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機(jī)動(dòng)車輪椅固定及其使用者的約束系統(tǒng)
前言——為了那些使用機(jī)動(dòng)車旅行卻沒有能力從輪椅中移動(dòng)出來的人，輪椅必須像汽車座椅一樣來使用。這就通常意味著由車輛制造商提供的成員約束系統(tǒng)在某些緊急狀況下不能夠提供足夠的保護(hù)。另外，輪椅必須被固定在車上以便不會(huì)強(qiáng)加載荷給它的使用者，并且在碰撞或突然的車輛回旋情況下不會(huì)對(duì)其他車上人員造成傷害。因此，要為輪椅及其使用者提供約束性的保護(hù)，使用一些零部件以及相關(guān)的設(shè)備來固定輪椅并對(duì)其使用者進(jìn)行約束。
這篇設(shè)計(jì)和機(jī)動(dòng)車性能表現(xiàn)方面的文章論述的就是輪椅的固定及其使用者的約束系統(tǒng)，簡(jiǎn)稱為WTODS。它的目的就是為了鼓勵(lì)設(shè)計(jì)，測(cè)試和實(shí)施。使用WTODS系統(tǒng)在正面碰撞時(shí)可以有效的保證輪椅的安全和約束使用者，并且在某些特定情況下的表現(xiàn)是可以與制造商提供的乘坐安全性和輪椅使用者的約束相比較的。我們關(guān)心的主要是機(jī)動(dòng)車在發(fā)生正面碰撞的情況下輪椅使用者所能受到的潛在傷害，也希望在成功保護(hù)輪椅使用者的同時(shí)，在正常的旅行期間可以增加駕駛員及其他成員的安全性和舒適性。這篇文章不應(yīng)該被用來鼓勵(lì)那些沒有能力駕駛或者限制對(duì)輪椅進(jìn)行運(yùn)輸?shù)那闆r。
因?yàn)閃TODS的制造商們不能控制和指定他們產(chǎn)品的最終用途，所以48KM/H，20G的沖擊測(cè)試被指定在附錄A中，用來限制WTODS系統(tǒng)在總重量小于7000KG的整車上的使用。在更大的車輛中，也可以使用WTODS系統(tǒng)來保證運(yùn)輸?shù)陌踩?，但是不?huì)依照這篇文章所提到的使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
和任何一個(gè)座椅相比，輪椅是成員安全系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)重要組成部分，并會(huì)在正常旅行期間為使用者提供穩(wěn)定性和舒適性。輪椅的設(shè)計(jì)和表現(xiàn)在機(jī)動(dòng)車的乘坐中是被單獨(dú)談?wù)摰模鄳?yīng)的ANSI/RESNA標(biāo)準(zhǔn)正在發(fā)展中。
設(shè)計(jì)要求：
1．完成WTORS--WTORS應(yīng):
a. 以一個(gè)輪椅和一個(gè)乘員為使用對(duì)象；
b. 不要求用來固定輪椅和實(shí)施成員約束的零件穿過輪椅的輪子；
c. 在不使用工具的情況在在60秒內(nèi)可以對(duì)輪椅及其使用者進(jìn)行脫離；
d. 不需要拆除輪椅的材料，鉆探輪椅架，變形輪椅，焊接，或者使用粘合劑，安裝期間，除非是為WTORS系統(tǒng)使用的特殊輪椅或輪椅制造商允許的造型變革；
e. 一旦安裝，可不使用工具操作；
f. 硬件設(shè)備，只包括永久連接的WTORS或WTORS組件；
g. 設(shè)計(jì)要防止無意中將所有螺紋緊固件松動(dòng)；
h. 包括一個(gè)人工代用裝置，在電源故障的情況下解除固定和約束；
i. 包括錨地緊固件，硬件和符合規(guī)格的類似硬件，下面是基于材料，大小和緊固件的使用量模擬試驗(yàn)附錄A；
2．輪椅的固定及固定的組件應(yīng)：
a. 不需要依靠輪椅進(jìn)行制動(dòng)；
b. 輪椅的安全性能實(shí)現(xiàn)是依靠固定件的設(shè)計(jì)，而不是依靠成員約束來實(shí)現(xiàn)；
c. 提供一個(gè)不使用工具來消除輪椅自由移動(dòng)的方法；
d. 如果WTORS系統(tǒng)采用了四點(diǎn)皮帶固定方式，那么每條皮帶都可以不使用工具來進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)度調(diào)節(jié)，這類的調(diào)整幅度，前帶后帶所能達(dá)到的最高值和最低值包含在表格1中，包括一個(gè)至少有25MM的皮帶延長(zhǎng)調(diào)整機(jī)構(gòu)；
表格1-—四點(diǎn)皮帶固定方式的擴(kuò)展調(diào)整幅度：
皮帶交匯點(diǎn) 最小長(zhǎng)度（MM） 最大長(zhǎng)度（MM）
后排 485（19） 740（29）
前排 410（16） 710（28）
〈長(zhǎng)度定義為從輪椅安全點(diǎn)相對(duì)應(yīng)的固定交點(diǎn)到沿著皮帶的長(zhǎng)度方向與輪椅接地平面線的交點(diǎn)的直線距離〉
e. 計(jì)算說明安全點(diǎn)與其他四個(gè)固定點(diǎn)在幾何學(xué)上的關(guān)系，在附錄E4中說明了在結(jié)構(gòu)上安全點(diǎn)與其他組成部分的關(guān)系；
f. 包含一個(gè)通過視覺或聽覺來引起注意的設(shè)備，在相接處準(zhǔn)確銜接后會(huì)予以顯示；
3．成員約束—-WTORS也可以被設(shè)計(jì)成通過乘客或駕駛員進(jìn)行約束，包含的成員約束應(yīng)滿足以下要求：
3．1 WTORS的成員約束應(yīng)包含兩個(gè)部分--骨盆和軀干的約束；
3．2 成員約束可以被設(shè)計(jì)成直接與車輛相固定，和輪椅的組成部件相固定，或者直接通過部件來和輪椅相連接。成員約束系統(tǒng)不能被設(shè)計(jì)成依靠輪椅傳播載荷的約束結(jié)構(gòu)，除非是專為WTORS設(shè)計(jì)的特定輪椅，當(dāng)和輪椅組合以后WTORS應(yīng)滿足6.2 的要求。通過附錄1可以看到WTORS 的測(cè)試結(jié)果；
3．3上部軀干和骨盆的約束長(zhǎng)度可以不通過使用工具來進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)；
3．4 當(dāng)WTORS以附錄B的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在建立過程中，如果適合的話，骨盆的約束，其固定點(diǎn)和過渡點(diǎn)的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)：
a. 實(shí)現(xiàn)如圖4b所要求的側(cè)面觀察視野范圍；
b． 實(shí)現(xiàn)如圖4a所要求的后面視野范圍及區(qū)域內(nèi)的固定；
c． 提供足夠的皮帶長(zhǎng)度來對(duì)骨盆進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)，測(cè)量固定點(diǎn)到固定點(diǎn)的距離，通過可以增加或減少的200MM長(zhǎng)度及至少25MM的自由長(zhǎng)度調(diào)節(jié)來實(shí)現(xiàn)全時(shí)的約束；
3．5當(dāng)WTORS以附錄B的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在建立過程中，對(duì)軀干應(yīng)提供足夠的約束長(zhǎng)度，較長(zhǎng)的調(diào)整增量為200毫米，并且可以縮短到300毫米，有至少25毫米的自由延伸長(zhǎng)度可以全時(shí)對(duì)成員進(jìn)行約束；
4（a） 4(b)
附錄四
注意—注意骨盆約束的突出角和輪椅參考側(cè)平面之間的角度，以及成員背部與輪椅參考背平面之間的角度；
3．6 對(duì)于WTORS系統(tǒng)，應(yīng)該通過軀干固定點(diǎn)和軀干過渡點(diǎn)的計(jì)算來實(shí)現(xiàn)肩部和胳膊的約束并對(duì)其進(jìn)行支持，這些位置定位點(diǎn)和支持結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)：
a. 使用者乘坐的高度和肩部的水平線以上應(yīng)該有足夠的可調(diào)節(jié)長(zhǎng)度；
b． 1100毫米以上，至少應(yīng)設(shè)輪椅機(jī)，以接近地面以上的肩膀部分，來實(shí)現(xiàn)在輪椅的乘坐中肩部以上部分的約束；
注意1—如果上面的過渡點(diǎn)確定的話，那么固定點(diǎn)應(yīng)在下面1100MM，反之就在上面1100MM；
注意 2—雖然FMVSS 210 允許軀干的固定點(diǎn)應(yīng)被固定在成員肩部水平以下一個(gè)明顯的距離上，這樣的位置考慮被認(rèn)為是不合理的，不符合這篇文章，可能導(dǎo)致向下方向的載荷對(duì)脊柱造成傷害。
3．7 從安裝時(shí)所指定的附錄B中的輔助中心線來看，與骨盆交界的肩膀三點(diǎn)約束應(yīng)不低于150MM；
3．8 依照這篇文章的要求，在主要依靠輪椅固定和皮帶固定來實(shí)現(xiàn)約束的情況下，氣帶只產(chǎn)生輔助的約束性能；
3．9 WTORS的實(shí)現(xiàn)不應(yīng)該依靠氣袋來遵守這篇文章；
4． 試驗(yàn)報(bào)告---WTORS的制造商應(yīng)具有文件和檔案資料，其中包括:
4．1 依據(jù)4.2和4.3的設(shè)計(jì)要求和相關(guān)的報(bào)表，WTORS系統(tǒng)應(yīng)符合設(shè)計(jì)要求，包括：
a. 依據(jù)表格1的要求，表明四點(diǎn)式安全皮帶的最大和最小固定長(zhǎng)度；
b. 最終裝配的幾何學(xué)固定四點(diǎn)要符合附錄E4的幾何學(xué)要求；
c. 骨盆約束的確定要符合附錄B；
d. 建立和測(cè)量骨盆約束的長(zhǎng)度調(diào)整要符合附錄B的要求；
e. 建立和測(cè)量軀干約束的長(zhǎng)度調(diào)整要符合附錄B的要求；
f. 依據(jù)WTORS提供的軀干固定點(diǎn)和其他相關(guān)的點(diǎn)，長(zhǎng)度以及長(zhǎng)度的調(diào)整要符合4.3.6的要求;
g. 建立和測(cè)量依據(jù)輔助中心線制定的骨盆和肩部約束距離要符合附錄B的要求；
4.2 遵守國(guó)家相關(guān)規(guī)定:
a. 表格2中的FMVSS 209；
b. WTORS系統(tǒng)中帶狀材料的可燃性要求要滿足FMVSS 302；
4．3 遵守國(guó)家相關(guān)正面碰撞試驗(yàn)附錄A，包括:
a. 描述測(cè)試設(shè)備，包括使用模擬式?jīng)_擊試驗(yàn)，儀器與信號(hào)處理技術(shù)，幀速度為制作每部影片或錄像的速度，測(cè)試減速度等方法用以衡量和檢驗(yàn)輔助中心線和測(cè)試輪椅，并增加測(cè)量的精度；
b. 關(guān)于減速度的跳動(dòng)計(jì)算說明是否滿足A.4.3和附錄A1，這其中包括跳動(dòng)的持續(xù)時(shí)間，減速度在毫秒數(shù)量上的累積時(shí)間超出15g到20g；
c. V形安全帶的測(cè)量與計(jì)算；
d. WTORS系統(tǒng)的全面鑒定，錨地緊固件，試驗(yàn)輪椅，輔助中心線；
e. 所有WTORS的試驗(yàn)輪椅的相關(guān)P點(diǎn)都要滿足文章的要求；
f. 所有固定皮帶和骨盆相對(duì)應(yīng)的橫縱向約束確定以后，與之相關(guān)的側(cè)面視野，正面視野，背面視野可以酌情處理；
g. 試驗(yàn)建立起來后，應(yīng)該對(duì)那些非WTORS制造商提供的零部件有一個(gè)具體的描述；
f. 試驗(yàn)輪椅是否停留在試驗(yàn)平臺(tái)上；
h. 如果測(cè)量的話，相比于初步測(cè)試定位，試驗(yàn)輪椅的參考測(cè)試平面將會(huì)改變；
k. 任何WTORS系統(tǒng)承載部分的鑒定，如果顯示部分有撕裂，破碎，斷裂，或徹底失敗等現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生，是設(shè)計(jì)上的漏洞或者制造上的問題；
l. 在6.2.d中指明了短途旅行的水平線最高點(diǎn)，是否有任何短途旅行超過了限制會(huì)在這篇文章的表格3中表明；
m. 一份說明書，關(guān)于是否在不使用工具的情況下將成員和試驗(yàn)輪椅釋放出來；
n. 一份說明書，依據(jù)6.2.e的計(jì)算結(jié)果表明試驗(yàn)輪椅是否對(duì)其成員施加載荷；
4．4 依據(jù)在附錄3中的部分試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)，WTORS系統(tǒng)的測(cè)試和規(guī)格應(yīng)該包括：
a . WTORS系統(tǒng)的全面鑒定，錨地組件的測(cè)試，安全性；
b. 全面的描述，包括必要的照片，每部分的測(cè)試結(jié)果；
c. 分離阻力的步驟描述；
d. 每個(gè)測(cè)試的結(jié)果，換句話說，安全組件或固定組件是否分離或仍然接合；
4．5 依據(jù)附錄D指明的皮帶延誤調(diào)整器和任何有關(guān)的其他方面規(guī)定，包括：
a. WTORS系統(tǒng)的全面鑒定，皮帶類，每一個(gè)調(diào)整裝置的測(cè)試；
b. 測(cè)試儀器和程序的描述；
c. 每次調(diào)整器測(cè)試的皮帶延誤量；
d. 一項(xiàng)聲明，說明25MM的極限是否超過每次調(diào)整器測(cè)試；
e. 一項(xiàng)聲明，說明是否在WTORS系統(tǒng)中所有的輪椅固定調(diào)整器都會(huì)通過測(cè)試。
5． 定義與概念--為了更好的理解這篇文章，提供下面的概念說明:
5．1 錨——硬件和裝置的組合件，用來傳遞從一直由輪椅固定到車輛或從一個(gè)約束力到輪椅固定或車座底板的力；
5．2 錨鉸接點(diǎn)——一個(gè)在車輛，輪椅或輪椅固定件或車座底板上的力，錨便鉸接于此；
5．3 ANSI——美國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)會(huì)振動(dòng)等級(jí)；
5．4 人機(jī)工程學(xué)測(cè)試設(shè)備（ATD）——一個(gè)模擬的人體模型，用來模擬機(jī)動(dòng)車在碰撞環(huán)境下的情形；
5．5 自動(dòng)鎖緊裝置——一個(gè)裝置通過一套主動(dòng)自鎖機(jī)構(gòu)，當(dāng)機(jī)構(gòu)鎖緊時(shí)用之來承受約束力來實(shí)現(xiàn)調(diào)節(jié)；
5．6 后約束——一套裝置或系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)限制車廂的后傾運(yùn)動(dòng)從而提供背后的支持力；
5．7 皮帶——一條用網(wǎng)格材料做成的吸能帶子，用來做成員的約束；
5．8 對(duì)接式固定——一套輪椅安全裝置，其設(shè)置被初始化為輪椅傾向一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)奈恢茫?
5．9 應(yīng)急鎖緊執(zhí)行器——將通過調(diào)整硬件鎖定機(jī)制，激活了汽車的加速度，皮帶相對(duì)于汽車運(yùn)動(dòng)，在緊急時(shí)刻可以進(jìn)行自動(dòng)鎖緊；
5．10 邊緣裝置——錨地硬件和成員約束的直接固定部分，用來固定成員約束帶，直接連接在主錨點(diǎn)和輪椅上的安全點(diǎn)；
5．11 緊固件——器材保障，用機(jī)械設(shè)備，零部件和其他零件實(shí)現(xiàn)，
（這些不包括:螺絲，螺母，螺絲釘，鉚釘，夾具等）
5．12 前方視野——輪椅坐在最前排的成員臉部與汽車之間的參考平面；
5．13 四點(diǎn)固定——輪椅固定系統(tǒng)，以四個(gè)不同的點(diǎn)系在輪椅框架上，輪椅固定在汽車上的四個(gè)獨(dú)立支柱點(diǎn)，文中所給的是典型的四點(diǎn)固定系統(tǒng)，采用四個(gè)固定皮帶，兩個(gè)屬于前輪，兩個(gè)屬于后輪；
5．14 底部約束——一個(gè)至少由一名成員的皮帶用來提供成員的骨盆約束和兩個(gè)肩膀以及軀干部分的約束；
5．15 頭部約束——用來限制成員頭部的移動(dòng)；
5．16 沖擊模擬器——加速裝置，加速與減速的組合，汽車部分或模擬汽車結(jié)構(gòu)，包括測(cè)量?jī)x器的相關(guān)資料；
5．17 沖擊滑板——在模擬器上的部分，對(duì)其產(chǎn)生影響，可以展開進(jìn)行沖擊測(cè)試；
5．18 獨(dú)立成員約束——直接進(jìn)行的約束或與鉚接的車輛部分分開，進(jìn)行輪椅的固定；
5．19 綜合成員約束——成員約束中的骨盆約束，兩個(gè)肩膀的約束，軀干的約束，要固定在輪椅上；
5．20 成員約束錨地——硬件組裝和配件其中將載荷直接由汽車，輪椅和輪椅約束系統(tǒng)分擔(dān)；
5．21 成員約束——成員約束系統(tǒng)或裝置，用來防止或減少車輛接觸，防止在車輛中發(fā)生危險(xiǎn)情況；
5．22 OEM——設(shè)備制造商；
5．23 骨盆克制——在極限運(yùn)動(dòng)范圍內(nèi)限制骨盆的運(yùn)動(dòng)，降低軀干克制；
5．24 點(diǎn)——參考點(diǎn)，從地面接地處距離為100MM的位置，縱向的輪椅約束位置，曲面與坐椅和靠背的面想接點(diǎn)；
5．25 姿勢(shì)支持——用于支持一個(gè)人在預(yù)期位置的零部件，但不會(huì)通常用于在車輛碰撞時(shí)對(duì)成員產(chǎn)生約束；
5．26 安全硬件——輪椅固定系統(tǒng)的后端設(shè)備，連接在輪椅上；
5．27 安全點(diǎn)——位于輪椅上的點(diǎn)，連接在輪椅接觸點(diǎn)的末端單元；
5．28 托盤——一個(gè)網(wǎng)狀材料帶，用于輪椅的固定；
5．29輪椅分析——用儀器來模擬輪椅的固定情況；
5．30 SWC——輪椅分析的縮寫；
5．31 實(shí)驗(yàn)輪椅——試坐輪椅的樣品，用來代替實(shí)際的輪椅來進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)；
5．32 輪椅固定錨地——硬件組裝和配件，載荷直接分配在輪椅上；
5．33 WTORS——輪椅固定約束系統(tǒng)的縮寫。
WHEELCHAIR TIEDOWN AND OCCUPANT RESTRAINT SYSTEMS FOR USE MOTOR VEHICLES
Foreword—For people with disabilities who are unable to transfer from their wheelchairs when traveling in motor vehicles, the wheelchair must serve as the vehicle seat. This usually means that the occupant restraint system installed by the vehicle manufacturer cannot be used to provide protection in a crash. In addition, the wheelchair must be secured to the vehicle so that it does not impose forces on its occupant and/or become a hazard to other vehicle occupants in a collision or sudden vehicle maneuver. Providing occupant protection for the wheelchair-seated occupant, therefore, requires that aftermarket equipment be installed to secure the wheelchair and restrain the wheelchair user.
This Recommended Practice applies to the design and performance of motor-vehicle adaptive equipment referred to as wheelchair tiedown and occupant restraint system or WTODS. It is the purpose of this document to encourage the design, testing, installation, and use of WTODS equipment that will provide effective wheelchair securement and occupant restraint in a frontal collision, and that will be comparable in crash performance to seat securement and occupant restraint systems provided by the vehicle manufacturer. While the primary concern is to reduce the potential for injury to wheelchair-seated occupants involved in a frontal vehicle crash, it is anticipated that achievement of improved occupant protection will also result in increased driver and passenger safety and comfort during normal travel. The provisions of this document should not be used to discourage people with disabilities using motor vehicle transportation or to limit access to, and availability of, motor vehicle transportation to wheelchair users.
Since manufacturers of WTORS are generally not able to control or specify the end use of their products, the 48-km/h, 20-g sled impact test specified in Appendix A is intended to qualify WTORS for use in vehicles with a gross vehicle weight of less than 7000kg. In larger vehicles, it may be possible to provide safe transportation using WTORS that do not comply with the level of crash severity used in this document.
As with any vehicle seat, the wheelchair is an important component of the occupant protection system, and also contributes to the stability and comfort of the wheelchair-seated occupant during normal travel. Design and performance of wheelchairs used as seats in motor vehicles is addressed in a separate, but related, ANSI/RESNA Standard now under development.
Design Requirements
1. Complete WTORS--WTORS shall:
a. Be for use with only one wheelchair and one occupant at a time .
b. Not require components of wheelchair tiedowns and occupant restraints to pass through the
wheels of a wheelchair .
c. Provide for release of both the wheelchair and the occupant within 60s by a single attendant or
wheelchair user without the use of tools .
d. Not require removal of wheelchair frame material, drilling into the wheelchair frame,
deformation of the wheelchair, welding, or the use of an adhesive process, during installation,
unless the WTORS is intended for a srecific wheelchair and the modifications are approved by
the wheelchair manufacturer .
e. Once installed, be operable without tools .
f. Include only hardware and fittings that are permanently connected to the WTORS or a
WTORS subassembly .
g. Be designed to prevent unintentional loosening of all threaded fasteners .
h. Include a manual override in case of power failure for any power-operated mechanisms of
tiedowns or restraints .
i. Include anchorage fasteners and hardware, and/or specifications for such hardware, that are
based on the material, size, and quantity of anchorage fasteners used in the simulated frontal
inpact test of Appendix A .
2. Wheelchair Tiedowns--Wheelchair tiedowns and tiedown components shall:
a. Not depend on the wheelchair brakes .
b. Be designed so that securement of the wheelchair is accomplished by the tiedown only and not
by the occupant restraints .
c. Provide a means to eliminate free movement of the wheelchair without the use of tools .
d. If the WTORS includes a four-point strap -type tiedown, each strap assembly shall provide for
manual adjustment in length without the use of tools, such that the adjustment ranges of front
and rear straps enable achieving the minimum and maximum lengths indicated in Table 1, with
at least 25 mm of webbing extending from the adjustment mechanisms.
TABLE 1--MIMIMUM ADJUSTMENT RANGES FOR FOUR-POINT TIEDOWN STRAPS：
Strap Assembly Location Mimimum Length mm (in) Maximum Length mm (in)
Rear 485(19) 740(29)
Front 410(16) 710(28)
e. Have securement-point end fittings of four-point tiedowns that are compatible with the
securement-point structural member of the surrogate wheelchair illustrated in Figure E4 .
f. Include a device to indicate, by visual or auditory means, when a docking-type tiedown is
properly engaged .
3. Occupant Restraints--WTORS shall either be designed to use the vehicle OEM passenger or
driver restraint, or shall include an occupant restraint that complies with the following
requirements:
3.1.The occupant restraint portion of the WTORS shall include both pelvic and upper torso restraints .
3.2 Occupant restraints may be designed to anchor directly to the vehicle, to components of the wheelchair tiedown, or to tiedown components fastened to the wheelchair. Occupant restraints shall not be designed with anchorages that rely on the transmission of restraint loads through the wheelchair structure unless the WTORS is designed for a specific wheelchair and the WTORS meets the requirements of 6.2 when the combination of wheelchair and WTORS is tested according to Appendix A .
3.3 The lengths of pelvic and upper torso restraints shall be manually adjustable without the use of tools .
3.4 When the WTORS is set up and measured as specified in Appendix B, pelvic restraints and, if applicable, their anchor points or guide points, shall:
a. Achieve side-view projected angles that fall within the zone shown in Figure 4b .
b. Achieve projected rear-view angles and locations within the zones shown in Figure 4a .
c. Provide sufficient length adjustment to allow the pelvic restraint, measured from anchor point to anchor point, to be both increased and decreased by 200 mm with at least 25 mm of webbing extending through the restraint end fittings at all times .
3.5 When the WTORS is set up and measured as specified in Appendix B, upper torso restraints shall provide for sufficient length adjustment to extend an additional 200 mm, and shorten by 300 mm, with at least 25 mm of webbing extending through the restraint end fittings at all times .
4（a） 4(b)
FIGURE 4
NOTE—Note that angles indicated are obtained by projecting the angle of the pelvic restraint onto a vertical plane to the wheelchair reference plane (side view), or onto a vertical plane that is perpendicular to the wheelchair reference plane (rear view) .
3.6 For WTORS that include upper-anchor points or upper-guide support structures for shoulder or harness restraints, the locations of these anchor points or supporting structures shall:
a. Be sufficiently adjustable in height to be located at or above the shoulder levels of the intended user .
b. Be located at least 1100 mm above the wheelchair ground plane so as to be near or above the shoulder height of wheelchair seated occupants .
NOTE1—The anchor point may be located below 1100 mm if an upper-guide support is located at or above 1100 mm .
NOTE2—Although FMVSS 210 allows for the upper torso restraint anchor points to be located a significant distance below the occupant’s shoulder level, such locations are considered to be undersirable and not in compliance with this document since they could result in downward loading on the occupant that can produce spinal injuries .
3.7 The junction of the shoulder and pelvic restraints of three-point restraints shall be located not less than 150 mm from the ATD centerline when installed as specified in Appendix B .
3.8 An airbag shall be used only as a supplementary occupant restraint in conjunction with a wheelchair tiedown and belt-type occupant restraint that comply with the requirements of this document .
3.9 Performance of the WTORS shall not depend on an airbag to comply with this document .
4. Test Report—The WTORS manufacturer shall have documentation on file and available that includes:
4.1 Statements concerning compliance of the WTORS with the Design Requirements of 4.2 through 4.3 including:
a. Minimum and maximum tiedown strap lengths of four-point strap tiedowns in comparison to the requirements of Table 1 .
b. Whether the end-fitting geometry of four-point tiedowns is compatible with the end-fitting geometry of Figure E4 .
c. The angle of pelvic restraints when setup according to Appendix B .
d. The range of length adjustment in the pelvic restraint when set up and measured as specified in Appendix B .
e. The range of length adjustment in the upper-torso restraints when set up and measured as specified in Appendix B .
f. The height or height-adjustment range of upper-torso restraint upper-anchor upper-guide support provided with the WTORS, and a statement of whether the height complies with 4.3.6 .
g. The distance of the pelvic/shoulder restraint interface of three-point restraints from the ATD centerline when set up and measured according to Appendix B .
4.2 Statements concerning compliance with the requirements of :
a. FMVSS 209 as specified in Table 2 .
b. FMVSS 302 concerning flammability of WTORS webbing material .
4.3 Statements concerning compliance with the Frontal Impact Test of Appendix A, including :
a. A description of the test facility, including the type of impact simulated, instrumentation and signal processing techniques, the frame speed for each film and/or video produced, methods for measuring sled velocity change and deceleration, methods used to measure ATD and test wheelchair excursions, and the accuracy of excursion measurements .
b. A statement of whether the sled deceleration pulse complied with A.4.3 and Figure A1, including the duration of the pulse, and the number of cumulative milliseconds that the deceleration exceeded 15 g and 20 g .
c. The measured or calculated value of the test delta V .
d. A full identification of the WTORS, anchorage fasteners, test wheelchair, and ATD used .
e. Pretest measurements documenting the locations of all WTORS anchorages relative to point P of the test wheelchair .
f. The side-view, front-view, and rear-view projected angles of all tiedown straps and pelvic restraints relative to the horizontal or vertical, as appropriate .
g. A description of the test setup including a statement about any parts or fasteners used ih the test that were not provided by the WTORS manufacturer .
h. Whether the ATD remained in the test wheelchair .
i. Whether the test wheelchair remained on the test platform .
j. The change in the orientation of the test wheelchair reference plane, if measurable, in comparison with the initial test orientation .
k. Identification of any WTORS load-carrying parts that showed visible signs of tearing, fragmentation, fracture, or complete failure, that were not designed to rear or fail in the manner noted .
l. The peak horizontal excursions specified in 6.2.d, and whether any of the excursions exceeded the limits in Table 3 of this document .
m. A statement as to whether the ATD and test wheelchair could be released from the WTORS without the use of tools .
n. A statement as to whether the ATD was loaded by the test wheelchair based on the results of the calculation in 6.2.e .
4.4 Statements concerning compliance of appropriate WTORS components with the Test for Partial Engagement of Appendix C, including :
a. Full identification of the WTORS system and the securement and anchorage components tested .
b. A description, including photographs if necessary, of the manner of each partial engagement tested .
c. A description of the procedure used to apply the separating force .
d. The results of each test, i.e., the securement or anchorage mechanism either separated or remained engaged .
4.5 Statements concerning compliance of any strap assemblies of wheelchair tiedowns with the Test for Webbing Slippage at Adjustment Devices of Appendix D, including :
a. Full identification of the WTORS system, type of webbing, and each adjustment device tested .
b. A description of the test apparatus and procedure .
c. The amount of webbing slippage at each adjustment device tested .
d. A statement as to whether the 25 mm limit was exceeded for each adjustment device tested .
e. A statement as to whether all adjustment devices of the wheelchair tiedown portion the WTORS passed the test .
5. Definitions—For the purposes of this document, the following definitions apply:
5.1 Anchorage—An assembly of hardware and fittings by which loads are transferred directly from the wheelchair tiedown to the vehicle or from the occupant restraint to the vehicle, wheelchair, wheelchair tiedown, or vehicle seat base .
5.2 Anchor Point—A point (area) on a vehicle, wheelchair, wheelchair tiedown, or vehicle seat base to which an anchorage is attached .
5.3 ANSI—Abbreviation for American National Standards Institute .
5.4 Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD) –An articulated analog of the human body used to simulate a motor-vehicle occupant in a crash environment .
5.5 Automatic-Locking Retractor—A retractor incorporating adjustment by means of a positive self-locking mechanism which is capable, when locked, of withstanding restraint forces (from SAE J1834) .
5.6 Back Restraint—A device or system intended to limit rearward movement of the occupant by providing support to the back of the torso .
5.7 Belt—A length of energy-absorbing webbing material used as part of an occupant restraint .
5.8 Docking-Type Tiedown—A wheelchair securement device whose engagement is initiated as a result of the wheelchair rolling into the proper position .
5.9 Emergency-Locking Retractor—A retractor incorporating adjustment hardware by means of a locking mechanism that is activated by vehicle acceleration, webbing movement relative to the vehicle, or automatic action during an emergency, and that is capable, when locked, of withstanding restraint forces (from SAE J1834) .
5.10 End Fitting—Anchorage and securement hardware to which tiedown and occupant restraint webbing is fastened and which attaches directly to the anchor points and securement points on the wheelchair, tiedown system, or vehicle .
5.11 Fasteners—Devices used to secure, by mechanical means, other components or parts in place .
Note—These include, but are not limited to:bolts, nuts, screws, pins, rivets, and clamps .
5.12 Forward Facing—Orientation in which the wheelchair-seated occupant faces the front of the vehicle with the wheelchair reference plane within 10 degrees of the longitudinal axis of the vehicle .
5.13 Four-Point Tiedown—A wheelchair tiedown system that attaches to the wheelchair frame at four separate points and anchors to the vehicle at four separate anchor points .
Note—The typical four-point tiedown system uses four tiedown straps, with two attached to the front portion of the wheelchair and two attached to the rear portion .
5.14 Harness—An occupant restraint consisting of at least one belt designed to provide pelvic restraint and two shoulder or torso belts that apply forces to both shoulders .
5.15 Head Restraint—A device intended to limit rearward displacement of the occupant’s head .
5.16 Impact Simulator—A device for accelerating, decelerating, or a combination of decelerating and accelerating, a section of a vehicle or simulated vehicle structures, including instrumentation for measuring pertinent data (from SAE J850) .
5.17 Impact Sled—That part of an impact simulator on which components can be mounted for impact testing .
5.18 Independent Occupant Restraint—An occupant restraint that anchors directly to the vehicle or vehicle anchored components that are separate from the wheelchair and wheelchair tiedown .
Note—This is also known as a parallel restraint system .
5.19 Integrated Occupant Restraint—An occupant restraint for which the anchor points for the pelvic-restraint, or both pelvic and shoulder- restraints, are located on the wheelchair, or on tiedown components not fastened to the vehicle .
5.20 Occupant Restraint Anchorage—An assembly of hardware and fittings by which loads are transferred directly from the occupant restraint to the vehicle, wheelchair, wheelchair tiedown, or vehicle seat dase .
5.21 Occupant Restraint—A system or device for restraining the occupant in a vehicle to prevent or minimize contact with the vehicle interior components, and to prevent ejection during a crash (from SAE J2094) .
5.22 OEM—Abbreviation for Original Equipment Manufacturer .
5.23 Pelvic Restraint—That portion of a seat-belt assembly intended to limit movement of the pelvis .
Note—Other terms with similar meaning are lap belt, lap restraint, and lower torso restraint .
5.24 Point P—A reference point that lies at the cross-sectional center of a 100 mm diameter disc positioned with the longitudinal axis perpendicular to the wheelchair reference plane, such that the curved surface of the disc contacts with the backrest and the upper surface of the seat .
5.25 Postural Support—A component used to support a person in a desired position, but that is not usually intended to provide occupant restraint in a vehicle impact .
5.26 Securement Hardware—End fittings of a wheelchair tiedown system that connect to the wheelchair .
5.27 Securement Point—Location on the wheelchair frame to which a wheelchair tiedown end fitting connects .
5.28 Strap—A length of webbing material used as a part of a wheelchair tiedown .
5.29 Surrogate Wheelchair—A rigid, reusable device used to simulate a wheelchair for the purpose of testing a WTORS .
5.30 SWC—Abbreviation for surrogate wheelchair .
5.31 Test Wheelchair—A production, prototype, or surrogate wheelchair used to conduct tests specified in this document .
5.32 Wheelchair Tiedown Anchorage—An assembly of hardware and fittings by which loads are transferred directly from the wheelchair tiedown to the vehicle .
5.33 WTORS—Abbreviation for wheelchair tiedown and occupant restraint system .