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1、GRAMMARNon-restrictive attributive clauses 非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句 概念:非限制性定語從句用來對(duì)先行詞補(bǔ)充說明,沒有它,主句也能獨(dú)立存在,非限制性定語從句和主句的關(guān)系不密切,它與先行詞之間常用逗號(hào)隔開.Compare the two sentences in the same group and find the difference.Discuss & Summarize Discuss & Summarize (group work)(group work)第一組A.The old man has a son, who i
2、s in the army.B.The old man has a son who is in the army.第二組A.My younger brother who is 18 years old is a college student.B.My younger brother, who is 18 years old, is a college student.第三組A.Jim doesnt like to ask questions which make his teacher angry.B.Jim doesnt like to ask questions, which makes
3、 his teacher angry.第一組A.The old man has a son, who is in the army.B.The old man has a son who is in the army.第一組:A中的從句是非限制性定語從句,是對(duì)先行詞的補(bǔ)充說明。整個(gè)句子的意思是:這位老人有一個(gè)兒子,在部隊(duì)工作。(隱含的意義:只有一個(gè)兒子)B中的從句是限制性定語從句,作用是對(duì)先行詞son進(jìn)行限定、修飾。整個(gè)句子的意思是:這位老人有個(gè)在部隊(duì)工作的兒子。(隱含的意思:也許還有其他的兒子,在干別的工作)第二組A.My younger brother who is 18 years ol
4、d is a college student.B.My younger brother, who is 18 years old, is a college student.第二組:雖然兩句的表達(dá)順序完全相同,但是由于停頓和語調(diào)的變化,造成的定語從句與主句關(guān)系的緊密程度發(fā)生變化。A句可以翻譯成:我18歲的那個(gè)弟弟是大學(xué)生。從句是限制性定語從句,是限定性定語從句限定了先行詞的意義,明確是18歲的那個(gè)弟弟(而不是其他的,即有可能還有幾個(gè)弟弟)。B可以翻譯成:我弟弟是大學(xué)生,今年18歲。第三組A.Jim doesnt like to ask questions which make his teac
5、her angry.B.Jim doesnt like to ask questions, which makes his teacher angry.第三組:A句中的定語從句修飾先行詞questions,B句中的定語從句修飾的是整個(gè)前面的主句部分,所以表達(dá)的意義也就有明顯的差別。A吉姆不喜歡問使老師生氣的問題。(which 指代questions)B吉姆不喜歡問問題,這讓老師很生氣。(which指代Jim doesnt like to ask questions 這個(gè)情況)溫馨提示:某些句子用了逗號(hào)成為非限制性定語從句,同沒有用逗號(hào)的相比,意義有很大區(qū)別 1.I have a sister
6、who works in a hospital. 我有一位在醫(yī)院工作的姐姐。(不只一位姐姐)2. I have a sister , who works in a hospital.我有一位姐姐,她在醫(yī)院工作。(只有一位姐姐)3. He has a brother, who lives in Beijing4. He has a brother who lives in Beijing.他有一個(gè)哥哥,住在北京.他有一個(gè)住在北京的哥哥(可能有幾個(gè)哥哥,其中一個(gè)是住在北京的.)More examples:非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句: 對(duì)先行詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充對(duì)先行詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明說明,關(guān)系不是十分緊密
7、關(guān)系不是十分緊密,省去對(duì)主句沒有多大省去對(duì)主句沒有多大影響影響.而限制性定語從句而限制性定語從句: 是先行詞在意義上是先行詞在意義上不可缺少不可缺少的定語的定語,如果去掉如果去掉,主句的意思就不完主句的意思就不完整整.Non-restrictive attributive clause:A clause that adds extra information to the man clause of a sentence.限制性定語從句限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句形式上形式上不用逗號(hào)和主句隔開不用逗號(hào)和主句隔開用逗號(hào)隔開用逗號(hào)隔開意義上意義上是先行詞不可缺少的是先行詞不可缺
8、少的定語,不能刪除定語,不能刪除是對(duì)先行詞的補(bǔ)充是對(duì)先行詞的補(bǔ)充說明,刪除后意思說明,刪除后意思仍完整仍完整譯法上譯法上 翻譯成先行詞的定語,翻譯成先行詞的定語,“的的” 通常翻譯成主句的通常翻譯成主句的并列句并列句關(guān)系詞關(guān)系詞的使用的使用 A做賓語時(shí)可省略做賓語時(shí)可省略 B 可用可用that A不可省不可省 B。不用。不用that Fill in the blanks with proper relative words.1.The famous basketball star, _is an American, came to China yesterday.2.In those days
9、,she used to go to Mr black,with _ she had a wonderful time.3.I bought a car yesterday,_ cost me a lot.4.Xian, _I visited last month, is a nice old city.5.He will come to see me next July, _ he wont be so busy.6.The school,_I once studied,was built thirty years ago.7.John said hed been working in th
10、e office for an hour,_ was true.whowhomwhichwhichwhenwherewhich限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別: 一:在句中作用不同 限對(duì)先行詞有限定制約作用,不可省去,否則句意不完整。 非限起補(bǔ)充作用,可省去,句意仍然完整。 二:外在表現(xiàn)形式不同 非限用逗號(hào)隔開 1. Do you remember the girl who taught us Chinese? 你還記得教我們語文的那個(gè)女孩嗎?2.Mr. Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine. 張先生昨
11、天來看我,他是我的一位朋友。三:先行詞內(nèi)容有所不同 大多數(shù)限制性和非限制性定語從句的先行詞往往為一個(gè)詞或短語,而特殊情況下非限制性定語從句的先行詞可以為一個(gè)句子,此時(shí)要用which來引導(dǎo) 例 1. A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much. 一個(gè)中年女子殺害了自己的丈夫,這令我十分恐懼。 析:由語境可知,令“我”恐懼的內(nèi)容應(yīng)為“中年女子殺害了自己的丈夫”這整個(gè)一件事,因此先行詞為整個(gè)主句,此時(shí)應(yīng)由 which 引導(dǎo)定語從句。 四:關(guān)系詞的使用情況有所不同 (1)that不可用于引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句
12、他沒通過這次考試,令我很失望。 誤: He didnt pass the exam, that disappointed me. 正: He didnt pass the exam, which disappointed me.使用非限制性定語從句時(shí)如果先行詞指人,則用who, whose,which等;如果先行詞指物要用which;先行詞表時(shí)間或者地點(diǎn),并在句中作時(shí)間狀語或者地點(diǎn)狀語時(shí)要用when或者where引導(dǎo)。 例 1. Well graduate in July, when we will be free. 我們將于七月份畢業(yè),到那時(shí)我們就自由了。 例 2. Last Sunday
13、they reached Nanjing , where a conference was to be held. 他們上周日到達(dá)南京,有個(gè)會(huì)議要在那里舉行。 (2)關(guān)系代詞替代情況不同 關(guān)系代詞whom在限制性定語從句中作賓語時(shí)可用who代替,但在非限制性定語從句中不行。 例 1. This is the girl whom I met in the street. 這是我在街上遇到的那個(gè)女孩。 析:先行詞 the girl 在限制性定語從句中作賓語,可用 who 代替 whom . 例 2. A young man had a new girl friend, whom he wanted
14、 to impress.一個(gè)年輕的小伙子新交了一個(gè)女朋友,他想給她留下深刻的印象。 析:先行詞 a new girl friend 在非限制性定語從句中作賓語,不可用 who 代替 whom .(3)關(guān)系代詞省略情況不同 關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語從句中作賓語可用省略,但在非限制性定語從句中所有的關(guān)系詞都不能省略。 例 1. This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday. 這就是他昨天丟的那本書。 析:先行詞 the book 在限制性定語從句中作賓語,關(guān)系代詞 which 或 that 可以省略。 例 2. The book, which he l
15、ost yesterday, has been found. 他昨天丟了這本書,但現(xiàn)在已找到了。 析:先行詞 the book 在非限制性定語從句中作賓語,關(guān)系代詞 which 不可省。用定語從句挑戰(zhàn)高考原題(浙江(浙江2005)Jim passed the driving test, _ surprised everybody in the office. A. which B. that C. this D. it(浙江(浙江2005)_ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meetin
16、g. A. When B. After C. As D. Since(浙江(浙江2006)I was given three books on cooking, the first _ I really enjoyed. A. of that B. of which C. that D. whichACB(浙江(浙江2007)Chans restaurant on Baker Street, _ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business. A. that B. which C. who D. where(浙江(浙江2008)Yesterday she sold her car, _ she bought a month ago. A. when B. where C. that D. which(浙江(浙江2009)The young man weve just talked to is a traveler _ parents visited us last year. A. that B. whose C. whom D. whichBBD