語法專題6 非謂語動詞(Ivan Fang)

動詞謂語動詞非謂語動詞連系動詞am is are was were look sound seem get turn 實意動詞/行為動詞(vt./vi)run sing learn say write助動詞do does did have has will 情態(tài)動詞can may must need dare不定式 ( to do )動名詞 ( V-ing ) 分詞 ( V-ing / V-ed )（一）. 不定式的語法形式 動詞不定式無人稱和數(shù)的變化,但有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化.時態(tài)語態(tài)主動語態(tài) 被動語態(tài)一般式 to write to be writen 進行式 to be writing 完成式 to have written to have been written 完成進行式to have been writing A. 跟不定式作賓語的常見動詞: （）hope, want , expect, wish, desire等表希望，想要的動詞 （）like, love, dislike ,hate等表好惡的動詞 （） plan, intend, mean, prepare等表 計劃，打算的動詞 （）decide, determine 等表決定的動詞 （）其他動詞 Afford, fail, manage, dare, help , B. 常跟疑問詞+不定式作賓語的動詞: tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain He taught us how to use the tool. No one could tell me where to get the book. I hope youll advise me what to do. C. 常跟形式賓語的動詞 有些及物動詞需要后接”賓語+賓補”意思才完整.作賓語的動詞不定式還帶有自己的補足語,常用it 替代,而將其移到補足語后. Consider, feel, make ,find, believe, know, regard We think it important to obey the law. I know it impossible to finish so much homework in a day. A.表示按計劃和安排發(fā)生的事情 表示主語的內(nèi)容，但側(cè)重于目的性 Her wishes was to become an artist. C. 表示情態(tài)意義(應(yīng)該, 必須) The form is to be filled in and returned within a week. B. 常跟不定式作定語的名詞 need, time, way, chance, opportunity, courage, reason, decision, wish Is that the best way to solve the problem? They had no chance to go to school in those years. Our decision to wait was wise. A. let, have, make, get等表使役的動詞 They made us go with them. ( 比較: They made a lot of paper flowers to decorate the room.) 注意: Let/ have/make sb. do ; get sb. to do They got us to go with them. B. ask, tell, request, order等表要求,命令的動詞 The chairman requested the members to be silent. C. allow, permit, forbid等表許可或禁止的動詞 The guard forbade me to enter. D. wish, want, expect, intend等表希望的動詞(hope無此用法)Many parents expect their children to study abroad. E. F. think, consider, find, believe, suppose, know, understand, take 后常跟不定式作賓補(常用 to be 結(jié)構(gòu)) I consider him (to be) one of the best singers in the country. He proved himself (to be) a good teacher. She is believed to have gone to the USA. G. 其他動詞 advise,help, persuade, encourage,warn, cause, force, remind Please remind me to take the raincoat. He advised me to read English as often as possible. 4)有兩個以上的不定式并列在一起時,第二個不定式的 to 可以省略 I promise to finish my homework and hand it on time. 5)當(dāng)作賓語的不定式重復(fù)時, 只保留to -Do you want to have a rest? -Yes, I want to, but I cant. 但 6)在固定詞組和句型中省略to A. had better do/ had better not do Youd better not see him. B. would rather do sth. than do sth. They would rather try and fail than give up the plan C. cannot but do sth. cannot choose but do sth. cannot help but do sth. “不得不.” As the last bus had gone, I could but walk there. He cannot help but admit that he was wrong. D. why not do sth? 表建議 why do sth? 表責(zé)備 Why not do it right now ? E. prefer to do sth, rather than do sth. We preferred to put the meeting off rather than hold it without adequate preparation. 1) 2) B)表原本打算做, 但未能實現(xiàn)的事 I meant to have invited you to my house yesterday. They planned to have been married in May but had to put it off till June. hoped/promised/wanted/wished/expected/ planned+to have done sth. C)用于某些情態(tài)動詞的后面表示對過去事情的推斷或虛擬假設(shè).如： You must have met him yesterday. She cant have gone to Beijing, has she? They should/ought to have come here yesterday. 如果所說的動作發(fā)生于謂語動作之前,且一直在繼續(xù),則要用 當(dāng)一個邏輯上的主語是動作的承受者, 這個一般要用被動形式 You are to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow. He asked to be sent to work there.被動形式在句中可作1) 用作句子的真正主語。如：It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here .It is necessary for us to be constantly reminded of our shortcomings. 2) 用作某些動詞的賓語。如： He asked to be sent to work in Tibet. He hated to be flattered. 3) 用作表語。如： What I want is to be left alone. The question is what is to be done next. 4)用作賓語補足語。如： He wanted the letter to be typed at once. They didnt expect the book to be so well received . 5)用作主語補足語。如： The books are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room. The date is expected to be announced before long. 。 6)用作名詞的后置定語。如： Are you going to the banquet to be given at the embassy? It will be the first such project to be designed by Chinese engineers. 7) 用作狀語。如： The actor is going onto the stage to be awarded. She was not old enough to be given such heavy work. It was a good thing for him to have been criticized. （表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的被動動作） Mary has three children to look after. 3) 4) 當(dāng)不定式和其邏輯主語是不定式前有形容詞時,不定式 1) It is +adj+for/of sb. to do sth. It is important for us to express our opinious. It is clever of him to work out the problem. 2) It is a pleasure/pity/an honorto do sth It is an honor to have a talk with you. 3) It takes/took sb. some time to do sth. It takes me an hour to finish the book. 4) too+adj./adv. for sb. to do sth. The book is too hard for the boy to read. 注:有時too在tooto 結(jié)構(gòu)中表very Im too glad to see you. 5) be about to do 表要發(fā)生的事，它比be going to 的時間更短更快 He was about to start. （七）.不定式的獨立成分 To tell the truth, to be frank, to make matter worse, to be sure, to be exactly to be honest, to put it another way, to be brief. To be frank, you are lying. To make matter worse, it began to turn dark. To tell the truth, I dont think the film is good.不定式在九個感官動詞不定式在九個感官動詞see, hear, feel, watch, find, notice, listen to, look at, observe, 三個使役三個使役動詞動詞let, have, make等后作賓補時等后作賓補時,to要省略要省略(一).的語法形式無人稱和數(shù)的變化,但有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化.時態(tài)語態(tài)主動語態(tài) 被動語態(tài)一般式 doingbeing done 完成式 having donehaving been done 1） 動名詞在“It is no use/ no good/ fun / a waste of time/ a good pleasure 等名詞 + doing”結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語，it為形式主語。例如：It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters.It is no use talking too much. 2） 動名詞在“It is useless/ nice/ good/ interesting/ worthwhile 等形容詞 + doing”結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語。例如： It is nice playing chess after supper. It is useless sending him there. 3） 動名詞在“There is(was) no + doing”結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語。例如： There is no denying that she is very efficient. 注: 動名詞和不定式都可以作主語或表語,沒有太大區(qū)別.在表示經(jīng)常習(xí)慣性動作多用動名詞; 在表示具體某次動作, 特別是將來的動作時,多用不定式. Their job is building houses. Our task now is to increase food production.有些動詞短語后也要求跟動名詞作賓語。常這樣用的動詞短語有： cant stand , cant help . He put off making a decision till he had more information. Do you feel like taking a walk? 介詞 注意: 介詞后如果需要非謂語動詞作賓語,只能是動名詞,不可用不定式 . Are you good at playing football? 其他介詞不易錯,重點是介詞to .因為不定式符號也是to ,所以一定要記住有關(guān)的短語. ,動名詞與不定式作賓語的區(qū)別 1)remember to do/doing記得去做/記得做過 Do remember to tell your mother. I remember telling my mother. 2)regret to do/doing表遺憾地(說)/表后悔 I regret to say/tell I must leave tomorrow. I regret not having told her earlier. 3) mean to do/doing計劃,打算做/意味著 Where do you mean to go in your vacation? Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 4) try to do/doing 盡力做/試著做 The boy tries to learn English well. The man lost the key, so he tried opening the door with a new key. 5) go on to do/doing 繼續(xù)做一件與前面內(nèi)容不同的事/ 繼續(xù)做一件與前面內(nèi)容一致的事 She waved to me and went on painting. The old man read a poem, then went on to tell a story. 6) forget to do/doing 忘了要做某事/忘了做過某事 She forgot to bring the purse with her. She forgot bringing the purse with her. 7) stop to do/doing 停下來做另一件事/停止做某事 After riding a bike for an hour, I stopped to walk. They talked loudly. I told them to stop talking. 8) like/love/hate to do/doing 做具體的事情/表習(xí)慣 I like reading but I hate to read on Sunday. The boy hates getting up late, but he likes to get up late when he is free.（三）. 動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 動名詞前可以加一個 物主代詞或 名詞所有格來表示 這個動名詞邏輯上的主語 ，構(gòu)成動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)或動名詞短語 Do you mind my reading your paper? Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. Roses going wont be of much help. 如果動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不是句子主語，這個結(jié)構(gòu)常用名詞普通格或人稱代詞賓格 I dont mind Jack (him) going. She hates young people (them) smoking. 當(dāng)一個動名詞邏輯上的主語是動名詞動作的承受者, 這個動名詞一般要用被動形式 1. 用作句子的主語。如： His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.主人對他的冷漠使他更加不舒服。 So being killed by sharks was a common occurrence.因此被鯊魚吃掉是經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事。 2. 用作動詞賓語或介詞賓語。如： He didnt mind being left at home. She couldnt bear being made fun of like that. We congratulated him on his being admitted to the Party. They insisted on their being treated as ordinary workers. 動名詞的完成被動式(having been done) I dont remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.動名詞的完成被動式,以免句子顯得累贅（六）. 1. It is no use/ no good/ fun / a waste of time/ a good pleasure+ doing (1) It is no use talking too much. (2) It is no good crying. 2. It is useless/ nice/ good/ interesting/ worthwhile It is worthwhile discussing the question again. 3. There is(was) no + doing There is no knowing what has happended. 4. There is no need/use/good/harm/hurry+ doing There is no harm pointing out his mistakes. 5. sb. spend some time (in) doing sth. I spent three weeks reading the book. 6. be worth doing sth. The book is well worth reading again. 7. want/need/require +doing(表被動含義) (1) The sick woman needs looking after. 8. on doing (hearing/seeing/returning /arriving/opening) On hearing the news he jumped with joy. 9. have a good time /difficulty/trouble/fun/a pleasure/a hard time (in) doing sth I have some difficulty in finding out when the train leaves. 10. be busy doing sth. Now the students are busy preparing their lessons. 11. allow, permit, advise, forbid +doing We dont allow smoking here. He advised setting off at once. 而 allow, permit, advise, forbid sb.to do We dont allow you to smoke here.He advised us to set off at once.7. I regret _ that I really regret _ the work.A. to say; not to take part in B. to say; not having taken part inC. saying; not take part in D. saying; not to have taken part in8. The little girl enjoys nothing but _ on the Internet.A. to chat B,. chat C. chatting D. be chatting(1).的語法形式無人稱和數(shù)的變化,但有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化.其時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化形式與動名詞相同.時態(tài)語態(tài)主動語態(tài) 被動語態(tài)一般式 doingbeing done 完成式 having donehaving been done 現(xiàn)在 A.作感官動詞的 B. 作使役動詞的或方式或方式 1)作時間狀語, 可以表示三個時間概念 A.表示和謂語動作同時發(fā)生,相當(dāng)于 “as soon as” 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句 Hearing the good news, he jumped up with joy. = As soon as he heard the good news, he = On hearing the good news, he B.謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生在分詞動作的過程中,表示”在做某事期間”相當(dāng)于由when/while 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句 Walking in the street, I came across an old friend. = When/While I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend. = When/While walking in the street, I came across C.如果分詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前,分詞就要用完成時. 如:Having done his homework, the boy went out to play.Having written his composition he began to do his maths homework. 2)作原因狀語,相當(dāng)于由because/as 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句.作原因狀語的現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的時間是 A.和謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生 Being ill, he didnt go to school. =Because/As he was ill, he didnt go Not knowing what to do next, he went to his teacher for advice. = Because/As he didnt know what to do next, he went to B.如果分詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前,分詞就要用完成時. 如:Having seen the film many times, he didnt go to see it last night.Having walked for a long time, all of us felt very tired. 3)作條件狀語,相當(dāng)于由 if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句 (If) Using your head, you will find a way.=If you use your head, you will find Standing on top of the mountain, you can see the village more clearly.=If you stand on top of the mountain, you can. 4)作讓步狀語,相當(dāng)于由 although/though 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句 Although/Though getting up early, he was late for the meeting. = Although/Though he got up early, he was late for the meeting. Having been told many times, he still couldnt remember it. 5)作伴隨狀語(方式狀語),表示同謂語的動作同時發(fā)生,相當(dāng)于由并列連詞連接的兩個并列動作. They sat there on the stone, talking with each other. =They sat there on the stone and talked with each other. 注意:只有現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式才可作伴隨狀語,且常放于主句后. 6)作結(jié)果狀語,同謂語動詞的動作幾乎同時發(fā)生. The mother died, leaving five children behind. They fired at the enemy, killing two. A. 當(dāng)一個邏輯上的主語是動作的承受者, 這個一般要用被動形式 作名詞的后置定語，表示當(dāng)時正在進行的被動動作The building being repaired is our library.現(xiàn)在正在維修的那座樓房是我們的圖書館。This is one of the experiments being carried out in our laboratory.用作賓語補足語，表示當(dāng)時正在進行的被動動作Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere. As we approached the village, we saw new houses being built. 作狀語,表示當(dāng)時正在進行的被動動作 如： Being cooled in the air, the steel is becoming harder and harder.的完成被動式(having been done) Having been shown the lab, we were taken to visit the dining-room. The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan. 決定作出后，下一個問題就是如何制定一個好計劃的完成式無論主動式(having done)還是被動式(having been done),在句子中一般只作狀語.(1).的語法形式無人稱和數(shù)的變化,也沒有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化.1.作表語作表語,相當(dāng)于一個形容詞,說明主語的狀態(tài).如， He is gone. The glass is broken. He was lost in thought. They were deeply moved. We were surprised to learn that he had failed the test. 注意:被動結(jié)構(gòu)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別 這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)形式都是be+ 這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)的主要區(qū)別是:被動語態(tài)強調(diào) 所發(fā)生的動作,而系表結(jié)構(gòu)表示的是主語的特點或狀態(tài). The cup was broken by my little brother. (被動結(jié)構(gòu)) The cup is broken.(系表結(jié)構(gòu)) They were closed ten minutes ago.(被動結(jié)構(gòu)) The windows of his room are closed now. (系表結(jié)構(gòu)) It was completed in 1987. (被動結(jié)構(gòu)) The bridge is completed.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))這兩種形式通?？梢詮囊饬x和時態(tài)上加以辨別.2.作定語作定語, 它的邏輯主語就是它所修飾的詞,有以下三個特點 : A.及物動詞的 B.不及物動詞的與它所修飾的名詞沒有關(guān)系. fallen leaves=leaves that have fallen a retired worker=a work who has retired the risen sun=the sun that has risen The returned students now play an important part in our countrys construction. C.有些表示心理活動的過去分詞作定語,表面是修飾它后面的名詞,但實質(zhì)是說明當(dāng)事者的心理狀態(tài).所以過去分詞與它所修飾的名詞沒有關(guān)系. The surprised look showed that he hadnt expected this. = (He was surprised and his look showed his surprise) The fathers frightening voice made a frightened look appear on his daughters face. (The fathers voice was frightening; his daughter was frightened and her face showed her fright)3. 過去分詞作賓補 過去分詞作賓補,過去分詞和賓語的關(guān)系是被動關(guān)系,說明賓語的狀態(tài),表示動作的完成.常用來 作感官動詞 和使役動詞的 When I walked home, I saw a man caught by the police. As soon as he returned home, he found his house broken into. He kept himself covered with a blanket. 1)做時間或條件狀語,通常放在句首.有時在句中難區(qū)別, 兩種理解都可. 如: Seen from the top of the hill, the town looks even more beautiful. =If the town is seen from the top of the hill, the town = When the town is seen from the top of the hill, the town 2) 作Deeply moved by the story, the children began to cry.=As/Because they were deeply moved by the story, the children.3)作She walked out of the house, followed by her little daughter.=She walked out of the house, and was followed by her little daughter.He sat there, lost in thought.= He sat there, and was lost in thought.(3)分詞句型 1. go/come + doing/done He came in unnoticed. When I was young, I often went fishing with my classmates.(到戶外的一種運動) 2. stand/sit/lie/rise +doing/done The old man sat surrounded by his children. 3 see/hear/feel/ look at/listen to/notice/observe/watch/find+n.+doing/done Dont bother me. Im listening to the birds singing. I heard my name called. 4. have +n.+doing/done Ill have them all talking in English to each other. He will have the radio repaired. 5catch sb. doing (當(dāng)場抓住某人做某事） If she catches you reading her diary, she will be very angry. 6. make oneself + done I cant make myself understood because my broken English. 7. When/While/Although/Though + doing While playing the piano, she got very excited. 這種連詞分詞的用法必須在主，從句主語一致的情況下才能使用 1. 要注意過去分詞作狀語和現(xiàn)在分詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)(being done)做狀語所表示的時間概念. Used as a tool, a dictionary is very necessary for us. Being used, this dictionary cant be lent to anyone. 注意:現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式除了表被動還表進行. . 2.現(xiàn)在分詞完成時的被動結(jié)構(gòu)(having been done)作狀語,同過去分詞在時間和動作關(guān)系上完全相同,可互換,常用的是過去分詞.如： Having been shown the lab, we were taken to visit the dining-room. =shown the lab, we were taken to visit the dining-room. 3. 能夠充當(dāng)表語的過去分詞在句中作狀語, 它表示的是它的邏輯主語所處的狀態(tài)而非被動關(guān)系. 這時只用過去分詞,其前不能再加being. 如: Lost in thought, he didnt notice us come in. Being lost in thought, he didnt notice . Dressed in red, we picked her out easily in the crowd. Being dressed in red, we picked 4. 5. 注：有時可以在獨立主格前面加上介詞with/without,構(gòu)成with/without +復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)。 如：With the problem settled, the computer restarted. Without anyone noticing, I slipped through the window. He left the bathroom, with the water running. 但是,“with/without + 復(fù)合賓語”結(jié)構(gòu)也可以用作定語。動詞的動詞的賓補表經(jīng)常性的或具體的動作。