重慶市北大附中重慶實(shí)驗(yàn)學(xué)校高三英語(yǔ)《語(yǔ)法 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)》課件

英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。如：承受者。如： They will build a new bridge over the river. (主動(dòng)主動(dòng)) A new bridge will be built over the river. (被動(dòng)被動(dòng)) 漢語(yǔ)中常用漢語(yǔ)中常用“被被”、“給給”、“由由”、“受受”等詞用等詞用來(lái)表示被動(dòng)，而英語(yǔ)用：來(lái)表示被動(dòng)，而英語(yǔ)用：構(gòu)成。構(gòu)成。 主要體現(xiàn)在主要體現(xiàn)在bebe的變化上，其形式與系動(dòng)詞的變化上，其形式與系動(dòng)詞bebe的變化形式完全的變化形式完全一樣。以一樣。以為例，列表如下：為例，列表如下： 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am / is / are + given am / is / are + given 一般過(guò)去時(shí)：一般過(guò)去時(shí)：was / were +given was / were +given 一般將來(lái)時(shí)：一般將來(lái)時(shí)：shall / will + given shall / will + given 一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：should / would + given should / would + given 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am / is / are + being + givenam / is / are + being + given 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：was / were + being + given was / were + being + given 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have / has + been + givenhave / has + been + given 過(guò)去完成時(shí)：過(guò)去完成時(shí)：had + been + given had + been + given 將來(lái)完成時(shí)：將來(lái)完成時(shí)：shall / will + have been + givenshall / will + have been + given 過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)：過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)：should / would + have been + givenshould / would + have been + given 1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)： People grow rice in the south of the country. The school doesnt allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher. 2. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)：一般過(guò)去時(shí)： They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month. The students didnt forget his lessons easily. 3. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)：一般將來(lái)時(shí)： They will send cars abroad by sea. They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers. 4. 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)： The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year. The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible. 5. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)： The radio is broadcasting English lessons. We are painting the rooms. 6. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)： Why didnt they drive there on time? Because the workers were mending the road. This time last year we were planting trees here. 7. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)： Someone has told me We have brought down the price. 8. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)：過(guò)去完成時(shí)： When I got to the theatre, I found The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; 9. 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)： 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是由含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be+ 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞去分詞”構(gòu)成。構(gòu)成。 You must hand in your compositions after class. He can write a great many letters with the computer. 1.1.當(dāng)不知道或沒(méi)有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，這時(shí)往往當(dāng)不知道或沒(méi)有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，這時(shí)往往不用不用by 短語(yǔ)。短語(yǔ)。 ( (只是告訴老師杯子壞了，不知是誰(shuí)弄壞的，或不想說(shuō)出誰(shuí)弄壞的只是告訴老師杯子壞了，不知是誰(shuí)弄壞的，或不想說(shuō)出誰(shuí)弄壞的) )。 2.2.突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，如果需要說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，用突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，如果需要說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，用by 短語(yǔ)。短語(yǔ)。 3.3.當(dāng)漢語(yǔ)句子的主語(yǔ)既不是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，也不是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，這當(dāng)漢語(yǔ)句子的主語(yǔ)既不是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，也不是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，這時(shí)常用時(shí)常用in + + 名詞作狀語(yǔ)，而代替名詞作狀語(yǔ)，而代替 by 短語(yǔ)。短語(yǔ)。 （1） My aunt invited me to her dinner party. 主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ) I was invited (by my aunt ) to her dinner party. 主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)（2） The school set up a special class to help poor readers. A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school. 1. 1. 把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)要與原句時(shí)態(tài)把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)要與原句時(shí)態(tài)保持一致，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要與新主語(yǔ)保持一致。保持一致，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要與新主語(yǔ)保持一致。 We have bought a new computer. A new computer has been bought. (正確正確) A new computer have been bought. (錯(cuò)誤錯(cuò)誤) 2. 2. 含有雙賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句時(shí)，可分別將其中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變含有雙賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句時(shí)，可分別將其中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，另一個(gè)不動(dòng)，一般變間接賓語(yǔ)為主語(yǔ)時(shí)比較多。為主語(yǔ)，另一個(gè)不動(dòng)，一般變間接賓語(yǔ)為主語(yǔ)時(shí)比較多。 My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. I was given a present on my birthday. 如果把直接賓語(yǔ)如果把直接賓語(yǔ)( (指物指物) )改為主語(yǔ)，則在間接賓語(yǔ)改為主語(yǔ)，則在間接賓語(yǔ)( (指人指人) )前加適前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，如上句還可以說(shuō)：當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，如上句還可以說(shuō)： A present was given to me yesterday. 一般在下列動(dòng)詞后，常在間接賓語(yǔ)前用介詞一般在下列動(dòng)詞后，常在間接賓語(yǔ)前用介詞 to，如：如： bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。等。 The cup with mixture was showed to the class. My bike was lent to her. 一般在下列動(dòng)詞后，間接賓語(yǔ)前用介詞一般在下列動(dòng)詞后，間接賓語(yǔ)前用介詞 for, 如：如： build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。等。 Mother made me a new skirt. (A new skirt was made for me. ) The meat was cooked for us. Some country music was played for us. 有些既不用有些既不用to 也不用也不用for, 根據(jù)動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配關(guān)系。根據(jù)動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配關(guān)系。 He ask me a question. (A question was asked of me. ) People all over the world know the Great Wall. The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. (不用不用by短語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)) 3. 由動(dòng)詞由動(dòng)詞+ 介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，要把它們作為整體看，即介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，要把它們作為整體看，即把它們看成一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉。這類動(dòng)詞把它們看成一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉。這類動(dòng)詞有：有： agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about 等。等。 bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out 等。等。 4. 帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)+ 賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ))的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，一般把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，一般把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語(yǔ)改為主語(yǔ)，而賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)保留在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后面。如：賓語(yǔ)改為主語(yǔ)，而賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)保留在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后面。如： We always keep the classroom clean. The classroom is always kept clean. She told us to follow her instructions. We were told to follow her instructions. 在在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等動(dòng)詞等動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式都不帶后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式都不帶 to，但改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后都帶但改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后都帶to，這這時(shí)不定式為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，也就是說(shuō)不定式作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)不存在省略時(shí)不定式為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，也就是說(shuō)不定式作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)不存在省略to 的的問(wèn)題。問(wèn)題。 We often hear him play the guitar. He is often heard to play the guitar. 注意：帶有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子，如果賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是名詞，變被動(dòng)句時(shí)，應(yīng)注意：帶有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子，如果賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是名詞，變被動(dòng)句時(shí)，應(yīng)將賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，不要誤把賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的名詞作主語(yǔ)。如：將賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，不要誤把賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的名詞作主語(yǔ)。如： Tomatoes were first taken back to Europe and 誤：誤：Love apples were called them. 正：正：They were called love apples. 5. 還有一種短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由還有一種短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由構(gòu)成，變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種形式，構(gòu)成，變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種形式，如下：如下： 1) We take good care of the books. 2) You must pay attention to your pronunciation. 用于這類結(jié)構(gòu)的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常見的有：用于這類結(jié)構(gòu)的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常見的有：catch sight of, make use of, pay attention to, set fire to, take care of, take hold of, take notice of, keep an eye on 等。等。 6. 當(dāng)主動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)是當(dāng)主動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)是nobody, no one等含有否定意義的不定代詞時(shí)，被等含有否定意義的不定代詞時(shí)，被動(dòng)句中將其變?yōu)閯?dòng)句中將其變?yōu)閍nybody, 作作by的賓語(yǔ)，并將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ǖ谋粍?dòng)語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)，并將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ǖ谋粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：態(tài)。如： Nobody can answer this question. 誤：誤：The question can be answered by nobody. 正：正： 7. 當(dāng)否定句中的賓語(yǔ)是當(dāng)否定句中的賓語(yǔ)是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代詞時(shí)，等不定代詞時(shí)，在被動(dòng)句中應(yīng)將其分別變?yōu)樵诒粍?dòng)句中應(yīng)將其分別變?yōu)閚othing, nobody, no one作主語(yǔ)，并作主語(yǔ)，并將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榭隙ǖ谋粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榭隙ǖ谋粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如： They havent done anything to make the river clean. 誤：誤：Anything hasnt been done to make the river clean. 正：正：8. 以以who為主語(yǔ)開頭的疑問(wèn)句，變被動(dòng)時(shí)，用為主語(yǔ)開頭的疑問(wèn)句，變被動(dòng)時(shí)，用by whom放在句首：放在句首： Who wrote the story? 誤：誤：Who was the story written? 正：正： 9. 有些動(dòng)詞既是及物又是不及物，當(dāng)它們和有些動(dòng)詞既是及物又是不及物，當(dāng)它們和well, badly, easily等等副詞連用時(shí)，表示主語(yǔ)內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能，是不及物動(dòng)詞，用主動(dòng)表副詞連用時(shí)，表示主語(yǔ)內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能，是不及物動(dòng)詞，用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)，這時(shí)不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，常見的有：示被動(dòng)，這時(shí)不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，常見的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如：等。如： The cloth washes easily. 這布很好洗。這布很好洗。 The new product sells well. 這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。 The pen writes smoothly. 這支筆寫字很流暢。這支筆寫字很流暢。 對(duì)比：對(duì)比： The books sell well. (主動(dòng)句主動(dòng)句) The books were sold out. (被動(dòng)句被動(dòng)句) The meat didnt cook well. (主動(dòng)句主動(dòng)句) The meat was cooked for a long time over low heat. (被動(dòng)句被動(dòng)句) 第一，感官系動(dòng)詞一般用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，如：第一，感官系動(dòng)詞一般用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。等。 Do you like the material? Yes, it feels very soft. 誤：誤：It is felt very soft. The food tastes delicious. 誤：誤：The food is tasted delicious. The pop music sounds beautiful. 誤：誤：The pop music is sounded beautiful. 第二，謂語(yǔ)是及物動(dòng)詞第二，謂語(yǔ)是及物動(dòng)詞leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如：等。如： He entered the room and got his book. 誤：誤：The room was entered and his book was got. She had her hand burned. 誤：誤：Her hand was had burned. 第三，一些不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如：第三，一些不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如：等。如： The fire broke out in the capital building. 誤：誤：The fire was broke out in the capital building. 第四，不及物動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如：第四，不及物動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。等。 When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen. 誤：誤：The sun had already been risen. After the earthquake, few houses remained. 誤：誤：After the earthquake, few houses were remained. 第五，賓語(yǔ)是反身代詞，相互代詞，同源賓語(yǔ)，不定式，第五，賓語(yǔ)是反身代詞，相互代詞，同源賓語(yǔ)，不定式，v-ing形式及抽形式及抽象名詞等，不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句子的主語(yǔ)，如：象名詞等，不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句子的主語(yǔ)，如： I taught myself English. 誤：誤：Myself was taught English. We love each other. 誤：誤：Each other is loved. 11. 11. 在漢語(yǔ)中，有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語(yǔ)，在英語(yǔ)中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)在漢語(yǔ)中，有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語(yǔ)，在英語(yǔ)中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示，例如：表示，例如： 據(jù)說(shuō)據(jù)說(shuō)It is said that 據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo)據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo) It is reported that 據(jù)推測(cè)據(jù)推測(cè) It is supposed that 希望希望It is hoped that 眾所周知眾所周知It is well known that 普遍認(rèn)為普遍認(rèn)為It is generally considered that 有人建議有人建議It is suggested that 1) It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow. 2) It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp.