高中生物 第8章 細胞的分化、凋亡和衰老 8.1 細胞的分化課件 北師大版必修1

第1節(jié)細胞的分化MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理1.說明細胞分化的概念、特點及意義。2.舉例說明細胞的全能性。3.搜集有關(guān)干細胞研究進展和應(yīng)用的資料。MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理一二一、細胞分化的概念1.概念:在個體發(fā)育中,細胞后代在形態(tài)、結(jié)構(gòu)和功能上發(fā)生穩(wěn)定差異的過程叫細胞分化。2.特點:具有持久性,發(fā)生于整個生命進程中,胚胎發(fā)育期達到最大程度。3.意義:細胞分化是生物體正常發(fā)育的基礎(chǔ);使細胞的功能趨向?qū)ｉT化,利于提高生物體各種生理功能的效率。乳腺細胞能夠分泌乳汁,但不能分泌胰島素,胰島細胞能夠分泌胰島素,但不能分泌乳汁,你知道是什么原因嗎?提示:細胞分化,即基因的選擇性表達。MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理一二二、細胞分化的基礎(chǔ)1.全能性的概念:細胞的全能性是指生物體已經(jīng)分化的細胞仍具有發(fā)育成完整新個體的潛能。植物細胞具有全能性,動物體細胞的細胞核具有全能性。2.細胞具有全能性的原因受精卵中蘊含著個體發(fā)育全部過程的“藍圖”完整的基因組,所以在發(fā)育潛能上受精卵屬于“全能”細胞。高等生物體所有不同類型的體細胞,都是由受精卵細胞分裂和分化而來的,所以生物體的每個體細胞都具有保持該物種遺傳性的全套遺傳物質(zhì)。3.細胞的全能性是細胞分化的基礎(chǔ),是植物組織培養(yǎng)技術(shù)的理論依據(jù),在理論和實踐上具有重大意義。MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理12一、細胞分化及其過程1.對細胞分化概念的理解(1)從細胞水平分析:細胞的形態(tài)、結(jié)構(gòu)和生理功能發(fā)生改變。(2)從亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)水平分析:細胞器的數(shù)目及細胞質(zhì)基質(zhì)成分和功能發(fā)生改變。(3)從分子水平分析蛋白質(zhì)角度:合成出特定種類、數(shù)量、功能的蛋白質(zhì)?；蚪嵌?基因選擇性表達,即遺傳信息的執(zhí)行情況不同,這是細胞分化的根本原因。MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理12MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理12二、已分化的細胞具有全能性1.原因:含有本物種全套遺傳物質(zhì)。2.全能性高低比較(1)受精卵(未分化)精子或卵細胞(高度分化)體細胞;(2)植物體細胞動物體細胞(蛙的核移植實驗只證明動物細胞細胞核具有全能性);(3)胚胎干細胞(全能干細胞)造血干細胞(多能干細胞)皮膚生發(fā)層干細胞(專能干細胞)。MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理題型一題型二【例1】 下圖為人體中肌肉細胞、未成熟紅細胞和神經(jīng)細胞產(chǎn)生過程的模式圖,據(jù)圖推斷關(guān)于這三類細胞的敘述,正確的是()A.含有的遺傳信息相同B.含有的蛋白質(zhì)種類完全相同C.含有的蛋白質(zhì)種類完全不相同D.形成的原因是基因的選擇性丟失MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理題型一題型二解析:題圖中顯示,肌肉細胞、未成熟紅細胞和神經(jīng)細胞均含有相同的遺傳信息(基因);肌肉細胞中A、D基因開啟,未成熟紅細胞中C、D基因開啟,神經(jīng)細胞中D、E基因開啟,基因表達的情況不完全相同,含有的蛋白質(zhì)種類也不完全相同;這些細胞形成的原因是基因的選擇性表達。答案:AMUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理題型一題型二【例2】 下列有關(guān)細胞和細胞全能性的表述,正確的是 ()A.植物的成熟體細胞比動物的成熟體細胞更容易實現(xiàn)全能性B.科學家已經(jīng)證實動物的成熟體細胞具有全能性C.干細胞就是體外培養(yǎng)條件下容易實現(xiàn)全能性的細胞D.在生物體內(nèi),細胞并沒有表現(xiàn)出全能性的原因是細胞核遺傳物質(zhì)改變解析目前科學家們用細胞核移植的方法證明了動物細胞的細胞核具有全能性,而整個動物細胞的全能性還沒有辦法實現(xiàn),所以植物成熟體細胞的全能性要比動物成熟體細胞的全能性更易實現(xiàn);干細胞是保持持續(xù)分裂、分化能力的細胞;生物體內(nèi)的細胞因發(fā)生了基因的選擇性表達而不能表現(xiàn)出全能性。答案AMUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理1 2 3 4 5 61下列關(guān)于細胞分化的說法,錯誤的是()A.細胞分化僅發(fā)生在胚胎時期B.細胞分化與生物發(fā)育有密切的關(guān)系C.細胞分化是生物界的一種普遍存在的生命現(xiàn)象D.細胞分化是在細胞形態(tài)、結(jié)構(gòu)和功能上發(fā)生穩(wěn)定性差異的過程解析:細胞的分化是一種普遍存在的生命現(xiàn)象,是一種持久的變化。這種變化不僅表現(xiàn)在細胞的形態(tài)、結(jié)構(gòu)上,也反映在功能上。它發(fā)生在生物體的整個生命進程中,與生物發(fā)育有密切的關(guān)系。答案:AMUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理1 2 3 4 5 62細胞分化的實質(zhì)是()A.遺傳物質(zhì)的改變B.基因的選擇性表達C.細胞的增殖D.細胞亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)的改變解析:同一個細胞的后代的遺傳物質(zhì)相同,但它們的形態(tài)、結(jié)構(gòu)、功能發(fā)生穩(wěn)定性差異,根本原因是基因的選擇性表達。答案:BMUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理1 2 3 4 5 63在細胞分化的過程中,遺傳物質(zhì)將()A.發(fā)生改變B.部分改變C.不改變D.隨機改變解析:細胞分化的實質(zhì)是基因的選擇性表達,細胞的遺傳物質(zhì)不發(fā)生改變。答案:CMUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理1 2 3 4 5 64細胞正常分化的結(jié)果是()A.增加細胞中蛋白質(zhì)的種類B.賦予不同種類細胞特異的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能C.使細胞代謝增強D.使細胞的全能性更易表現(xiàn)解析:細胞分化的結(jié)果是形成具有特定形態(tài)、結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的組織和器官,即賦予不同種類細胞特異的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能。答案:BMUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理1 2 3 4 5 65高度分化的細胞仍然有發(fā)育成完整個體的能力,也就是保持著細胞的全能性。目前能夠從體細胞培育成完整生物體的生物種類是()A.所有生物體細胞B.動物細胞C.植物細胞D.尚無發(fā)現(xiàn)解析:到目前為止,人們還沒有成功地將單個已分化的動物體細胞培育成新的個體,但能夠?qū)⒏叨确只闹参锛毎嘤赏暾闹参矬w。答案:CMUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理MUBIAODAOHANG目標導航DIANLI TOUXI典例透析SUITANGYANLIAN隨堂演練ZHONGNAN JVJIAO重難聚焦ZHISHI SHULI知識梳理1 2 3 4 5 66下圖所示的細胞類型轉(zhuǎn)換過程稱為()A.細胞融合B.細胞生長C.細胞分裂D.細胞分化解析:由題圖可知是細胞的形態(tài)、功能發(fā)生變化的過程,應(yīng)為細胞分化。答案:D