英語過去完成時的用法總結(jié)及練習(xí)題附答案.doc

定義過去完成時(past perfect)表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作或狀態(tài)。 它表示句子中描述的動作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”。 基本結(jié)構(gòu)主語+had+過去分詞vpp.(done) 肯定句：主語+had+過去分詞. 否定句：主語+had+not+過去分詞. 一般疑問句：Had+主語+過去分詞? 肯定回答：Yes,主語+had. 否定回答：No,主語+had not . 特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞或詞組+一般疑問句（Had+主語+過去分詞）？ 基本用法（1）表示在過去某一時刻或動作以前完成了的動作，也可以說過去的時間關(guān)于過去的動作。即“過去的過去”。可以用by, before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句來表示，也可以用一個表示過去的動作來表示，還可能通過上下文來表示。 例如： By nine oclock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9點(diǎn)鐘，我們已經(jīng)收到200 張飛船發(fā)來的圖片。 （2）表示由過去的某一時刻開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時間的動作或狀態(tài)，常和for, since構(gòu)成的時間狀語連用。 例如： I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 當(dāng)車來的時候，我在車站已等了20分鐘。 He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他說自從1949年以來他就在那家工廠工作。 （3）敘述過去發(fā)生的事情，在已敘述了過去發(fā)生的事情后，反過來追述或補(bǔ)述以前發(fā)生的動作時，常使用過去完成時。 例如： Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。 I didnt know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. 我對動詞一無所知，因?yàn)槲覜]有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課。 （4）在含有定語從句的主從復(fù)合句中，如果敘述的是過去的事，先發(fā)生的動作常用過去完成時。 例如： I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已歸還了我借的書。 She found the key that she had lost. 她丟失的鑰匙找到了。 （5）過去完成時常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等動詞后的賓語從句（或間接引語）中，這時從句中的動作發(fā)生在主句表示的過去的動作之前。 例如： He said that he had known her well. 他說他很熟悉她。 I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我認(rèn)為我一星期前就把信寄出去了。 （6） 狀語從句：在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中，發(fā)生在前，用過去完成時；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時。 如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引導(dǎo)的 例如： When I woke up, it had already stopped raining. 我醒來時雨已停了。 She didnt go to bed until she had finished her work. 她直到把工作做完之后才睡覺。 注意：如果兩個動作緊接著發(fā)生，則常常不用過去完成時，特別是在包含before和after的復(fù)合句中，因?yàn)?這 時從句的動作和主句的動作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確，這時可以用一般過去時代替過去完成時。 例如： After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 馬克思到達(dá)英格蘭之后，努力提高他的英語水平。 （7）動詞think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用過去完成時來表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法，希望，打算或意圖等。 例如： They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他們本來打算去幫忙，但沒有及時趕到那里。 We had hoped to be able to come and see you . 我們本來希望能來看看你。 （8）過去完成時還可用在hardlywhen, no soonerthan, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)等固定句型中。 例如：Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他剛開始演講，聽眾就打斷了他。 No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他剛到就又走了。 It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 這是他那一年第三次失業(yè)了。 時間狀語 before,when,after,by+,until, once,had no soonerthan，yet，already等。 過去完成時-語法判定1. 由時間狀語來判定 一般說來，各種時態(tài)都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有： （ 1 ） by + 過去的時間點(diǎn)。如： I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of + 過去的時間點(diǎn)。如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 過去的時間點(diǎn)。如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由“過去的過去”來判定。 過去完成時表示“過去的過去”，是指過去某一動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作，即動作有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的用過去完成時，在后的用一般過去時。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在： （ 1 ）賓語從句中 當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時，且從句的動作先于主句的動作時，從句要用過去完成時。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。如： She said that she had seen the film before. （ 2 ）狀語從句中 在時間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的，要用過去完成時，動作在后的要用一般過去時。如： After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意： before, after 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時。如： After he closed the door, he left the classroom. （3）表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示"原本，未能" We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. 3. 根據(jù)上、下文來判定。 I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing. 過去完成時-語法區(qū)別一、 過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時表示的動作發(fā)生在過去，以現(xiàn)在的時間為基點(diǎn)，但側(cè)重對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響，與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動詞 have (has) + 過去分詞”；過去完成時則是一個相對的時態(tài)，以過去時間為基點(diǎn)，它所表示的動作不僅發(fā)生在過去，更強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”，只有和過去某時或某動作相比較時，才用到它。 比較：I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會了 1000 個英語單詞。 I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那時為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會了 1000 個英語單詞。 Im sorry to keep you waiting. 對不起，讓你久等了。 Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.沒什么，我只等了幾分鐘。（“等”的動作從過去某一時間點(diǎn)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在） 二、過去完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別雖然這兩種時態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，但在使用時應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)： 1. 時間狀語不同：過去完成時在時間上強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”；而一般過去時只強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一特定的時間。 比較：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 2. 在沒有明確的過去時間狀語作標(biāo)志時，謂語動詞動作發(fā)生的時間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷：先發(fā)生的用過去完成時，后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時。 She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition. 3. 當(dāng)兩個或兩個以上接連發(fā)生的動作用 and 或 but 連接時，按時間順序，只需用一般過去時來代替過去完成時；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引導(dǎo)的從句中，由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時間的先后，因此也可以用過去時來代替過去完成時。 He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.過去完成時專項(xiàng)練習(xí)一.用動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1. We _ (paint) the house before we _ (move) in.2. That rich old man _ (make) a will before he _ (die).3. They _ (study) the map of the country before they _ (leave).4. The robbers _ (run away ) before the policemen_ (arrive).5. I _ (turn off) all the lights before I _ (go) to bed.6. Paul _ (go) out with Jane after he _ (make) a phone call.7. Tom _ (say) he _ (read) the book twice.8. Our plan _ (fail ) because we _ (make) a bad mistake.9. When the chairman _ (finish) speaking, he _ (leave)the hall.10.The Reads _ _ (have) lunch when I _(get) to their house.11.When I _(arrive) at the station, he _(leave).12.We _(learn) about 4000 English words by the end of last term.13. I waited until he _(finish) his homework.14. We were surprised at what she _already _(do)15.She _(not go) to Qingdao because she _ (be) there before.16. He _(not tell) you the news yet. 17. He said he _already_(give) the book to the teacher.18. I _(be) to Shanghai before. 19. She told me she _(be) to Sanya three times.20.She _(play) the guitar while her sister_(sing).二句型轉(zhuǎn)換1I had sold the ticket when she came.（改否定句）2.She had sung a song to us before she danced.（改否定句）3.They began to climb the mountain after they had bought all the food and drinks.（否定）4.By 10:00 a.m, I had been very hungry. （改一般疑問）5.Lucy had already completed the project when I arrived.（改一般疑問）6.By the time he got to the airport, the plane had taken off. （改一般疑問）7.He had broken his arm when I saw him.（對劃線部分提問）8.When he had read the note, he ate it. （對劃線部分提問）9.Jack didnt go to the cinema because he had seen the film. （對劃線部分提問）10.We had had the toys for ten years before we gave them to the child. （對劃線部分提問）11.She had written the book by the end of 1960. （對劃線部分提問）12.We cooked the dumplings. We ate them up. （用過去完成時連接兩句）13.Jims father mended the car. It was broken. （用過去完成時連接兩句）14.We had our tests. Then we had a long holiday.( 用過去完成時連接兩句)After we _, we _ 15.He showed us the picture. Then he showed us around the house. 用過去完成時連接兩句)Before he _, he_.參考答案：一.用動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1. had painted. moved 2. had made . died 3. had studiedleft4. had run away.arrived5. had turned off went 6. went had made 7. said had read 8 failed had made 9. (had) finished left 10. were having/had had got 11. arrived .had left 12. had learned 13. (had) finished 14. had .done 15 didnt go had been 16. hasnt told 17 had given 18. have been 19. had been 20. was playing was singing二句型轉(zhuǎn)換1I hadnt sold the ticket when she came. 2. She hadnt sung a song to us before she danced. 3. They didnt begin to climb the mountain after they had bought all the food and drinks.4. Had you been very hungry by 10:00 a.m? 5. Had Lucy completed the project when I arrived yet? 6. Had the plane taken off by the time he got to the airport? 7. What had he done when you saw him? 8.What did he do when he had read the note? 9. Why didnt Jack go to the cinema? 10. How long had you/we had the toys before you/we gave them to the child? 11.What had she written by the end of 1960? 12.After we had cooked the dumplings, we ate them up. 13.Jims father mended the car because it had been broken. 14.After we had had our tests, we had a long holiday. 15. Before he showed us around the house, he had showed us the picture.