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I 摘要 車床主要是為了進(jìn)行車外圓、車端面和鏜孔等項(xiàng)工作而設(shè)計的機(jī)床。車削很少在其 他種類的機(jī)床上進(jìn)行，而且任何一種其他機(jī)床都不能像車床那樣方便地進(jìn)行車削加工。 由于車床還可以用來鉆孔和鉸孔，車床的多功能性可以使工件在一次安裝中完成幾種加 工。因此，在生產(chǎn)中使用的各種車床比任何其他種類的機(jī)床都多。 車床的基本部件有：床身、主軸箱組件、尾座組件、溜板組件、絲杠和光杠。 主軸箱安裝在內(nèi)側(cè)導(dǎo)軌的固定位置上，一般在床身的左端。它提供動力，并可使工 件在各種速度下回轉(zhuǎn)。它基本上由一個安裝在精密軸承中的空心主軸和一系列變速齒輪 (類似于卡車變速箱)所組成。通過變速齒輪，主軸可以在許多種轉(zhuǎn)速下旋轉(zhuǎn)。大多數(shù)車 床有 8~12 種轉(zhuǎn)速，一般按等比級數(shù)排列。而且在現(xiàn)代機(jī)床上只需扳動 2~4 個手柄，就能 得到全部轉(zhuǎn)速。一種正在不斷增長的趨勢是通過電氣的或者機(jī)械的裝置進(jìn)行無級變速。 由于機(jī)床的精度在很大程度上取決于主軸，因此，主軸的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸較大，通常安裝 在預(yù)緊后的重型圓錐滾子軸承或球軸承中。主軸中有一個貫穿全長的通孔，長棒料可以 通過該孔送料。主軸孔的大小是車床的一個重要尺寸，因此當(dāng)工件必須通過主軸孔供料 時，它確定了能夠加工的棒料毛坯的最大尺寸。 關(guān)鍵字：車床；主軸箱組件；主軸；無級變速 II Abstract Lathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring, Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the work piece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool. The essential components of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, and the leads crew and feed rod. The headstock is mounted in a foxed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end of the bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the word at various speeds . Essentially, it consists of a hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gears- similar to a truck transmission—through which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives. Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy bearings, usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types. The spindle has a hole extending through its length, through which long bar stock can be fed. The size of maximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through spindle. Key words: Lathes; headstock assembly; variable speed; 無錫太湖學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書 6 目錄 摘要 ......................................................................III ABSTRACT ...................................................................IV 1 緒論 ......................................................................1 1.1 畢業(yè)設(shè)計的目的 .........................................................1 1.2 機(jī)床主傳動系統(tǒng)設(shè)計要求 .................................................1 2 車床參數(shù)的擬定 ............................................................2 2.1 車床主參數(shù)和基本參數(shù) ...................................................2 2.1.1 極限切削速度 Vmax、Vmin 的確定 ......................................2 2.1.2 主軸的極限轉(zhuǎn)速的確定 ...............................................2 2.1.3 主軸轉(zhuǎn)速級數(shù)和公比的確定 ...........................................3 2.1.4 主電機(jī)的選擇 .......................................................3 3 主傳動系統(tǒng)設(shè)計 ............................................................6 3.1 傳動結(jié)構(gòu)式、結(jié)構(gòu)網(wǎng)、轉(zhuǎn)速圖的確定 .......................................6 3.1.1 傳動形式的確定 .....................................................6 3.1.2 傳動組及各傳動組中傳動副的數(shù)目 .....................................6 3.1.3 傳動系統(tǒng)擴(kuò)大順序的安排 .............................................7 3.1.4 繪制轉(zhuǎn)速圖 .........................................................7 3.1.5 轉(zhuǎn)速圖的擬定 .......................................................7 3.1.6 分配降速比 .........................................................8 3.2 齒輪齒數(shù)的確定及傳動系統(tǒng)圖的繪制 ......................................10 3.2.1 帶輪確定 ..........................................................10 3.2.2 齒輪齒數(shù)的確定的要求 ..............................................14 4 強(qiáng)度計算和結(jié)構(gòu)草圖設(shè)計 ...................................................17 4.1 確定計算轉(zhuǎn)速 ..........................................................17 4.1.1 各軸、齒輪的計算轉(zhuǎn)速 ..............................................17 4.2 軸的估算和驗(yàn)算 ........................................................19 4.2.1 主軸的設(shè)計與計算 ..................................................19 4.2.2 傳動軸直徑的估算 ..................................................22 4.3 齒輪模數(shù)的估算和計算 ..................................................24 4.3.1 齒輪模數(shù)的估算 ....................................................24 4.3.2 齒輪模數(shù)的驗(yàn)算 ....................................................26 CA6140 車床主軸變速箱的設(shè)計 7 4.4 軸承的選擇與校核 ......................................................31 4.4.1 一般傳動軸上的軸承選擇 ............................................31 4.4.2 主軸軸承的類型 ....................................................31 4.4.3 軸承間隙調(diào)整和預(yù)緊 ...............................................33 4.4.4 軸承的較核 ........................................................34 4.4.5 軸承的密封和潤滑 ..................................................36 4.5 片式摩擦離合器的選擇與驗(yàn)算 ............................................36 4.5.1 按扭矩選擇 ........................................................36 4.5.2 片式離合器的計算 ..................................................36 4.5.3 計算摩擦面的對數(shù) Z.................................................37 5 主軸箱的箱體設(shè)計 .........................................................39 6 結(jié)論與展望 ...............................................................40 6.1 結(jié)論 ..................................................................40 6.2 展望 ..................................................................40 致 謝 ......................................................................41 參考文獻(xiàn) ...................................................................42