新高考英語二輪教師用書：第二板塊 專題一 第二部分 第4講 詞義猜測題 Word版含解析

《新高考英語二輪教師用書：第二板塊 專題一 第二部分 第4講 詞義猜測題 Word版含解析》由會員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關《新高考英語二輪教師用書：第二板塊 專題一 第二部分 第4講 詞義猜測題 Word版含解析（16頁珍藏版）》請在裝配圖網上搜索。

1、 第四講　詞義猜測題 [整體感知·明方向] 詞義猜測題是歷年高考必考的一類題型，它可以是對一個單詞的意義的推斷，也可以是對一個短語或句子的意義的推斷；既可以考查生詞的意義，也可以考查熟詞的新意，還可以是對替代詞所替代內容的判斷。在閱讀理解題中，所考查的詞或短語的意義往往不停留在字面上，而要根據短文提供的語境，通過閱讀上下文，根據已知的信息或常識來推測尚不熟悉的詞或短語的含義。 [常見設問方式] 1．詞意類：①The underlined word/phrase... probably means/can be replaced by ________.②Which of the

2、following is closest in meaning to the underlined word/phrase...? 2．指代類：①What does the underlined word“this/that/it/they...”refer to？②The underlined word“this/that/it/they...”refers to ________. 3．句意類：①The underlined sentence in the...paragraph probably means ________.②What can we infer from the u

3、nderlined sentence in Paragraph...? [正確選項特征] 1．含義和其字面意思一般沒有關系。 2．上下文邏輯通順。 3．與原句意思最接近。 [干擾選項特征] 1．與所考詞匯形似。 2．如果考的是熟詞，含有常規(guī)詞義的往往是錯誤選項。 3．句子解釋中含有過多原句中已有的詞和短語的選項一般是錯誤選項。 [分類例析·通技法] 　　　　根據定義或上下文解釋進行猜測 ◆[解題攻略] 有時短文中出現一個需要猜測其意義的詞或短語，下面接著出現其定義或解釋。標點符號，如逗號后的解釋(名詞同位語)、破折號后的解釋、括號內的解釋等，這都是判斷該詞或短語意義的主

4、要依據。例如： ①Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. 句子給予了annealing一個明確的定義，即“退火”。 ②It will be very hard but also very brittle—that is，it will break easily. 從that is(也就是說)后的解釋中我們可以了解到，brittle是“脆的”意思。 ③The herdsman，who looks after sheep，earns abou

5、t 650 yuan a year. 定語從句中l(wèi)ooks after sheep就表明了herdsman的詞義為“牧人”。 ④The weather in this area is treacherous；its sudden changes often endanger the lives of sailors. 分號后的句子在解釋什么樣的天氣是treacherous，sudden changes 與treacherous在語義上相對應，因此含義是“突變的”。 ⑤Some good readers find it helpful to use their sense to visu

6、alize—or picture—what they read. visualize的意思由破折號后的picture(想象)給出了說明，因此含義為“想象”。 ⑥When President Torrijos of Panama met Carter，he tried to give him a friendly abrazo (hug)． abrazo對大多數人來說都很陌生，但由括號內的hug(擁抱)，我們不難推測abrazo也是“擁抱”的意思。 ◆[典例](2019·全國卷Ⅰ，閱讀B節(jié)選)But he's nervous.“I'm here to tell you today why

7、 you should...should...”Chris trips on the“-ld，”a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers. His teacher，Thomas Whaley，is next to him, whispering support.“...Vote for ...me ...”Except for some stumbles,_Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion

8、，Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him. 25．What does the underlined word “stumbles” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．Improper pauses. B．Bad manners. C．Spelling mistakes. D．Silly jokes. 解析：A　[根據該段中的“you should...should...”Chris trips on the “-ld，”．..可知，他有些發(fā)音上的問題。又根據Except for some stumbl

9、es，Chris is doing amazingly well.可知，Chris 總體上很好，但是有些不合適的停頓。故A選項(不合適的停頓)正確。] 根據同位關系進行猜測 ◆[解題攻略] 閱讀中出現的難詞有時后面緊跟一個同位語，對前面的詞進行解釋，因此可利用同位關系對前面的詞義或句意進行猜測。例如： ①They traveled a long way，at last got to a castle，a large building in old times. 同位語部分“a large building in old times”給出了castle的確切詞義，即古時候的“城堡”。

10、 ②We are on the night_shift— from midnight to 8 a．m.—this week. 兩個破折號之間的短語很清楚地表明night shift是“夜班”的意思。 ③The“Chunnel”，a tunnel(隧道)connecting England and France is now complete. 此句中“a tunnel(隧道)connecting England and France”是Chunnel的同位語。因此，Chunnel指的就是英法之間的海底隧道。 ◆[典例](2016·全國卷Ⅰ，閱讀C節(jié)選)I am Peter Hodes

11、，a volunteer stem cell courier.Since March 2012，I've done 89 trips—of those,51 have been abroad，I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(干細胞)in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last.In all，from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐獻者) to the time they c

12、an be implanted in the patient，we've got 72 hours at most.So I am always conscious of time. 29．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1? A．Provider. B．Delivery man. C．Collector. D．Medical doctor. 解析：B　[“a volunteer stem cell courier”是“Peter Hodes”的同位語；根據文

13、中“I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(干細胞)in my little box”可知，Peter Hodes的任務就是將捐獻者的干細胞運送給需要的病人，即作者是干細胞遞送員。故選擇B項。] 　　　　　　根據構詞法(前綴、后綴、派生等)進行猜測 ◆[解題攻略] 在英語中，有很多詞可以通過增加前綴和后綴的方式，構成新詞。乍看起來，這個詞可能是新詞，但在掌握了一定的構詞知識之后，就不難猜出它的詞義。例如： ①“Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10，”Anaclerio said，“and they're v

14、ery interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.” 文中interactive是由前綴inter(相互的)和active(活動的，活躍的)構成的，同時根據上下文的意思可以判斷，該詞的含義應該是“互動的”。 ②Perhaps，we can see some possibilities for next fifty years.But the next hundred? possibility是possible的同根名詞，據此可以判斷possibility的意思是“可能性”

15、。 ◆[典例](2016·全國卷Ⅰ，閱讀D節(jié)選)A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness，uneasiness，or worry. 解析：不安；擔憂　[根據構詞法知識我們可知，un-為否定前綴，-ness為名詞后綴，easy(舒適的)為詞根。因此，我們可猜測uneasiness為“不安；擔憂”之意。] 　　　根據因果關系進行猜測 ◆[解題攻略] 在一篇閱讀文章中，根據原因可以預測結果，根據結果也可以找出原因。例如： ①The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken

16、.Sometimes the weakness was permanent.So the player could never play the sport again. 從后面的結果“永遠不能再運動”可以推測permanent的意思為“永遠的，永久的”。 ②Mary didn't notice me when I came into the classroom，because she was completely engrossed in her reading. 從前面的結果“當我走進教室時，瑪麗沒有注意到我”可以推測engrossed的意思為“全神貫注的”。 ③Our visio

17、n was obscured by the trees，so we couldn't see the lake from our window. 由后面的結果couldn't see(看不見)可知，我們的視線被樹遮擋住(obscured)了。 ◆[典例](2018·全國卷Ⅱ閱讀B節(jié)選) … If you have a_juicer，you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit.Out comes a “soft-serve” creamy dessert，to be eaten right

18、away.This makes a fun activity for a children's party；they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below. 26．What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph? A．A dessert. B．A drink. C．A container. D．A machine. 解析：D　[該段第一句含有一個if引導的條件狀語從

19、句，若滿足該條件，則產生的結果是第一句的后半句和第二句，“you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit.Out comes a ‘soft-serve’creamy dessert，to be eaten right away.”即“將冰凍香蕉和其他莓類、水果片放進去，出來的是奶油狀甜品”。由此因果關系可推知juicer指的是榨汁機。故選擇D項。] 　　　　　　　根據上下文指代關系進行猜測 ◆[解題攻略] 文章中的代詞it，that，he，him或them可以指代上文提到的人或物，其中it和t

20、hat還可以指代一件事。有時代詞指代的對象相隔較遠，要認真查找；有時也需要對前面提到的內容進行總結，才能得出代詞所指代的事物。例如： ①Like Schmid，the editors of several self-published art magazines also champion(捍衛(wèi))found photographs.One of them，called simply Found，was born one snowy night in Chicago，when Davy Rothbard returned to his car to find under his wiper(雨

21、刷)an angry note intended for someone else：“Why's your car HERE at HER place？” them指的是前面出現的self-published art magazines。 ②However，the question that“moon people”asked is still an interesting one.A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it. it指的是月球人(moon people)所問的問題(the question)

22、。 ◆[典例](2019·全國卷Ⅱ閱讀A節(jié)選) My Favourite Books Jo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This Book Will series(系列)of lifestyle books.Here she picks her top reads. Matilda Roald Dahl I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl's writing and it gave me a new a

23、ppreciation for his strange and delightful worlds.Matilda's battles with her cruel parents and the bossy headmistress，Miss Trunchbull，are equally funny and frightening，but they're also aspirational. … 21．Who does “I”refer to in the text? A．Stephen King. B．Gillian Flynn. C．Jo Usmar. D．Roald Dah

24、l. 解析：C　[根據第一段可知本文是作者Jo Usmar的書評。根據Matilda中的“I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl's writing and it gave me...”可知，此處I指的是Jo Usmar，故選C項。] 　　　根據同義或近義關系進行猜測 ◆[解題攻略] 在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者為了避免語言的單調、重復，有時會使用意思相同或相近的詞。因此，考生只要讀懂上下文，知道其中一個詞的意思，就能猜出另外一個詞的意思。 ◆[典例](2019·浙江卷6月閱讀B節(jié)選

25、)Money_with_no_strings_attached.It's not something you see every day.But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month，a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read，“Give What You Can，Take What You Need.” 24．What does the expression“money with no strings attached” in

26、paragraph 1 mean? A．Money spent without hesitation. B．Money not legally made. C．Money offered without conditions. D．Money not tied together. 解析：C　[根據下文的內容并結合木板上寫的“Give What You Can，Take What You Need”可知，附在木板上的錢是可以隨意取的，并不附帶任何條件，故選C項。] 　　　　根據轉折或對比關系進行猜測 ◆[解題攻略] 根據上下句的連接詞，如but，however，otherwise

27、等可以推斷上下文之間的邏輯關系，從而可以依據某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義。另外，分號也可以表示轉折、對比或不相干的意義。例如： ①A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle；it can be a basket of fun. 從分號前后兩句的意思可以看出，hassle和a basket of fun 是相反的意義，所以不難判斷hassle的意思是“困難，麻煩”。 ②She is usually prompt for all her class，but today she arrived in the middle of

28、her first class. but 一詞表示轉折，因此but前后的意思正好相反。根據后半句的意思“她今天第一節(jié)課上了一半才來”，可得出她平時一向“準時”的結論。 ③The players in the World Cup are professionals，while those who play in the Olympics must be amateurs. 由于轉折詞“while”引導的兩個分句前后意義相反，我們可推測出amateurs是professionals(專業(yè)人士)的反義詞，意思為“業(yè)余人士，業(yè)余選手”。 ◆[典例](2017·全國卷Ⅲ閱讀C節(jié)選) … G

29、ray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States，but they were gradually displaced by human development.By the 1920s，wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area.They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada，where th

30、ere were fewer humans around. … 29．What does the underlined word “displaced” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Tested. B．Separated. C．Forced out. D．Tracked down. 解析：C　[畫線詞的前句說明在黃石公園和美洲大部分地區(qū)曾有許多的灰狼，連詞but轉折了句子意義，后來由于人類的發(fā)展，灰狼數量逐漸減少，幾乎消失，由此可推斷出畫線詞的意思為“被迫離開”，故選C項。] [小題夯基練] 1．(2020·濰坊調研)“I know that，Kim.A

31、nd please，call me Bill.But what I expect is for you to think independently and introduce new ideas.I need more input from you—more feedback on how things are going.I don't need a ‘yes man’．You never tell me what you think.You just smile as though everything is fine.” “But，”said Kim，“I feel that si

32、nce you are my superior，it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do.” Q：The word“presumptuous”in the passage is close in meaning to “________”． A．full of respect B．too confident and rude C．lacking in experience D．too shy and quiet 解析：B　[本題考查對生詞presumptuous意思的猜測。根據生活常識可知，對于長輩和上司，隨意稱呼

33、他們的名字和直接提意見是傲慢無禮的。故選B項。] 2．(2019·衡水高考預測)Helen's attitude toward dealing with criminals has changed over the years.She used to believe that everyone could change and deserved a second chance.She now believes that some crimes are so heinous that those responsible should be shown no mercy. Q：What doe

34、s the underlined word“heinous”mean? A．Guilty. B．Terrible. C．Accidental. D．Unimportant. 解析：B　[這個句子使用了so...that...句式，表示“如此……以至于……”。根據語境和結果“有罪的人不應該被給予同情”可以推知，不同情他們的原因是他們的罪行太深，故heinous的意思應該是“極惡毒的，道德敗壞的”。故選B項。] 3．(2018·北京卷D篇)A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacin

35、g petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric，self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure (基礎設施) and operations 40% by 2050.Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing.The first commerci

36、ally available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(責任與維護問題)．.. Q：What does the underlined word “fielded” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Employed. B．Replaced. C．Shar

37、ed. D．Reduced. 解析：A　[fielded常用作名詞，表示“地；場地；領域”，此處用作動詞，引申為“使用，應用”之意。根據上下文可知，此處表示“考慮到無人駕駛技術的成本和責任與維護問題，叫車服務(公司)將運用第一批可使用的商業(yè)無人駕駛汽車”。故選A項。] 4．(2019·山東省聯(lián)考)We shared the belief that if you're fortunate enough to have success，you should put something back—he with his Newman's Own food and his Hole in the

38、 Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill，and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival.Paul and I didn't see each other all that regularly，but sharing that brought us together.We supported each other financially and by showing up at events. … Q：What does the underlined word“that”in thi

39、s passage refer to? A．Their belief. B．Their care for children. C．Their success. D．Their support for each other. 解析：A　[本題考查代詞的指代含義，屬于廣義的詞義猜測題。代詞指代的大都是前面已經出現的名詞，為了避免重復而使用了代詞。根據上文的內容可知，讓作者和朋友走到一起的是兩個人共同的信念。故選A項。] [大題提能練] A (2020·黑龍江齊齊哈爾一模)83-year-old Antonio Vicente has spent the last four deca

40、des of his life fighting against the trend.As Brazilian landowners cut down rainforests to make room for profitable plantations(種植園)and cattle grounds，he struggled to bring the jungles of his childhood back to life. “When I was a child，the peasants cut down the trees to make grasslands and charcoal

41、 and the water dried up and did not come back，”he told the reporters.“I thought：‘Water is valuable，no one makes water and the population will not stop growing.What is going to happen？We are going to run out of water.’” With only some donkeys and a small team of hired workers，Antonio Vicente set abo

42、ut bringing back the forest to his land.What started out as a weekend hobby soon became a permanent way of life，and Antonio recalls often spending whole days and nights in his young jungle，surrounded by rats and foxes，and eating banana sandwiches for breakfast，lunch and dinner.Over the last 40 years

43、，he has planted an estimated 50,000 trees on his 31-hectare land，which now make up a small but unique area of rainforest，and a haven for wildlife. As the forest grew，the water returned，and Antonio says that there are now over 20 water sources on his land that were no longer there when he bought it.

44、Then the animals started making a home there.Today，the forest is alive with the sounds of birds and insects living there，and more species are settling in every year. “There are toucans(巨嘴鳥)，all kinds of birds，squirrels，lizards，and even the boars are returning，”83-year-old Vicente says.“If you ask m

45、e who my family are, I would say all is right here，each one of these that I planted from a seed.” [語篇解讀]　本文主要講述一位83歲的老人用40年時間讓熱帶雨林恢復生機的故事。 1．What do we learn about the Brazilian peasants? A．They wasted much water on farming. B．They focused on short-term profits. C．They cared much about the envi

46、ronment. D．They relied heavily on rainforests for a living. 解析：B　[推理判斷題。根據第一段中的“As Brazilian landowners cut down rainforests to make room for profitable plantations...”及第二段中的“the water dried up and did not come back”可知，巴西的農民關注的是短期的利益。故選B。] 2．What used to be young Antonio's biggest concern? A．Ove

47、rpopulation. B．Polluted water. C．Loss of grasslands. D．Water shortage. 解析：D　[推理判斷題。根據第二段中的“Water is valuable，no one makes water and the population will not stop growing.What is going to happen？We are going to run out of water.”可知，年輕的Antonio最關心的是水的短缺。故選D。] 3．What does the underlined word“haven”i

48、n Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Trap. B．Disaster. C．Shelter. D．Balance. 解析：C　[詞義猜測題。根據第四段中的“insects living there，and more species are settling in every year”可知，昆蟲生活在這里，每年更多的物種在這里定居，由此可推斷出這里成了野生生物的“安居地，避難所”。故選C。] 4．In the last paragraph，Antonio mainly expresses his ________. A．affection for his

49、 forest B．thanks for his family C．deep love for rare birds D．pride as a successful farmer 解析：A　[推理判斷題。根據最后一段中的“If you ask me who my family are，I would say all is right here，each one of these that I planted from a seed.”可推知，Antonio 主要在表達他對森林的愛。故選A。] B (2018·全國卷Ⅲ，D)Adults understand what it feel

50、s like to be flooded with objects.Why do we often assume that more_is_more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less. I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-us

51、ed things，and it worked.Because of our efforts，our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness.She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her scho

52、ol fund(基金)(our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor)． For weeks，I've been thinking of bigger，deeper questions：How do we make it a habit for them？And how do we train ourselves to help them live with，need，and use less？Yesterday，I sat with my son，Shepherd，determined to test my own

53、 theory on this.I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest.I expected that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes，ten minutes，max.I chose a red rubber ball—simple，universally available.We passed it，he tried to put it in his mouth，he tried

54、bouncing it，rolling it，sitting on it，throwing it.It was totally，completely enough for him.Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch. We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together.He had my full attention and I had his.My little experiment to find joy in

55、 a single object worked for both of us. [語篇解讀]　 本文是一篇夾敘夾議文，題材是生活哲理。文章介紹了作者如何教育自己的孩子用更少的物質過更豐富的生活。 5．What do the words“more is more”in paragraph 1 probably mean? A．The more，the better. B．Enough is enough. C．More money，more worries. D．Earn more and spend more. 解析：A　[詞義猜測題。根據第一段第三句“The good news

56、 is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.”可知，作者不認同前面的more is more這種觀點；再根據第一句可知，成人能夠理解物質過剩的感受，可是當涉及孩子時，我們卻會認為(孩子)擁有的東西越多越好。more is more是相對于enough is enough而言的。故選A。] 6．What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects? A．Saving up for her holiday. B．Rais

57、ing money for a poor girl. C．Adding the money to her fund. D．Giving the money to a sick mother. 解析：C　[細節(jié)理解題。根據文章第二段第三句可知，當我們許諾把賣掉這些物品的錢放到她的教育基金里的時候，她才同意賣。故選C。] 7．Why did the author play the ball with Shepherd? A．To try out an idea. B．To show a parent's love. C．To train his attention. D．To he

58、lp him start a hobby. 解析：A　[推理判斷題。根據第三段第三句中的“determined to test my own theory on this”和第四句中的“I decided to play with him”可知，作者和兒子玩耍是為了測試自己的理論：live more with less。故選A。] 8．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Take It or Leave It B．A Lesson from Kids C．Live More with Less D．The Pleasure o

59、f Giving 解析：C　[標題歸納題。第一段的最后一句是文章中心句，即作者想要教會孩子“how to live more with less”；接下來是作者為此所做的努力和嘗試。文章最后一句也是對中心句的回應。故選C。] C (2017·浙江，A)Benjamin West，the father of American painting，showed his talent for art when he was only six years of age.But he did not know about brushes before a visitor told him he n

60、eeded one.In those days，a brush was made from camel's hair.There were no camels nearby.Benjamin decided that cat hair would work instead.He cut some fur from the family cat to make a brush. The brush did not last long.Soon Benjamin needed more fur.Before long，the cat began to look ragged (蓬亂)．His f

61、ather said that the cat must be sick.Benjamin was forced to admit what he had been doing. The_cat's_lot_was_about_to_improve. That year，one of Benjamin's cousins，Mr.Pennington，came to visit.He was impressed with Benjamin's drawings.When he went home，he sent Benjamin a box of paint and some brushes

62、.He also sent six engravings (版畫)by an artist.These were the first pictures and first real paint and brushes Benjamin had ever seen. In 1747，when Benjamin was nine years old，Mr.Pennington returned for another visit.He was amazed at what Benjamin had done with his gift.He asked Benjamin's parent

63、s if he might take the boy back to Philadelphia for a visit. In the city，Mr.Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings.The boy began a landscape (風景) painting.William Williams，a well-known painter，came to see him work.Williams was impressed with Benjamin and gave him two classi

64、c books on painting to take home.The books were long and dull.Benjamin could read only a little，having been a poor student.But he later said，“Those two books were my companions by day，and under my pillow at night.”While it is likely that he understood very little of the books，they were his introduct

65、ion to classical paintings.The nine-year-old boy decided then that he would be an artist. [語篇解讀]　本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了美國著名藝術家本杰明·韋斯特是如何開始他的藝術生涯的。 9．What is the text mainly about? A．Benjamin's visit to Philadelphia. B．Williams' influence on Benjamin. C．The beginning of Benjamin's life as an artist. D．

66、The friendship between Benjamin and Pennington. 解析：C　[主旨大意題。文章從本杰明在六歲時自制畫筆作畫寫起，到后來利用專業(yè)工具作畫，再到知名畫家送給本杰明書籍，都是在講述本杰明是如何一步步走上藝術之路的，故選C。] 10．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 suggest? A．The cat would be closely watched. B．The cat would get some medical care. C．Benjamin would leave his home shortly. D．Benjamin would have real brushes soon. 解析：D　[句意理解題。由前文可知，本杰明在沒有專業(yè)畫筆之前是用貓的毛制作畫筆的。畫線句的字面意思是“貓的命運將會得到改善”。由該段后文可知，本杰明的表兄送給了他專業(yè)的顏料和畫筆。由此可推知D項與畫線句的意思相符。] 11．What did Penningt