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附 錄
A Little Brief Introduction Of Clutch
Nowadays the pioneers of the clutch disc, clutch disc is more pieces of it until 1925 later. The multi-gear clutch main advantage is that car started the clutch engagement is no impact on the smooth. Early in the design, layout design, according to slice pairs of a steel plate with a bronze blanks. Using the friction pair of pure metal, put them in oil, can achieve more satisfactory performance.
As the power to combustion in mechanical transmission automobiles, clutch is as an independent assembly. The clutch is usually served in the engine and transmission, the active part between connected with engine flywheel, driven and transmission. Various types of cars for widespread adoption of friction clutch, in fact, is a kind of depend on their part, driven to relay the friction between the power and the separation. The major function of the clutch is cut off and the realization of the engine and transmission, to ensure smooth, stable car When the shift in the engine and transmission of separation, reduce transmission gear shift between the impact, Work in the dynamic load is larger, can limit the transmission of maximum torque, in order to prevent the transmission parts of a damaged by overload, Reducing effectively the transmission of the vibration and noise.
In the early development of clutch structures, the most successful conical clutch. It was the prototype design in 1889 German Daimler company production of steel wheel on the car. It is to make the engine flywheel hole taper as clutch active. The taper clutch scheme continues to the middle of the twentieth century, when the manufacture, cone-shaped clutch friction relatively simple, easy to repair. It was used LuoMao friction material, leather belt, etc. Then have been hoof - drum clutch, its structure in the solid-bowl clingy reaches hoof. Hoof - drum clutch friction components with wood, leather belt is such, shoe - drum clutch weight is light cone clutch. Whatever tapered clutch or hoof - drum clutch, easy to cause the separation is not complete appear even Lord, follower cannot separate self-locking phenomenon.
Years of practical experience and technical improvement makes people tend to preferred dry friction clutch single chip, because it has driven part of inertia, good heat, simple structure, convenient adjustment, compact size, etc, but also because completely in structure, already can take action to smooth, so now junction disc is widely used in large, medium and small various models.
Now monolithic dry type clutch in structural design is quite perfect. Using the axial elastic platen, improve the clutch of comfort. The clutch platen assembly installed in reverse, prevent the transmission system of shock of torsional resonances, reduced the transmission system of noise and load.
As the car comfort requirements, clutch in original basis has been obtained by car, by continuously improved by increasing the quality of the flywheel has double shock absorber, can turn better reduce transmission noise.
Due to heavy clutch, commercial, engine power tends to large-scale increasing, but the size of the space increased clutch allows the use of limited, clutch, cool, increase conditions to improve ability, preaching clutch torsion life-span, simplify the operation has become the development trend of the heavy clutch. In order to improve the ability of torsion, in heavy vehicles can be used on double dry type clutch. Theoretically, in the same radial dimensions, biplate clutch torsion ability and the service life is 2 times of single chip. But other objective factors, the actual effects of low value than others.
In recent years, the wet clutch on technology improvement, some heavy cart in abroad and start using multiple wet clutch. Compared with dry type clutch, due to the use of the pump are forced cooling, friction surface temperature is lower than 93 degrees Celsius (not), therefore, long time also does not start sliding friction loss. Refer to the information at home and abroad were told that this clutch can use dry type clutch of 5-6 times, but the advantages of the wet clutch play must be in a temperature range, more than it can achieve a temperature range will play a negative effects. Now this technology is not perfect.
一些離合器的簡(jiǎn)介
現(xiàn)今所用的盤式離合器的先驅(qū)是多片盤式離合器，它是直到1925年以后才出現(xiàn)的。多片離合器最主要的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是，汽車起步時(shí)離合器的接合比較平順，無(wú)沖擊。早期的設(shè)計(jì)中，多片按成對(duì)布置設(shè)計(jì)，一個(gè)鋼盤片對(duì)著一青銅盤片。采用純粹的金屬的摩擦副，把它們浸在油中工作，能達(dá)到更為滿意的性能。
以內(nèi)燃機(jī)在作為動(dòng)力的機(jī)械傳動(dòng)汽車中，離合器是作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的總成而存在的。離合器通常裝在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與變速器之間，其主動(dòng)部分與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)飛輪相連，從動(dòng)部分與變速器相連。為各類型汽車所廣泛采用的摩擦離合器，實(shí)際上是一種依靠其主、從動(dòng)部分間的摩擦來(lái)傳遞動(dòng)力且能分離的機(jī)構(gòu)。離合器的主要功用是切斷和實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與傳動(dòng)系平順的接合，確保汽車平穩(wěn)起步；在換擋時(shí)將發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與傳動(dòng)系分離，減少變速器中換檔齒輪間的沖擊；在工作中受到較大的動(dòng)載荷時(shí)，能限制傳動(dòng)系所承受的最大轉(zhuǎn)矩，以防止傳動(dòng)系個(gè)零部件因過(guò)載而損壞；有效地降低傳動(dòng)系中的振動(dòng)和噪音。
在早期研發(fā)的離合器結(jié)構(gòu)中，錐形離合器最為成功。它的原型設(shè)計(jì)曾裝在1889年德國(guó)戴姆勒公司生產(chǎn)的鋼制車輪的小汽車上。它是將發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)飛輪的內(nèi)孔做成錐體作為離合器的主動(dòng)件。采用錐形離合器的方案一直延續(xù)到20世紀(jì)20年代中葉，對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)來(lái)說(shuō)，錐形離合器的制造比較簡(jiǎn)單，摩擦面容易修復(fù)。它的摩擦材料曾用過(guò)駱毛帶、皮革帶等。那時(shí)曾出現(xiàn)過(guò)蹄-鼓式離合器，其結(jié)構(gòu)有利于在離心力作用下使蹄緊貼鼓面。蹄-鼓式離合器用的摩擦元件是木塊、皮革帶等，蹄-鼓式離合器的重量較錐形離合器輕。無(wú)論錐形離合器或蹄-鼓式離合器，都容易造成分離不徹底甚至出現(xiàn)主、從動(dòng)件根本無(wú)法分離的自鎖現(xiàn)象。
多年的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)和技術(shù)上的改進(jìn)使人們逐漸趨向于首選單片干式摩擦離合器，因?yàn)樗哂袕膭?dòng)部分轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量小、散熱性好、結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、調(diào)整方便、尺寸緊湊、分離徹底等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，而且由于在結(jié)構(gòu)上采取一定措施，已能做到接合盤式平順，因此現(xiàn)在廣泛采用于大、中、小各類車型中。
如今單片干式離合器在結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)方面相當(dāng)完善。采用具有軸向彈性的從動(dòng)盤，提高了離合器的接合平順性。離合器從動(dòng)盤總成中裝有扭轉(zhuǎn)減振器，防止了傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的扭轉(zhuǎn)共振，減小了傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)噪聲和載荷。
隨著人們對(duì)汽車舒適性要求的提高，離合器已在原有基礎(chǔ)上得到不斷改進(jìn)，乘用車上愈來(lái)愈多地采用具有雙質(zhì)量飛輪的扭轉(zhuǎn)減振器，能更好地降低傳動(dòng)系的噪聲。
對(duì)于重型離合器，由于商用車趨于大型化，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率不斷加大，但離合器允許加大尺寸的空間有限，離合器的使用條件日酷一日，增加離合器傳扭能力，提高使用壽命，簡(jiǎn)化操作，已成為重型離合器當(dāng)前的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。為了提高離合器的傳扭能力，在重型汽車上可采用雙片干式離合器。從理論上講，在相同的徑向尺寸下，雙片離合器的傳扭能力和使用壽命是單片的2倍。但受到其他客觀因素的影響，實(shí)際的效果要比理論值低一些。
近年來(lái)濕式離合器在技術(shù)上不斷改進(jìn)，在國(guó)外某些重型車上又開始采用多片濕式離合器。與干式離合器相比，由于用油泵進(jìn)行強(qiáng)制冷卻的結(jié)果，摩擦表面溫度較低(不超過(guò)93℃)，因此，起步時(shí)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間打滑也不致燒損摩擦片。查閱國(guó)內(nèi)外資料獲知，這種離合器的使用壽命可達(dá)干式離合器的5-6倍，但濕式離合器優(yōu)點(diǎn)的發(fā)揮是一定要在某溫度范圍內(nèi)才能實(shí)現(xiàn)的，超過(guò)這一溫度范圍將起負(fù)面效應(yīng)。目前此技術(shù)尚不夠完善。