張照片拍的是我的住宅。(2) 引導非限制性定語從句時，有時兩者可互換：I live a long way from work, as which you know. 我住得離工作單位很遠，這你是知道的。(3) 但在，在以下情況引導非限制性定語從句時，兩者不可換用： 當從句位于主句前面時，只用 as：As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 月球每月繞地球轉一周，這是每個人都清楚的。 as 引導的非限制性定語從句應與主句在意義上和諧一致，which無此限制：He went abroad, as which was expected. 他出國了，這是大家預料到的。He went abroad, which was unexpected. 他出國了，這讓大家感到很意外。(不用as) as 引導非限制性定語從句時，先行詞通常不能是主句中某個具體的詞，而應是整個句子、整個短語或某個短語推斷出來的概念，而which 則無此限制：The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames. 這條流經(jīng)倫敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as) 當as 引導非限制性定語從句作主語時，其謂語通常應是連系動詞，而不宜是其他動詞，而 which則無此限制：She has married again, as which seemed natural. 她又結婚了，這似乎很自常。She has married again, which delighted us. 她又結婚了，這使我們很高興。(不用as)5. who與whom的用法區(qū)別。兩者均只用于人，從理論上說，who 為主格，whom為賓格：Where's the girl who sells the tickets? 賣票的女孩在哪里?The author whom you criticized in your view has written a letter in reply. 你在評論中批評的那個作者已寫了一封回信。但實際上，除非在正式文體中，賓格關系代詞 whom 往往省略不用，或用who或that代之：The man (that, who, whom) you met just now is called Jim. 你剛遇見的那個人叫吉姆。不過，在以下幾種情況值得注意：(1) 直接跟在介詞后面作賓語時，只能用 whom，而且不能省略：She brought with her three friends, none of whom I had ever met before. 她帶了3個朋友來，我以前都沒見過。(2) 引導非限制性定語從句且作賓語時，who 和 whom均可用，但以用 whom 為佳，此時也不能省略：This is Jack, who whom you haven't met before. 這是杰克，你以前沒見過。高中英語語法專項訓練代詞1. Tom, Please pass _ the glasses. I want to read the newspapers.A. you B. me C. him D. her2. The English novel is quite easy for you. There are _ new words in it.A. a little B. little C. a few D. few3. -You want _ sandwich?-Yes, I usually eat a lot when Im hungry.A. other B. another C. others D. the other4. The doctors and nurses are doing their best to fi