淺談中美飲食文化的差異 商務(wù)英語專業(yè)

論文題目 The differentnce diet cultureses between （英文） China with Americathe US論文題目 淺談中美飲食文化的差異 The differentnce diet cultures between China with Westernthe USAbstract: As Chinas overall national strength continues to increase, more and more foreigners begin to learn Chinese culture. The United States, as the worlds leading power, has more and more frequent exchanges with China in various fields, including many cultural exchanges. In different styles of Chinese and American culture, food culture is a very important content.In order to gain a deeper understanding of the cultural characteristics of China and the United States, this article will introduce the differences in food culture between the two countries from four parts. The first part mainly introduces the respective connotations and characteristics of food culture in China and the United States. The second part expresses the differences in the specific dietary culture between the two countries from five aspects: the daily food types, the use of dishes, the order of servings, the arrangement of seats, and the concept of eating and drinking. The third part briefly analyzes the main reasons for the cultural differences between China and the United States from geographical factors and traditional customs. And the last part summarizes the effect and influence of Sino-U.S. dietary differences in intercultural communication between the two countries.Through the analysis of this article, I hope that more people can understand the differences between Chinese and American diet culture and avoid unnecessary misunderstandings in cross-cultural communication. China and America is the most representative economic country in eastern and western, as the two countries example, the paper from four parts to introduce difference eating culture between them. The first part is major mainly to introduce their own characteristic and connotation; the second part is from their food, tableware, seat arrangement, serving order and sense of eating to introduce specific performance; the third part is from geographical location, natural environment, religious faith, traditional custom four parts to explain the reasons why they are different; the last part is simply to introduced the difference different dating cultures in the two countries communion and confluence. The paper is hopes to more and more people to know the difference eating culture whom from different country, and to avoid unnecessary misunderstanding.Key words: diet cultures, differencece, communication1. 淺談中美飲食文化的差異摘要: 隨著中國綜合國力的不斷提升，越來越多的外國友人開始學(xué)習(xí)中國文化。美國作為世界第一強國，與中國在各方面的交流越來越頻繁，這其中不乏許多文化交流。而在風(fēng)格迥異的中美文化中，飲食文化是一個非常重要的內(nèi)容。比如，東方國家大部分以米飯為主食，西方國家則以土豆為主食，而土豆在東方國家通常被當作菜肴食用，為什么會有這種差異呢？ 為了深入對中美兩國飲食文化特色的了解，本文從四三部分介紹兩國的飲食文化差異。第一部分章主要介紹中美兩國飲食文化的各自內(nèi)涵和特點；第二部分分別從兩國日常的食物種類、使用的餐具、上菜的順序、座席的安排、飲食的觀念等五個方面來表現(xiàn)雙方具體的的飲食文化差異現(xiàn)象；第三部分從兩國的地理位置因素和傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗因素，簡要分析了造成這種飲食文化差異的主要原因；最后一部分總結(jié)了中美飲食差異在兩國間交流和融合中跨文化交流中所起的作用與影響。 通過本文的分析，希望更多的人能夠了解中美飲食文化差異，避免在跨文化交流中產(chǎn)生不必要的誤會。如今越來越多的國外友人學(xué)習(xí)漢語并了解中國文化，成為了一種潮流。飲食，是文化一部分。東西方在飲食文化上存在較大差異，各具特色。了解東西方飲食文化的差異，有助于我們更清楚地知道這種差異的具體表現(xiàn)以及所形成的原因。 中美兩國是東西方最具代表性的經(jīng)濟大國，本文以中美兩國為例，分為四個部分簡單介紹了兩國間的飲食文化差異。第一部分主要介紹中美兩國飲食文化的各自內(nèi)涵和特點；第二部分主要從兩國的飲食食材、飲食餐具、座席安排、上菜順序、飲食觀念五個方面來介紹差異性的具體表現(xiàn)；第三部分從地理位置、自然環(huán)境、宗教信仰、傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗四個方面來介紹所形成差異性的原因；最后一部分簡單介紹了中美飲食差異在兩國間的交流和融合。本文以中美兩國的飲食文化差異，希望被更多的中西方朋友所了解，避免在跨文化交際中，產(chǎn)生不必要的誤解。關(guān)鍵詞：飲食文化，差異, 交流 Contents1. Introduction22. The characteristics and connotations of dieteating cultures in China with the USAmerica 23.The differentce eating habitsways.63.1 The tTypeskind of food53.2 The use of tableware6 3.3 The sSeat arrangement.63.4 The cConcept of sense of diettime8 3.5The order of sServing order order.84. The rReasons nn of differentce diet culture between China and the USAmerica9 4.1 Geographical locations.9 4.2 Natural environment.9 4.3 Religious faith110 4.24 Traditional customs.105. The effects and functions of different diet cultures .The difference dating culture in the two countries communion and confluence.11Works Cited9The difference diet cultures between China and the usGuangdong University of Foreign Studies 2018 Huang YiyanTutor: Professor Yang Xiaowan 1. Introduction Food is a part of the most basics way to help human to keep the pot boiling. Food is god for the people what is a sentence that never change its meanings from ancient to modern times. The types of foods have so many varieties in the world, in some countries from east, rice was regarded as staple food and use chopsticks as tableware; In some countries from west, potato was regarded as staple food and use knife and fork as tableware. Why the potato will be often regarded as dish not as staple food in some easts countries like China? Whats the reason that caused the different diet culture? To help people who from different countries to understand the difference diet cultures between the east and the west, the paper selects China and the US as examples to analysed. And through their specific difference manifestations of the eating habits, the reasons of caused difference, and the last part is to introduce the difference diet cultures effects and functions in the two countries communion and confluence. Through to analysed the two countries different diet culture, that talk shallowly about the effects and functions of different diet culture in cross-culture communication.1. The characteristics and connotations of diet cultures in China with the United States Chinese diet cultures influenced by various factors, and it represents different characteristics. First, Chinese diet pays many attentions to appearance. For example, the cook will carve different kinds of sculpts which are made by fruits or vegetables such as watermelon or radish to adorn diet. Second, it has regional features. Different region has different diet system, and the most famous diet system is the eight major components of Chinese cuisine, which are Hunan Cuisine, Anhui Cuisine, Zhejiang Cuisine, Jiangsu Cuisine, Fujian Cuisine, Guangdong Cuisine, Sichuan Cuisine and Shandong Cuisine. Third, it combines diet with medicine. Chinese people always prevent disease and treat the disease through diet therapy. All in all, Chinese foods aroma, color and teste are all excellent.As we all know that the United States is a country of immigrants, different countrys culture, history and religion mix together and make up American diet culture. Comparing with Chinese diet culture, the biggest characteristic of American culture is that they pay much attentions to the collocation of nutrition, and they do the best to represents the taste of diet. For example, they prefer to eat uncooked food or unprocessed food rather than processed food. As a multinational country, Americans diet culture is diversity. Other countrys people bring their own countrys diet custom and technique of cook food to the United States, with the passing of time, American diet culture has made up. Therefore, American diet culture mixed up the most outstanding diet culture of other countries, and it owns one of the best diet culture in the world.2. The different eating habits2.1 Types of foodChina has been an agriculture country since ancient times, and its main crops are wheat and rice, therefore, most of Chinese like to eat vegetarian diet. In ancient times, peoples living standards are not as high as ours today, they eat rice and vegetables everyday as their food. Only when it is a celebrated day or rich people would eat meat. However, with the development of economic, Chinese peoples dietary structure are becoming more and more reasonable, they would eat meat every day, especially processed cooked food, which they think are much heathier and safe than unprocessed food. Chinese people usually eat three meals a day, in which they think the most important is lunch. There is an old saying: Breakfast like a king, lunch like a prince, supper like a pauper, and it can be the best description of Chinese dietary habit. We Chinese have an idea that the most important meal in a day is lunch, so our dishes are so bumper in lunch time. As for dinner, the old choose to eat little or eat nothing depend on everyones health condition. In addition, Chinese people like to drink tea, which has become a way of communication. The types of tea have green tea, black tea, oolong, Puer tea etc. As a guest, when you go to some friends house having a visit, the host will provide the best qualitys tea for you to show their welcome.Americans have totally different point of view. They like to eat meat and in their mind, the nutritional value of meat is so high that vegetarian diet cannot catch up with. Many American foods material originate from chicken, fish, eggs and beef etc. They also drink milk every day, so they look very strong. Not like Chinese people, American people dont like to eat animals viscera, head, feet etc. As for drinks, they like coffee. Coffee has become a part that cannot be separated from their daily life. There are also many types of coffee: espresso, mocha coffee, cappuccino, lattee and so on.2.2 TablewareComparing with two countrys tableware, we can find many disparities. In China, any tableware can be presented on the table.Traditional Chinese tableware including chopsticks, bowls, saucers, soup spoons and so on. And chopsticks are the most representative tableware in China, we use them at every days meal. The usage of chopsticks is very special, we can not only use it to eat rice, but also can use it to eat noodles, dumplings, rice noodles, meat and so on. Almost every kind of Chinese food can be eaten by chopsticks. But there is a taboo we should take notice of. When we use chopsticks to eat rice, we cannot stick it in rice straightly, because when we show our respect to our ancestors, we United usually take this action.In the United States, we can also see many tableware such as knives, forks, saucers and so on. Unquestionable, knives and forks are used most frequently, hence they become the most representative tableware in America. The function of knives and forks are likely to the chopsticks, they have many usage, too. When you eat fish, meat and sea food, you can use knives, and when you eat salad or other relish, you can use forks. Moreover, if you are in different situation, the functions of tableware are not the same, so the best choice to use tableware correctly abroad is to ask your friends for help, whenever you have questions, ask your friends or the host as much as possible, they will be pleasure to introduce their diet cultures to you.2.3 Seat arrangementWhen dine together with relatives or friends, Chinese and Americans are different. Lets take seats arrangement as an example. Generally speaking, the host should arrange everything well to wait for the coming of guests. Whether in China or the United States, seats arrangement is very significant. Nowadays, we hold a viewpoint that right is superior than left, which represents in the seats arrangement. Usually, the most important seat is at the opposite of door, and that seat is prepared for the most respectful guest. Other guests would be arranged at the right hand of the most important guest, and the host would also sit near him, but the host is on the left hand. Influenced by some western thoughts, and with the development of reform and opening up, womens situation in China has becoming higher than before. Even in some advanced areas, they accept Lady first idea, and respect women all the time.In addition, when we attend a wedding or a dinner party, we may see more than two tables, Usually the host has arranged the seats already, and if you are enough patient to look around, you will find that the host and his families sit on the main table.While in ancient China, we have a traditional concept that people who sit the seats on the left are superior than the right ones, hence respected guests or older people always sit on the left. And at that time, women cannot sit down to eat, most often, they were allocated with some food and ate at a corner or outside the dinning room.In the USA they also think the seats on the right are more superior than the seats on the left. The couple would not sit close to each other, and sometimes they would sit at opposite, because they think this kind of way can help them have more communication, especially eye contact. As what we said above, western countries obey Lady first, and it is clear America included. Whenever they are, ladys position is very high and always respected by gentlemen.3.3 Concept of sense of dietEvery country has its own features diet,among these two countries, Chinese people emphasize on the taste of food while the Americans emphasize on the nutrition. Traditional Chinese cooking methodsincluding steam, deep-fry, bake, roast, boil and so on. Any one of these methods can break down nutrients, some even may do harm to our health. Nevertheless, none of Chinese people think it is vital important, they only want to pursue the best taste. And the highest standard of a Chinese diet is its taste. What is known to all is that Chinese people like eating food with saline taste although they have already known too much salt is harmful to their health. Why this situation would happen? There are some reasons. On the one hand, every family can afford the price of salt, which is a condiment in China, so salt nearly can be seen in every Chinese food. On the other hand, according to a survey, someone can accept the taste of spicy, someone can accept the taste of sweet, but more people would like to accept the taste of salty, this survey laid a solid foundation for the popular of salty food.The appearance of food reflects Chinese traditionally philosophical viewfuzziness. Thus we pursue the beautiful appearance of food surpass its nutrition. The ultimate demand of Chinese cuisine is to merge together every kind of flavor or raw material and make a satisfying meal for dependents. Such process lays stress on the control of details and the coordinate of entire food system.Contrary to Chinese diet culture, Americans lay much emphasis on food nutrition. Americans think that eating scientifically nutritious food is critical, and they pay more attention to efficiency and convenience, and do not care about the appearance of refinement and meticulousness (Lockie, S., 2002:54-57). "What American holds in great account is whether nutrient content, including protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamin and other inorganic elements, is suitable and whether the nutrient content is best absorbed"(Clayton, M. M.,1994:12). They regard diet as a kind of science, and pursue as much as nutrition in food. In their idea, everyone cannot survival without food, in other words, food is only to help people survival rather than give you a good taste. For them, getting energy is the only target for them to eat. But going too far is as bad as not going far enough, todays rate of obesity in the United States rise to about 38 percent, which is the highest rate in the world. In addition, Americans like to eat food with little condiment, some athletes or fitness fanatics even eat food just boiled in order to reduce lipid. Indeed, this type of diet system is good for metabolism.3.5Serving orderChinese serving order United usually like this: Firstly, drinks and cold dishes will be served, you can chat with your friends and eat some cold dish. Then, hot dishes will be served. Our Chinese people like even numbers, whatever dishes are served, the number will be six, eight, ten, twelve etc. Because Chinese people think even numbers represent good luck and happiness. Next, staple food will be served. Staple food mainly include rice or steamed bun. At last, dessert and fruits will be served. When the host invited many friends, there would be many tables in the room, but the foods serving order are the same, and cold dishes will be served at the beginning, then hot dishes and dessert. If you take the responsibility to server all the people, you should keep in mind that guests are the most important people, so you should serve them first, after all the guests are served, the hosts table is the last. Some matters need attention in this serving progress. If the dishes like chicken, duck or fish are entirely as a whole being served, then we should be careful that the head cannot toward the emic position. About serving system, there are different forms. Some places or restaurants would put the same dishes on a big tray, then bring it to the guests, every table can have one if they take it by themselves. Some places or restaurants would order their servants to provide all the dishes to guests without disturbing them. While some places would divide all the dishes into small quantity that is adequate for one person, then distribute to everyone. This type of distribution like slide show, serving one dish at a time.Americas serving order United usually like this: before staple food, they United usually can get butter, bread, cold dishes, soup and sea food. Cold dishes and soup are match with bread to eat together first. As the first dish, cold dish can be eaten together with aperitifs. Then it is the performance of staple food. American people like to eat all kinds of meat, for instance, beef, mutton, pork, chicken, fish and so on. Not like Chinese people, in some occasions, Americans dont like to chat while eating. Ice-cream and pudding are their dessert.4. Reasons 4.1Geographical locationsChina is located in the east of Asia and the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. Northern Chinese people like to eat pasta due to wheat is appropriate grown at there. Northern areas terrain is open and plain, and its precipitation is seasonal. Steamed buns are necessary for northern Chinese people, and they did not have the feeling of satiety without eating it. Southern Chinas weather is hot and rainy, and the local famers know what kind of grain can grow best, so they plant paddy fields. Southern Chinese people attach great importance to color, smell and taste of food. Their taste is subdued and they like to add sugar into their food. Many people also like to eat raw aquatic products such as fish, crab, salmon, etc., and eat it with a little condiment. Southern Chinese people pay attention to exquisite food, and every meal will have stewed soup, also with light tastes.Most of Chinas areas are located in monsoon climate. Its rain and heat are in the same period, which is conducive to the growth of crops. It boasts several latitudes and longitudes, thus forming multiple climate zones, which is conducive to the diversity of agriculture. The terrain is complex and diverse, which is conducive to the development of three-dimensional agriculture. The coastline is long, and the economy of the southeastern coastal areas is advanced, also the areas sea transportation is convenient.The United States is the forth-largest country in the world. Its territories include the United States, Alaska in the northwestern part of North America, and the Hawaiian Islands in the central Pacific Ocean. Most of the United States belong to the continental climate, and the northeast climate is clammy, suitable for the growth of juicy pasture, the development of dairy farming. The central terrain is flat, black soil is widespread, and there is plenty of water and heat. During the same period of rain and heat, large farms are developed. Wheat, corn and cotton are from the nor