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專題一 閱讀理解 第2課時(shí) 高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚-鎖定主旨大意類題目 題組一　體驗(yàn)真題 Passage 1 體裁：議論文　話題：沉默的解讀　詞數(shù)：329　時(shí)間：7′ (2016全國(guó)卷Ⅰ，D)The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups.Silences may be thoughtful，or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say.A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness，or worry.Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap (間隙) with conversation.Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person’s needs. Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people，just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do.Therefore，when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops，what maybe implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.In these cultures，silence is a call for reflection. Other cultures may use silence in other ways，particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power.For example，Russian，F(xiàn)rench，and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion.However，Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her.In still another use，persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect，particularly to an elder or a person in authority. Nurses and other care－givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing.Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily.A nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　這是一篇議論文。不同的文化對(duì)于沉默有著不同的解讀。有的認(rèn)為沉默意味著深思熟慮或腦海中一片空白；有的認(rèn)為沉默就是執(zhí)拗；也有的把沉默當(dāng)成理解他人的必備談話技巧而倍加珍視。 1．What does the author say about silence in conversations? A．It implies anger. B．It promotes friendship. C．It is culture－specific. D．It is content－based. 答案　C　[推理判斷題。由第一段中的thoughtful，empty，stubbornness，extremely uncomfortable，necessity等關(guān)鍵詞可以看出，不同文化對(duì)于沉默的解讀是有很大差異的，意即它與特定的文化有關(guān)。因此答案為C。] 2．Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought? A．The Chinese. B．The French. C．The Mexicans. D．The Russians. 答案　A　[推理判斷題。題干中的“as a call for careful thought”與第二段末句“a call for reflection”相對(duì)應(yīng)，reflection意思是“審慎的思考”，再聯(lián)系本段首句可知答案為A。] 3．What does the author advise nurses to do about silence? A．Let it continue as the patient pleases. B．Break it while treating patients. C．Evaluate its harm to patients. D．Make use of its healing effects. 答案　D　[推理判斷題。第四段講述護(hù)理人員對(duì)于病人沉默的處理技巧。由末句可知答案只能選D。] 4．What may be the best title for the text? A．Sound and Silence B．What It Means to Be Silent C．Silence to Native Americans D．Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold 答案　B　[標(biāo)題歸納題。全文自始至終都是圍繞沉默而展開(kāi)，論述其在不同文化中的含義及影響。因此答案為B。值得注意的是，D項(xiàng)(言語(yǔ)是銀，沉默是金)迷惑性較大，但用它作標(biāo)題，過(guò)于片面，不能概括全文。] Passage 2 體裁：說(shuō)明文　話題：圖書(shū)分享活動(dòng)　詞數(shù)：250　時(shí)間：6′ (2016全國(guó)卷Ⅱ，C)Reading can be a social activity.Think of the people who belong to book groups.They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them.Now，the website BookCrossing.com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group. Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share.BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book.Then the person leaves it in a public place，hoping that the book will have an adventure，traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it． Bruce Peterson，the managing director of BookCrossing，says，“The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read.BookCrossing combines both.” Members leave books on park benches and buses，in train stations and coffee shops.Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it. People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it.E－mails are then sent to the BookCrossing to keep them updated about where their books have been found.Bruce Peterson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home. BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the “real” and not the virtual(虛擬)．The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty－five countries. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　這是一篇說(shuō)明文。主要介紹了BookCrossing.com網(wǎng)站所舉辦的圖書(shū)分享活動(dòng)，內(nèi)容涉及這一活動(dòng)的目的和一些具體情況。 5．Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph? A．To explain what they are. B．To introduce BookCrossing. C．To stress the importance of reading. D．To encourage readers to share their ideas. 答案　B　[目的意圖題。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容可知，作者談到讀書(shū)小組經(jīng)常在一起閱讀、討論，是為了介紹有此功能的BookCrossing.com網(wǎng)站。] 6．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．The book. B．An adventure. C．A public place. D．The identification number. 答案　A　[代詞指代題。根據(jù)本句的內(nèi)容可知，那些把書(shū)留在在公共場(chǎng)所的人希望自己的書(shū)能夠隨著閱讀它的人走得更遠(yuǎn)。本句的it指代前面的the book。] 7．What will a BookCrosser do with a book after reading it? A．Meet other readers to discuss it. B．Keep it safe in his bookcase. C．Pass it on to another reader. D．Mail it back to its owner. 答案　C　[推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段最后一句話可知，讓書(shū)蒙塵是一種很自私的行為，這個(gè)網(wǎng)站的目的正是鼓勵(lì)人們與他人分享圖書(shū)，所以拿到書(shū)的人讀完后最有可能繼續(xù)把書(shū)傳遞給其他的讀者。] 8．What is the best title for the text? A．Online Reading: A Virtual Tour B．Electronic Books: A new Trend C．A Book Group Brings Tradition Back D．A Website Links People through Books 答案　D　[標(biāo)題概括題。通讀全文可知，這個(gè)網(wǎng)站把人們生命中最重要的兩個(gè)事物——人和書(shū)緊密聯(lián)系在一起。故D項(xiàng)最能概括全文主旨。] Passage 3 體裁：說(shuō)明文　話題：蘋(píng)果節(jié)　詞數(shù)：277　時(shí)間：7′ (2016全國(guó)卷Ⅲ，C)If you are a fruit grower—or would like to become one—take advantage of Apple Day to see what’s around.It’s called Apple Day but in practice it’s more like Apple Month.The day itself is on October 21，but since it has caught on，events now spread out over most of October around Britain. Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see，and often taste，a wide variety of apples.To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets，it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence，such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.Although it doesn’t taste of anything special，it’s still worth a try，as is the knobbly(多疙瘩的) Cat’s Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else. There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions.One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette，but you’ll need a warm，sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it，so it’s a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it. At the events，you can meet expert growers and discuss which ones will best suit your conditions，and because these are family affairs，children are well catered for with apple－themed fun and games. Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places with an interest in fruit，including stately gardens and commercial orchards(果園)．If you want to have a real orchard experience，try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale，near Faversham in Kent. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要介紹了英國(guó)的蘋(píng)果節(jié)。 9．What can people do at the apple events? A．Attend experts’ lectures. B．Visit fruit－loving families. C．Plant fruit trees in an orchard. D．Taste many kinds of apples. 答案　D　[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中首句Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see，and often taste，a wide variety of apples.可知，在蘋(píng)果節(jié)人們可以嘗到各種各樣的蘋(píng)果。故選 D。] 10．What can we learn about Decio? A．It is a new variety. B．It has a strange look. C．It is rarely seen now. D．It has a special taste. 答案　C　[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段末句．..as is the knobbly(多疙瘩的) Cat’s Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else.可知，Decio是一種很罕見(jiàn)的蘋(píng)果。故選C。] 11．What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean? A．A practical idea. B．A vain hope. C．A brilliant plan. D．A selfish desire. 答案　B　[詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)．..but you’ll need a warm，sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it，和．..for most apple lovers who fall for it.可知，對(duì)大多數(shù)蘋(píng)果愛(ài)好者來(lái)說(shuō)，種植這種蘋(píng)果是無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)的。故選B。] 12．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To show how to grow apples. B．To introduce an apple festival. C．To help people select apples. D．To promote apple research. 答案　B　[寫(xiě)作意圖題?？v觀全文推知，作者主要介紹了英國(guó)的蘋(píng)果節(jié)。故選B。] Passage 4 體裁：說(shuō)明文　話題：食品　詞數(shù)：320　時(shí)間：7′ (2015安徽卷，E)Food serves as a form of communication in two fundamental ways.Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust.Food can also have a specific meaning，and play a significant role in a family or culture’s celebrations or traditions.The foods we eat—and when and how we eat them—are often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between rural (農(nóng)村的) and urban areas within one country. Sharing bread，whether during a special occasion (時(shí)刻) or at the family dinner table，is a common symbol of togetherness.Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared among the guests.Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread，so this tradition hits its roots in the custom of sharing bread. Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations.In the southern United States，pieces of corn bread represent blocks of gold for prosperity (興旺) in the New Year.In Greece，people share a special cake called vasilopita.A coin is put into the cake，which signifies (預(yù)示) success in the New Year for the person who receives it. Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child，and food can play a significant role.In China，when a baby is one month old，families name and welcome their child in a celebration that includes giving red－colored eggs to guests.In many cultures，round foods such as grapes，bread，and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity. Nutrition is necessary for life，so it is not surprising that food is such an important part of different cultures around the world. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　該篇介紹了食品作為一種交流的兩個(gè)基本方面，來(lái)說(shuō)明它是世界各地不同文化的一個(gè)重要組成部分。 13．According to the passage，sharing bread________． A．indicates a lack of food B．can help to develop unity C．is a custom unique to rural areas D．has its roots in birthday celebrations 答案　B　[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段．..can promote unity and trust可知。] 14．What does the coin in vasilopita signify for its receiver in the New Year? A．Trust. B．Success. C．Health. D．Togetherness. 答案　B　[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段signifies (預(yù)示)．..success in the New Year可知。] 15．The author explains the role of food in celebrations by________． A．using examples B．making comparisons C．a(chǎn)nalyzing causes D．describing processes 答案　A　[推理判斷題。由第三段可知。] 16．What is the passage mainly about? A．The custom of sharing food. B．The specific meaning of food. C．The role of food in ceremonies. D．The importance of food in culture. 答案　D　[主旨大意題。由最后一段可知。] Passage 5 體裁：說(shuō)明文　話題：藝術(shù)　詞數(shù)：360　時(shí)間：8′ (2015重慶卷，E)The values of artistic works，according to cultural relativism(相對(duì)主義)，are simply reflections of local social and economic conditions.Such a view，however，fails to explain the ability of some works of art to excite the human mind across cultures and through centuries. History has witnessed the endless productions of Shakespearean plays in every major language of the world.It is never rare to find that Mozart packs Japanese concert halls，as Japanese painter Hiroshige does Paris galleries.Unique works of this kind are different from today’s popular art，even if they began as works of popular art.They have set themselves apart in their timeless appeal and will probably be enjoyed for centuries into the future. In a 1757 essay，the philosopher David Hume argued that because“the general principles of taste are uniform(不變的) in human nature，”the value of some works of art might be essentially permanent.He observed that Homer was still admired after two thousand years.Works of this type，he believed，spoke to deep and unvarying features of human nature and could continue to exist over centuries. Now researchers are applying scientific methods to the study of the universality of art.For example，evolutionary psychology is being used by literary scholars to explain the long－lasting themes and plot devices in fiction.The structures of musical pieces are now open to experimental analysis as never before.Research findings seem to indicate that the creation by a great artist is as permanent an achievement as the discovery by a great scientist. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　本文是說(shuō)明文，主要介紹了藝術(shù)作品是永恒受歡迎的，原因是人類的審美具有共同性，并且就此展開(kāi)說(shuō)明。 17．According to the passage，what do we know about cultural relativism? A．It introduces different cultural values. B．It explains the history of artistic works. C．It relates artistic values to local conditions. D．It excites the human mind throughout the world. 答案　C　[細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)文章第一句可知相對(duì)主義文化是地方社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況的反應(yīng)。故選擇C。] 18．In Paragraph 2，the artists are mentioned in order to show that ________． A．great works of art can go beyond national boundaries B．history gives art works special appeal to set them apart C．popular arts are hardly distinguishable from great arts D．great artists are skilled at combining various cultures 答案　A　[細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)第二段列舉的三個(gè)例子可以看出藝術(shù)作品是沒(méi)有國(guó)界的。故選擇A。] 19．According to Hume，some works of art can exist for centuries because ________． A．they are results of scientific study B．they establish some general principles of art C．they are created by the world’s greatest artists D．they appeal to unchanging features of human nature 答案　D　[細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段第一句the philosopher David Hume argued that because“the general principles of taste are uniform(不變的) in human nature，”the value of some works of art might be essentially permanent.可知，選擇D。] 20．Which of the following can best serve as the title of the passage? A．Are Artistic Values Universal? B．Are Popular Arts Permanent? C．Is Human Nature Uniform? D．Is Cultural Relativism Scientific? 答案　A　[主旨大意題。本文主要介紹了藝術(shù)作品是永恒受歡迎的，因此其價(jià)值也是共同的。] 題組二　嘗試模擬 Passage 1 (2016青島高三模擬)Budget cuts and an increased focus on testing have made field trips，once a popular way to get students out of the classroom，increasingly rare. “Local school districts don’t have the funds (money kept for particular purposes) anymore，” says Stephanie Norby，director of the Smithsonian Center for Education and Museum Studies in Washington，D.C.The Smithsonian museums are some of the most popular field trip destinations in the country.Although there is little hard data to definitively prove that schools are taking fewer field trips，Norby says it seems as though fewer schools have visited the Smithsonian in recent years. Money once spent on field trips is being spent to help students prepare for standardized tests that might make or break a teacher’s evaluation，according to Randi Weingarten，president of the American Federation of Teachers，a union that represents more than 1 million educators nationwide. “In school these days，if people have a dollar to spare，they spend it on test prep because they get regulated there，” she says. Field trips provide students with a window to the real world that they don’t get in the classroom，and they can help students understand real－world applications of seemingly abstract topics in math and science，says Weingarten. Susan Singer，CEO of Field Trip Factory，an organization that has spent the last 18 years designing free field trip outlines for schools nationwide，says she thinks schools are merely scheduling around testing. “During testing periods，we don’t see a lot of field trips，” she says.“Either right before or right after a standardized test，we get a shut door.” Spending time outside the classroom doesn’t mean students aren’t learning knowledge that could show up on standardized tests.Several studies have shown that students acquire more information and skills through the type of experience－based learning that field trips provide when compared to in－class learning. A field trip should be relevant to topics students are studying in school.That way，the Smithsonian’s Norby says，it will have a lasting effect. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　本文是議論文。因?yàn)轭A(yù)算減少、忙于備考，學(xué)校組織的實(shí)地考查正在減少。 1．Why is it difficult for schools to take field trips according to Norby? A．Students dislike the trips. B．They are short of finances. C．They have fewer destinations. D．Field trips are harder to organize. 答案　B　[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段中的Local school districts don’t have the funds (money kept for particular purposes) anymore可知，學(xué)校沒(méi)有?？钣糜趯?shí)地考查，因此開(kāi)展實(shí)地考查變得困難了。] 2．What do we learn from Weingarten? A．Standardized tests can measure student learning. B．Money for field trips is used for test preparation. C．Schools’ education budgets are properly regulated. D．Schools encourage students to know the real world. 答案　B　[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段中的Money once spent on field trips is being spent to help students prepare for standardized tests可知，Weingarten說(shuō)用于實(shí)地考查的資金被用在備考上了。] 3．In the author’s opinion，field trips ________． A．may lead to lower test scores B．sometimes waste a lot of time C．help students gain more knowledge D．a(chǎn)re less important than in－class learning 答案　C　[推理判斷題。由倒數(shù)第二段可知，作者認(rèn)為實(shí)地考查能夠幫助學(xué)生獲得更多的知識(shí)。] 4．The text is mainly about ________． A．the advantages of in－class learning B．the effect of standardized tests C．the problem of budget cuts D．the decline of field trips 答案　D　[主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，本文主要關(guān)注的是實(shí)地考查減少的問(wèn)題。] Passage 2 (2016石家莊市高三調(diào)研)Shopping centers，stadiums and universities may soon have a new tool to help fight crime. A California company called Knightscope says its robots can predict and prevent crime.Knightscope says the goal is to reduce crime by half in areas the robots guard. William Santana Li is the chief executive officer of Knightscope.He says，“These robot security guards will change the world.Our planet has seven billion people on it.It’s going to quickly get to nine billion people.The security equipment that we have globally is just not going to develop that fast.The company’s Autonomous Data Machines can become the eyes and ears of law enforcement (執(zhí)行)．” “You want it to be machines plus humans.Let the machines do the heavy and sometimes dangerous work and let the humans do the strategic decision－making work，so it’s always working all together.” The machines are one and a half meters tall and weigh 136 kilograms.They do not carry weapons but they have day and night time video cameras which are able to turn 360 degrees and can also sense chemical and biological weapons. Some people may become concerned about their privacy，especially in connection with the video recordings.Some people may worry that such recordings will appear on the Internet.Eugene Volokh，a law professor at the University of California，says the machines have to be used in the right way and it will be interesting to see how state laws deal with this kind of video. William Santana Li says there is a long waiting list for the robots in the US.Workers in the company are working overtime to meet the demands of the market.At least 25 other countries are also interested in these robotic security guards. 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】　本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要介紹了一款新型的預(yù)防犯罪的機(jī)器人。 5．What can this new tool do for humans? A．Make strategic decisions. B．Keep watching day and night. C．Carry heavy weapons. D．Stop crime autonomously. 答案　B　[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段的第二句“They do not carry weapons but they have day and night time video cameras which are able to turn 360 degrees and can also sense chemical and biological weapons”可知，這種機(jī)器人的功能就是能夠日夜不停地執(zhí)勤站崗。] 6．Why are people worried? A．Their privacy may be let out. B．The robots are very expensive. C．Robots will replace humans. D．They will be out of work soon. 答案　A　[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段的第一句“Some people may become concerned about their privacy，especially in connection with the video recordings”可知，一些人擔(dān)憂這種機(jī)器人所攜帶的攝像機(jī)會(huì)記錄其隱私，其隱私有可能會(huì)被泄露。] 7．Which of the following can be the best title of the text?