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Picture in your mind all the dishes that go to make up your ideal meal. Now take away all the dishes with meat in them. Not much left on the table? Then Joseph Pace has a word or two to say to you in an attempt to get you to change your eating habits. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 想像一下組成你理想美食的全部菜肴。再把含肉的菜肴全部拿走。桌上就所剩無幾了吧？好，約瑟夫派斯有幾句話要對你說，想勸你改變飲食習(xí)慣。 Lets Go Veggie! Joseph Pace 1 If there was a single act that would improve your health, cut your risk of food-borne illnesses, and help preserve the environment and the welfare of millions of animals, would you do it? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 咱們吃素吧! 約瑟夫派斯 如果有一件事，既能增進健康、減少患上食物引起的疾病的危險，又有助于保護環(huán)境、保護千萬動物安全生存，你做不做？ 2 The act Im referring to is the choice you make every time you sit down to a meal. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 我說的這件事就是每次坐下來就餐時挑選菜肴。 3 More than a million Canadians have already acted: They have chosen to not eat meat. And the pace of change has been dramatic. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 一百多萬加拿大人已經(jīng)行動起來：他們決定不吃肉。變化速度之快令人驚嘆。 4 Vegetarian food sales are showing unparalleled growth. Especially popular are meat-free burgers and hot dogs, and the plant-based cuisines of India, China, Mexico, Italy and Japan. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 素食品的銷售額大大增加，前所未有。尤受歡迎的是無肉漢堡包和熱狗，以及以蔬為主的印度、中國、墨西哥、意大利和日本的菜肴。 5 Fuelling the shift toward vegetarianism have been the health recommendations of medical research. Study after study has uncovered the same basic truth: Plant foods lower your risk of chronic disease; animal foods increase it. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 推動人們轉(zhuǎn)向素食的是醫(yī)學(xué)研究提出的關(guān)于如何增進健康的建議。一項又一項的研究都揭示了同樣的基本事實：果蔬降低患慢性病的危險；肉類食品則增加這種危險。 6 The American Dietetic Association says: "Scientific data suggest positive relationships between a vegetarian diet and reduced risk for several chronic degenerative diseases." -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 美國飲食學(xué)協(xié)會指出，“科學(xué)資料表明，素食與降低多種慢性變性疾病的患病危險肯定有關(guān)系?！? 7 This past fall, after reviewing 4,500 studies on diet and cancer, the World Cancer Research Fund flatly stated: "Weve been running the human biological engine on the wrong fuel." -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 去年秋天，在檢驗了4500個飲食與癌癥的研究報告之后，世界癌癥研究基金會直截了當(dāng)?shù)刂赋觯骸拔覀円幌蚶貌缓线m的養(yǎng)料來維持人類生理引擎的運轉(zhuǎn)?！? 8 This "wrong fuel" has helped boost the cost of degenerative disease in Canada to an estimated $400 billion a year, according to Bruce Holub, a professor of nutritional science at the University of Guelph. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 據(jù)威爾夫大學(xué)營養(yǎng)科學(xué)教授布魯斯霍拉勃稱，這一“不合適的養(yǎng)料”致使加拿大每年用于治療變性疾病的費用高達4000億（加）元。 9 Animal foods have serious nutritional drawbacks: They are devoid of fiber, contain far too much saturated fat and cholesterol, and may even carry traces of hormones, steroids and antibiotics. It makes little difference whether you eat beef, pork, chicken or fish. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 肉類食品存在嚴(yán)重的營養(yǎng)缺陷：它們不含纖維，含有過多的飽和脂肪和膽固醇，甚至可能含有微量的激素、類固醇和抗菌素。牛肉、豬肉、雞肉或魚肉都一樣。 10 Animal foods are also gaining notoriety as breeding grounds for E. coli, campylobacter and other bacteria that cause illness. According to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, six out of ten chickens are infected with salmonella. Its like playing Russian roulette with your health. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 肉類食品也是越來越廣為人知的大腸桿菌、彎曲菌以及其他致病細菌的孳生地。據(jù)加拿大食品檢驗機構(gòu)稱，十分之六的雞染有沙門氏菌。吃肉無異于玩俄式輪盤賭，拿你的健康做賭資。 11 So why arent governments doing anything about this? Unfortunately, they have bowed to pressure from powerful lobby groups such as the Beef Information Center, the Canadian Egg Marketing Agency and the Dairy Farmers of Canada. According to documents retrieved through the Freedom of Information Act, these groups forced changes to Canadas latest food guide before it was released in 1993. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 既然如此，政府為什么不采取任何措施？很遺憾，政府屈服于強有力的院外活動集團的壓力，如牛肉信息中心、加拿大禽蛋營銷公司、加拿大乳牛場場主協(xié)會等。根據(jù)信息自由法案獲得的有關(guān)文件記載，這些集團迫使加拿大最新食品指南在1993年公布前作出修改。 12 This should come as no surprise: Even a minor reduction in recommended intakes of animal protein could cost these industries billions of dollars a year. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 這并不奇怪。即使建議動物蛋白質(zhì)的攝入量減少一丁點兒都會給這些企業(yè)帶來每年數(shù)十億元的損失。 13 While health and food safety are compelling reasons for choosing a vegetarian lifestyle, there are also larger issues to consider. Animal-based agriculture is one of the most environmentally destructive industries on the face of the Earth. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 健康和食品安全是選擇素食生活方式令人信服的理由，但此外還有更為重大的因素要考慮。以飼養(yǎng)動物為基礎(chǔ)的農(nóng)業(yè)是世界上對環(huán)境破壞最嚴(yán)重的產(chǎn)業(yè)之一。 14 Think for a moment about the vast resources required to raise, feed, shelter, transport, process and package the 500 million Canadian farm animals slaughtered each year. Water and energy are used at every step of the way. Alberta Agriculture calculates that it takes 10 to 20 times more energy to produce meat than to produce grain. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 想一想培育、飼養(yǎng)、建牲畜欄、運輸、加工和包裝加拿大每年宰殺的5億頭牲畜所需的巨大資源。其中的每一個環(huán)節(jié)都耗費水和能源。阿爾伯達農(nóng)業(yè)署估計，生產(chǎn)肉耗費的能源比生產(chǎn)谷物多10－20倍。 15 Less than a quarter of our agricultural land is used to feed people directly. The rest is devoted to grazing and growing food for animals. Ecosystems of forest, wetland and grassland have been decimated to fuel the demand for land. Using so much land heightens topsoil loss, the use of harsh fertilizers and pesticides, and the need for irrigation water from dammed rivers. If people can shift away from meat, much of this land could be converted back to wilderness. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 用于直接為人們提供食物的土地還不到農(nóng)業(yè)用地的四分之一。其余的都用來放牧和種飼料。森林、濕地和草原的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)遭受相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重的破壞，以滿足對土地的需求。土地的大量利用加劇了表土的流失，增加了會帶來負面作用的化肥和殺蟲劑的施用，增加了從筑有水壩的河流中引水灌溉的需求。如果人們能摒棄肉食，許多土地就能回復(fù)到未開墾狀態(tài)。 16 The problem is that animals are inefficient at converting plants to edible flesh. It takes, for example, 8.4 kilograms of grain to produce one kilogram of pork, the U. S. government estimates. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 問題在于，動物在把植物轉(zhuǎn)化為可食用的肉類這方面的效率很低。舉例來說，美國政府估測，生產(chǎn)1公斤豬肉需要耗費8.4 公斤的谷物。 17 After putting so many resources into animals, what do we get out? Manure — at a rate of over 10,000 kilograms per second in Canada alone, according to the government. Environment Canada says cattle excrete 40 kilograms of manure for every kilogram of edible beef. A large egg factory can produce 50 to 100 tonnes of waste per week, the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture estimates. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 我們把這么多資源耗費在動物身上，又得到什么回報呢？糞肥—— 據(jù)官方資料，僅加拿大，就以每秒10,000多公斤的速度排出。加拿大環(huán)境部稱，牛每產(chǎn)1公斤可食牛肉需排出40公斤糞便。安大略省農(nóng)業(yè)部估測，一家大型禽蛋工廠每星期可產(chǎn)出50－100噸禽糞。 18 And where does it go? In the 1992 Ontario Groundwater Survey, 43 per cent of tested wells were contaminated with agricultural run-off containing fecal coliform bacteria and nitrates. Earlier this month, charges were laid against a large Alberta feedlot operator for dumping 30 million litres of cattle manure into the Bow River, "killing everything in its path," as a news story described it. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 這些糞便都到哪兒去了？1992年安大略省地下水調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)， 43%的被測試水井都受到含有糞便大腸桿菌和硝酸鹽等農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)排出的廢物的污染。本月初，阿爾伯達一家大型圍欄肥育地經(jīng)營者被指控將3千萬升牛糞排入博河，“沿途生靈悉數(shù)被毀”，一則新聞這么報道。 19 And then there is methane, a primary contributing gas in global warming and ozone layer depletion. Excluding natural sources, 27 per cent of Canadas and 20 per cent of the worlds methane comes from livestock. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 此外還有沼氣，那是促使全球氣候變暖和臭氧層減少的主要氣體。不把天然沼氣資源包括在內(nèi)，加拿大27%的沼氣、全世界20%的沼氣都來自牲畜。 20 John Robbins, author of the Pulitzer prize-nominated book Diet for a New America (Group West), said it best when he stated: "Eating lower on the food chain is perhaps the most potent single act we can take to halt the destruction of our environment and preserve our natural resources." -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 獲普利策提名獎的《新美洲飲食》一書作者約翰羅賓斯說得好：“食用食物鏈較低部分的食物或許是我們可用以阻止環(huán)境破壞、保護自然資源的最最有效的行動?！? 21 Our environment also includes the animals killed for their meat. It has become an accepted fact that todays factory-farmed animals live short, miserable, unnatural lives. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 我們的環(huán)境也包括為食其肉而被宰殺的動物。當(dāng)今工廠化農(nóng)場的牲畜壽命極短，過著悲慘的、不正常的生活，這已是公認的事實。 22 As part of my research at the University of Waterloo, I toured some of the countrys largest "processing" plants. The experience has left me with recurring nightmares. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 作為我在沃特盧大學(xué)研究工作的一部分，我參觀過一些全國最大的“加工”廠。這個經(jīng)歷讓我日后盡做噩夢。 23 I saw "stubborn" cows being beaten and squealing pigs chased around the killing floor with electric calipers. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 我見到“固執(zhí)”的牛被打、尖叫著的豬在屠宰室被人用電卡鉗追逐。 24 I looked on in utter shock as a cow missed the stun gun and was hoisted fully conscious upside down by its hind leg and cut to pieces, thrashing until its last breath. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 我萬分震驚地目睹一頭牛躲過了眩暈槍，結(jié)果被縛住后腿倒掛起來，慘遭活剮，一直掙扎到斷氣。 25 Noticing my shock, the foreman remarked: "Who cares? Theyre going to die anyway." -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 工頭見我驚駭不已，便說：“管它呢！它們反正得死?！? 26 Because it can cost hundreds of dollars per minute to stop the conveyor line, animal welfare comes second to profit. Over 150,000 animals are "processed" every hour of every working day in Canada, according to Agriculture Canada. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 由于傳送線停轉(zhuǎn)一分鐘就要損失好幾百元，家畜的利益就變得不如利潤重要。據(jù)加拿大農(nóng)業(yè)署稱，在加拿大，每個工作日，每小時有150,000多頭家畜被“加工”。 27 The picture gets uglier still. En route to slaughter, farm animals may legally spend anywhere from 36 to 72 hours without food, water or rest. Theyre not even afforded the "luxury" of temperature controlled trucks in extreme summer heat or sub-zero cold. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 情況變得甚至更可怕。家畜在宰殺前的運輸途中，法律允許在36－72小時內(nèi)不給進食、進水，不讓休息。即使在炎夏或零度以下的嚴(yán)冬，它們連乘溫控卡車的“奢侈”也不讓享受。 28 Agriculture Canada has estimated that more than 3 million Canadian farm animals die slow and painful deaths en route to slaughter each year. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 加拿大農(nóng)業(yè)署估計，加拿大每年有3百多萬頭家畜在宰殺前的運輸途中痛苦地慢慢死去。 29 Ive also visited typical Canadian farms. Gone are the days when piglets snorted and roosters strutted their way about the barnyard. Most of todays modernized farms have long, windowless sheds in which animals live like prisoners their entire lives. I have seen chickens crammed four to a cage, nursing pigs separated from their young by iron bars and veal calves confined to crates so narrow they couldnt turn around. Few of these animals ever experience sunlight or fresh air — and most of their natural urges are denied. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 本人還參觀過一些典型的加拿大農(nóng)場。豬崽噴著鼻息、公雞在糧倉的空場上昂首行走的日子已經(jīng)一去不復(fù)返。而今大多數(shù)的現(xiàn)代化農(nóng)場都有一個個狹長的、沒有窗戶的牲畜棚，牲畜一生關(guān)在棚里，如囚犯一般。我見到過四只雞擠在一個籠里，喂奶的母豬與豬崽被鐵條隔開，肉用小牛關(guān)在狹窄得轉(zhuǎn)不過身來的板條箱里。這些牲畜幾乎都終年不見陽光，呼吸不到新鮮空氣—— 它們天生的欲望大都得不到滿足。 30 Although it is difficult to face these harsh realities, it is even more difficult to ignore them. Three times a day, you make a decision that not only affects the quality of your life, but the rest of the living world. We hold in our knives and forks the power to change this world. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 面對這種嚴(yán)峻的現(xiàn)實固然困難，置之不理更是難上加難。一日三次，你要做出不僅影響自身生活質(zhì)量、更是事關(guān)整個有生命世界的決定。我們手里的餐刀餐叉擁有改變這個世界的力量。 31 Consider the words of Albert Einstein: "Nothing will benefit human health and increase the chances for survival of life on Earth as the Evolution to a vegetarian diet." -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 讓我們想一想阿爾伯特愛因斯坦的話吧：“沒有什么比轉(zhuǎn)向素食更有益于人類健康，更能增加世間萬物的生存機會?！? 32 Bon appetite. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 祝君胃口好。 1. ideal a. satisfying ones idea of what is perfect; most suitable 理想的，完美的 e.g. In an ideal world no one would go hungry. 2. veggie n. (infml) = vegetarian or vegetable 3. go veggie 吃素 e.g. This book is packed with useful information to help your family go veggie. 4. food-borne a. 食物引起的 e.g. Food-borne illnesses are neither long-lasting nor life-threatening. 5. refer to mention or speak of (sb. / sth.) 提到，說到 e.g. In her autobiography she occasionally refers to her unhappy schooldays. 6. vegetarian n. a person who, for moral, religious or health reasons, eats no meat 素食者；素食主義者 e.g. Of the four million people who have become vegetarians in Britain, nearly two-thirds are women. 7. unparalleled a. so great, etc. that it has no equal 無比的；空前的 e.g. They enjoyed success on a scale unparalleled by any previous pop group. 8. burger n. (infml) hamburger 漢堡包 9. cuisine n. (style of) cooking 烹飪（風(fēng)味） e.g. I can help you find what you need to know about Italian Cuisine. 10. vegetarianism n. 素食主義 e.g. Vegetarianism is very popular among young people in Britain, especially among teenage girls. 11. recommendation n. action of recommending; advice 推薦；建議 e.g. Most schools ask you to provide three letters of recommendation. 12. uncover vt. discover (sth.) previously secret or unknown 揭露；使被知道 e.g. The investigation uncovered evidence of a large-scale illegal trade in wild birds. 13. chronic a. (esp. of a disease) lasting for a long time; continually recurring （尤指疾?。┞缘?，長期的；連續(xù)復(fù)發(fā)的 e.g. Chronic diseases are among the most common and costly health problems. 14. dietetic a. 飲食(學(xué))的 e.g. Children who are overweight or underweight may benefit from expert dietetic advice. 15. association n. 協(xié)會；聯(lián)盟；社團 e.g. the British Medical Association 16. degenerative a. (of a medical condition) getting or likely to get worse 衰退的，退化的 e.g. We should try to change the situation that led to degenerative disease. 17. flatly ad. in an outright, direct manner 斷然，直截了當(dāng)?shù)? e.g. He flatly denied that he saw what had happened. 18. biological a. 生物的 e.g. The biological rhythm of a plant is affected by light and heat. 19. boost vt. increase the strength or value of (sth.) 增加；提高 e.g. The theatre managed to boost its audiences by cutting ticket prices. 20. nutritional a. 營養(yǎng)的 e.g. Chemical sweeteners have no nutritional value. 21. drawback n. disadvantage or problem 不利條件；欠缺；障礙 e.g. One of the drawbacks of living with someone is having to share a bathroom. 22. devoid a. empty (of); lacking (in) 空的;缺少的 23. devoid of without (sth.); completely lacking in (sth.) 沒有；毫無 e.g. He seems to be devoid of any compassion whatsoever. 24. fiber n. 纖維 e.g. When shopping, one must be familiar with the calorie and fiber content of all foods. 25. cholesterol n. 膽固醇 e.g. Cholesterol can be both good and bad, so its important to learn what cholesterol is. 26. trace n. very small amount; mark, sign, etc. showing what has existed or happened 極微的量；蹤跡；形跡 e.g. Traces of drugs were found in his blood. 27. hormone n. 激素，荷爾蒙 e.g. Growth hormones make livestock gain weight more quickly on less feed. 28. steroid n. 類化合物，類固醇 e.g. Many individuals past and present have utilize steroids for athletic prestige. 29. antibiotic n. 抗菌素，抗生素 e.g. Im taking antibiotics for a throat infection. 30. notoriety n. fame for being bad in some way 臭名昭著 e.g. He gained notoriety for murdering eleven women in the north of England. 31. E. coli abbr. Escherichia coli 大腸桿菌 e.g. The E. coli bacteria are eventually mixed into the meat. 32. campylobacter n. 彎曲菌 e.g. Freezing reduces the number of Campylobacter bacteria present on raw meat. 33. bacteria (singular bacterium) n. 細菌 e.g. Bacteria grow in a wide variety of conditions. 34. inspection n. 檢驗 35. inspect vt. examine (sth.) closely 檢驗，檢查 e.g. She arrived to make a health and safety inspection of the building. 36. agency n. a business or organization providing a usu. specified service （行政或智能）機構(gòu) e.g. the Central Intelligence Agency 37. infect vt. (of harmful bacteria, etc.) enter the body of (a person or an animal) and cause disease 傳染 e.g. The flu virus infected almost the entire class. 38. salmonella n. 沙門（氏）菌 39. roulette n. 輪盤賭 e.g. There are two different types of Roulette wheels: the American Wheel and the European Wheel. 40. unfortunately ad. regrettably; unluckily 遺憾地；不幸地 e.g. Unfortunately it rained all day. 41. bow vi. bend the head or body as a sign of respect 俯（首）或欠（身）致敬 42. bow to submit to (sth.); accept or obey (sth.) 屈服，服從 e.g. Eventually the government was forced to bow to public pressure and reform the tax. 43. marketing n. 營銷 e.g. a marketing strategy 44. dairy n. place where milk is kept and milk products are made 牛奶場；奶品場 e.g. Many Americans, including some vegetarians, still consume large amounts of dairy products. 45. document n. paper that gives information, proof, or support of sth. 文件；公文；文獻 e.g. Mr. Clark provided a copy of confidential document to a newspaper reporter. 46. retrieve vt. get (sth.) back 重新得到；取回 e.g. Computers are used to store and retrieve information efficiently. 47. intake n. the amount or number allowed to enter, or taken in; the process of taking a substance into a body or a machine 吃或吸收的量；吸入；納入 e.g. If our energy intake balances our energy expenditure, our weight remains stable. 48. lifestyle n. the way in which an individual or a group lives 生活方式 e.g. He doesnt have a very healthy lifestyle. 49. environmentally ad. 在環(huán)境方面 e.g. Many countries have raised taxes on environmentally destructive products and activities. 50. package vt. make (sth.) into or put (sth.) in a bag, box, etc. 把…打包；把…裝箱；包裝 e.g. These organic olives are packaged in recycled glass containers. 51. graze v. use (land) to feed cattle, etc. 用（地）養(yǎng)牛 e.g. The farmer grazes cattle on this land in the summer months. 52. wetland n. damp area of land 濕地 e.g. If you visit a wetland and look closely, you will discover some fascinating creatures. 53. grassland n. land covered with grass, esp. as used for grazing 草原；草地；（尤指）草場 e.g. Did you know that grasslands are found on every continent except Antarctica? 54. decimate vt. (infml) reduce (sth.) considerably 相當(dāng)程度地減少 e.g. Populations of endangered animals have been decimated. 55. heighten v. (cause sth. to) become higher or more intense （使）提高，加強 e.g. This will heighten your enjoyment. 56. topsoil n. 表土（層）；土壤耕種層 e.g. Roots hold the moisture-absorbing fertile topsoil in place during flooding. 57. fertilizer n. 肥料 e.g. For centuries, fish have been recognized as an excellent fertilizer source. 58. pesticide n. 殺蟲劑；農(nóng)藥 e.g. Our children are in danger from pesticides. 59. irrigation n. 灌溉 e.g. Drip irrigation can be a great aid to the efficient use of water. 60. dam vt. build a dam across (a river, etc.) 建水壩子（河等） e.g. To dam a riv