PLC-三菱FX2N PLC在電梯控制中的應用
PLC-三菱FX2N PLC在電梯控制中的應用,PLC-三菱FX2N,PLC在電梯控制中的應用,plc,三菱,fx2n,電梯,控制,節(jié)制,中的,應用,利用,運用
附錄
The number controls the tool machine development to incline to"six turn" and The development trend of the CNC controller
數控機床發(fā)展趨向“六化”及其控制器的發(fā)展趨勢
Summary:Number's controling tool machine is a modern to process the car the most important material.
摘要：數控機床是現(xiàn)代加工車間最重要的裝備。
First:This text says the development trend that the number controls the tool machine controller all.Appear along with the development of[with] the information technique(1 T) and the manufacturing technique(MT) more multi-function,more the controller of the high performance, such as sit mark,many controls of systems(passage) more;Have the high ,high speed,5 stalks processes the function and complications to process,count to control compound tool machine and enters functions, such as the net correspondence,high and dependable and safety...etc..For the sake of increment operation and usage the maneuverability of the system and can transplant sex, the controller open to have already become current.The numeral manufacturing requests to count to control the system establishment to be at an all new information technique foundation structure on, make use of a network to deliver to process the manufacturing information easily, carry on the CAD/CAM and the CNC integral whole to turn of process a manufacturing.This appeared STEP-NC a new number to control system.
一：本文概述了數控機床控制器的發(fā)展趨勢。隨著信息技術(1T)和制造技術(MT)的發(fā)展，出現(xiàn)了更多功能、更高性能的控制器，諸如多坐標、多系統(tǒng)(通道)的控制；具有高精、高速、5軸加工功能和復雜加工、數控復合機床、進網通信、高可靠性和安全性等功能。為了增加操作和使用系統(tǒng)的可操作性和可移植性，控制器開放已經成為潮流。數字制造要求數控系統(tǒng)建立在一個全新的信息技術基礎結構之上，容易利用網絡傳遞加工制造信息，進行CAD／CAM與CNC一體化的加工制造。這就出現(xiàn)了STEP—NC新型的數控系統(tǒng)。
Number's controling tool machine is a modern to process the car the most important material.Its development is the information technique(1 T) with make a technique(MT) to combine a development of result.Recent 20 in the last yearses, the information technical nasty play development stirs up and increases a manufacturing the upper level intelligence function of the system consumedly;Next 20 years, the intelligence will extend to the car of the factory first floor, the controller will have more a high performance with more multi-function;Because controller of gentle, the single pedestal tool machine will become more vivid with the choiceness;Can carry on correspondence broadly;Carry on an integration expediently with the heavy;arry on diagraph to the process, indicate a result, examine a patient breakdown, avoid trouble;The mode that combines according to science carries on process, attaining the best production efficiency.The underneath is some the latest development circumstance is concerning the controller.
數控機床是現(xiàn)代加工車間最重要的裝備。它的發(fā)展是信息技術(1T)與制造技術(MT)結合發(fā)展的結果。最近20年來，信息技術的急劇發(fā)展大大激發(fā)和增加了制造系統(tǒng)的上層智能功能；下一個20年，智能將延伸到工廠的車間底層，控制器將具有更高性能和更多功能；由于控制器的柔性，單臺機床將變得更加靈活和精巧；可以廣泛地進行通信；方便地進行集成和重構；對過程進行測量，預示結果，診斷故障，避免事故；并按照科學的模式進行加工，達到最佳的生產效率。下面是一些關于控制器最新的發(fā)展情況。
1. CNC controller raise,have further more multi-function
1. CNC控制器的性能進一步提高、具有更多功能
1) sit mark more,many system control
1)多坐標、多系統(tǒng)控制
For example the FANUC latest upscale controller 11 S30 is-MODELs A system, the biggest control system counts to 10 systems(passage), the most stalk the number installs to count to 40 stalks with the biggest principal axis, entering 32 stalks among them to the stalk, the principal axis is 8 stalks, biggest control stalk to count to 24 stalks/systems in the meantime.The biggest PMC system is 3 systems.The biggest I/O point is 4096:00/4096:00, the PMC is basic to orderany speed for the 25 nses.Biggest can prepare to read a procedure segment:1000.This is the current world to install the tallest number to control system.In order to having many stalks many systemses to install, so suit large and automatic tool machine specially, compound tool machine, several tool machines wait of demand.
比如FANUC最新的高檔控制器11S30i—MODEL A系統(tǒng)，最大控制系統(tǒng)數為10個系統(tǒng)(通道)，最多軸數和最大主軸配置數為40軸，其中進給軸32軸，主軸為8軸，最大同時控制軸數為24軸／系統(tǒng)。最大PMC系統(tǒng)為3個系統(tǒng)。最大I／O點數為4096點／4096點，PMC基本命令速度為25ns。最大可預讀程序段：1000段。這是當前世界配置最高的數控系統(tǒng)。由于具有多軸多系統(tǒng)配置，因此特別適合大型自動機床，復合機床，多頭機床等的需要。
2) high ,high speeds process function
2)高精、高速加工功能
This is the most important function in the CNC system, because of having this function make the manufacturing technique(MT) develop consumedly and forward.The number controls the tool machine adoption calculator control, can promise to process of the spare parts have the very high accuracy repeated.But for getting certain function, importation controller of the signal want pass by a series processing, want to lose inevitably really,postpone hour.Therefore at the high speed process, keeping to process accuracy highly will adopt certain measure decrease to lose really,postpone hour.The high ,high speed process, in addition to machine the design and manufacturing want to promise and can carry out a target, to the request of the CNC system mainly is handle speed quick,control the accuracy is high.Adopt an ex-control to compensate because of servo error margin produce in , raise to process accuracy.The appropriate control enter add and subtract with adoption fittingly soon curve and can reduce to add and subtract soon an empress to the rate produce of error margin.The "forward-looking" control carries on a calculation to the sport data before carry out in the procedure,the processing and several buffers, control knife to have to press the high speed sport thus, and the error margin is very small.For tool machine the high accuracy outline control of the smooth movement, the adoption identifies to the solid hour of the instruction form, can the bestly control speed,acceleration with add acceleration, as a result make to process to always keep in the best appearance.For keeping from move, develop the technique of the numerical filter, is flap with the of the cancellation machine, the position that raise servo system increases a benefit.High and aggressive give with the servo system of the principal axis to high speed,high with efficiently very important.
這是CNC系統(tǒng)最重要的功能，由于有了這個功能，使制造技術(MT)大大地向前發(fā)展了。數控機床采用計算機控制，可以保證加工的零件具有很高的精度重復性。但為了得到一定的功能，輸入控制器的信號要經過一系列處理，不可避免地要失真、延時。因此在高速加工時，要保持高的加工精度就要采取一定的措施減少失真、延時。高精、高速的加工，除了機械設計和制造要保證能實現(xiàn)目標外，對CNC系統(tǒng)的要求主要是處理速度快、控制精度高。采用前饋控制，以補償由于伺服滯后所產生的誤差，提高加工精度。適當控制進給率和采用恰當的加減速曲線可以減少加減速滯后所產生的誤差?！扒罢啊笨刂圃诔绦驁?zhí)行前對運動數據進行計算、處理和多段緩沖，從而控制刀具按高速運動，而且誤差很小對于機床平滑運行的高精度輪廓控制，采用對指令形式的實時識別，可以最佳地控制速度、加速度和加加速度，因而使加工總是保持在最佳狀態(tài)。為了防止擾動，開發(fā)數字濾波器的技術，以消除機械的諧振，提高伺服系統(tǒng)的位置增益。高精進給和主軸的伺服系統(tǒng)對高速、高精和高效十分重要。
3) 5 stalks process to process function with complication
3) 5軸加工和復雜加工功能
Because 5 stalks process a craft reasonable, opposite process in 3 curved faces, it can make use of the best and several shapes that the knife have to carry on slicing to pare well, can lift in the high-speed high of the complicated shape process high-efficiency, raise a clean degree.Therefore get a more and more extensive application.The machine that 5 stalks process it installs to mainly have the knife to revolve a way,the work pedestal to revolve a way with these two kinds hybrid ways.Therefore 5 stalks processes function to want can satisfy various install of request.Characteristics processed according to 5 stalks, chase them, for example TCP(the knife have the center control), the knife has in expiation of etc. function of radius, 5 stalks that apply to a different machine to install process tool machine.
由于5軸加工工藝合理，相對于3維曲面加工，它可以充分利用刀具的最佳幾何形狀進行切削，在復雜形狀的高速高精加工中可以提高效率，提高光潔度。因此得到越來越廣泛的應用。5軸加工的機械其配置主要有刀具旋轉方式、工作臺旋轉方式和這兩種的混合方式。因此5軸加工功能要能滿足各種配置的要求。根據5軸加工的特點，把它們，比如TCP(刀具中心控制)，刀具半徑補償等功能，應用到不同機械配置的5軸加工機床。
4) numbers control to reply pedestal function
4)數控復臺功能
For the sake of the exaltation rate of production, the number controls a kind of development trend that the compound process the development and manufacturing of the tool machine to have already become number to control tool machine.
為了提高生產率，數控復合加工機床的開發(fā)和制造已變成數控機床的一種發(fā)展趨勢。
5) enter the net correspondence function
5)進網通信功能
For controling system through the PC or number to carry on the concentrated supervision and management to many pedestal tool machineses, the system demand carries on correspondence through a network.In order to deliver procedure, the supervision processes appearance.In addition to this, the network function can also deliver to maintain a data, carrying on the long range control,operation and diagnosis to the system;Deliver a CAD/CAM data.The CNC has the spot correspondence network function, can between the CNC and the servo device, of the CNC and the I/o control delivers the control,supervision and diagnosis data.Mainly adopt the ether net and the spot total line currently.Along with the technical development, the applied wireless technique has already appear as well.The wireless technique can make the information arrive to is anyplace almost.
為了通過PC或數控系統(tǒng)本身對多臺機床進行集中監(jiān)控和管理，系統(tǒng)需要通過網絡進行通信。以便傳遞程序，監(jiān)控加工狀態(tài)。除此以外，網絡功能還可以傳送維修數據，對系統(tǒng)進行遠程控制、操作和診斷；傳送CAD／CAM數據。CNC具有現(xiàn)場通信網絡功能，就可以在CNC與伺服裝置之間，CNC與I／o控制之間傳遞控制、監(jiān)控和診斷數據。目前主要采用以太網以及現(xiàn)場總線。隨著技術的發(fā)展，應用無線技術也已經出現(xiàn)。無線技術可以使信息到達幾乎是任何地方。
6) high and dependable and safety function
6)高可靠性和安全性功能
The CNC system and number control tool machine together, the work experiences bad environment between each the first floor car, such as:Temperature, degree of humidity, vibration, the oil fog, the influence of the dust, requests a continuous work again in the meantime;Therefore is specially high to the dependable sex request, in addition to dependable sex design,the manufacturing craft etc. measure outside, the modern number controls the credibility of the system to mainly adopt following measure:The ① adopts a fiber optic, reducing electric cable a conjunction, for example FANUC of the number control system to pass the fiber optic conjunction CNC and servo enlarger, going with the string high speed of the way delivers a great deal of data from CNC to many servo enlargers.The ② adoption wrong code(ECC:The EnorCorrecting Code)the transmission data, handle a great deal of data along with the software high speed, also request to raise consumedly to the processing speed of the microprocessor,saving machine and the LSI.Because these gearing at the high-speed electronics dollar spare part of the CNC printing plank carry on high speed to read,write and deliver a data, the signal wave form drive by IC changes into after, at this condition under, don't adopt a method of imitate the electric circuit processing, cause can't deliver numerical signal with accuracy.Moreover, at the latest electronics component low-pressure power supply, lowered electric circuit the movement scope of the low anti- noise.The ECC is a kind of to get an ex- high and dependable sex technique, passing to add the ECC to the top of the data to deliver the data of various different pattern, making system more dependable.
CNC系統(tǒng)與數控機床一起，工作在底層車間，經受惡劣的環(huán)境，如：溫度，濕度，振動，油霧，粉塵的影響，同時又要求連續(xù)工作；因此對可靠性要求特別高，除了可靠性設計、制造工藝等措施外，現(xiàn)代數控系統(tǒng)的可靠性主要采取以下措施：①采用光纖，減少電纜連接，比如FANUC的數控系統(tǒng)通過光纖連接CNC和伺服放大器，以串行高速的方式從CNC到多個伺服放大器傳遞大量的數據。②采用糾錯碼(ECC： EnorCorrecting Code)傳送數據，隨著軟件高速處理大量數據，也要求對微處理器、存儲器和LSI的處理速度大大提高。由于這些安裝在CNC的印刷板上的高速電子元器件進行高速讀、寫和傳遞數據時，由IC驅動的信號波形變?yōu)闇?，在這樣的狀況下，不采用模擬電路處理的方法時，導致不能正確地傳遞數字信號。另外，在最新電子元件低壓供電時，降低了電路低抗噪音的運行范圍。ECC是一種領前的高可靠性技術，通過把ECC加到數據上以傳送各種不同型式的數據，使系統(tǒng)更可靠。
2.The controller open
2.控制器的開放
After appearing the NC tool machine, the manufactory house hopes it can open this black box of the NC system, part of or replace tool machine the brain of the designer and the operation all, have certain intelligence, can process the craft,the management experience and the operation technical ability to put specially into the NC system, also hope it has sketch to hand over with each other and examine a patient etc. function.This needs the number that the company use to control the man-machine interface that the system has amity and provide to the development terrace of the customer.Request the NC controller transparent with make the tool machine manufactory can carry out an own thought at liberty with end customer。Hence produce to open structure of the number control system.
當出現(xiàn)NC機床以后，制造廠家就希望能打開NC系統(tǒng)這個黑盒子，部分或全部地代替機床設計師和操作者的大腦，具有一定的智能，能把特殊的加工工藝、管理經驗和操作技能放進NC系統(tǒng)，同時也希望它具有圖形交互、診斷等功能。這就需要商用的數控系統(tǒng)具有友好的人機界面和提供給用戶的開發(fā)平臺。要求NC控制器透明以使機床制造商和最終用戶可以自由地執(zhí)行自己的思想。于是產生了開放結構的數控系統(tǒng)。
According to American robot in 1999 the data of the industrial forum, that year all of the American robots' packing the system of the machine was the robot value of 3-500%, also be if have the lo hundred million market of USD robots, be equal to an additional value of increase USD 20-4,000,000,000, if among them 25% attributed to the reason of the software integration to cause of, think again if passed to standardize of development and application, the adoption openned the controller of the system structure to make to lowered 50% among them;So after adopting to open controller, the latent value is annually can economical 200,000,0005 ten millions to USD 500,000,000.
根據1999年美國機器人工業(yè)論壇的資料，當年美國機器人全部裝機的系統(tǒng)是機器人本身價值的3—5倍，也就是如果有l(wèi)o億美元機器人的市場，等于增加20到40億美元的附加值，如果其中25％歸因于軟件集成的原因引起的，再認為如果通過標準化的開發(fā)和應用，采用開放體系結構的控制器；使其中降低50％那么在采用開放控制器后，每年潛在的價值就可以節(jié)省2億5千萬到5億美元。
Currently, the number open controls the system structure to mainly have 3 kinds of forms:
① According to PC CNC system, this kind of system takes PC machine as terrace, developping various function that the number controls system, passing the servo card transmission data, controling sport of sit the mark stalk electrical engineering.This system sometimes also is called the Soft NC, such system attains easily all-directions open.The ② PC is built-in:
The basic structure of this kind of system is:CNC ten PC main plank, then insert a piece of CNC plank into the traditional PC machine, the CNC mainly circulates with sit mark stalk to exercise for lord of solid hour control, perhaps CNC Be number control the function movement, but the PC plank Be a customer of person's machine connect a people's terrace.The ③ PC ten CNCs:The essential NC system produces the factory house function that thinks the NC system most currently is a credibility, be like PC machine to exist of crash the phenomenon disallow.Open sex for the sake of the increment, the essential NC system produces the factory house to usually increase a piece of PC plank in turning original system the foundation of the basic structure constantly, providing a keyboard to use a door can contact the PC and CNC to raise the function of the man-machine interface together and consumedly, comparing typical model of such as FANUC the 150 is/160 is/180 is/210 j system.
目前，開放的數控系統(tǒng)結構主要有3種形式：①基于PC的CNC系統(tǒng)，這種系統(tǒng)以PC機為平臺，開發(fā)數控系統(tǒng)的各種功能，通過伺服卡傳送數據，控制坐標軸電機的運動。這類系統(tǒng)有時也稱為Soft NC，這樣的系統(tǒng)容易做到全方位開放。②PC嵌入式：這種系統(tǒng)的基本結構為：CNC十PC主板，即把一塊CNC板插入傳統(tǒng)的PC機器中，CNC主要運行以坐標軸運動為主的實時控制，或且CNC作為數控功能運行，而PC板作為用戶的人機接口平臺。③PC十CNC：目前主流NC系統(tǒng)生產廠家認為NC系統(tǒng)最主要的性能是可靠性，像PC機存在的死機現(xiàn)象是不允許的。PC板，提供鍵盤使用戶能把PC和CNC聯(lián)系在一起，大大提高了人機界面的功能，比較典型的如FANUC的150i／160i／180i／210j系統(tǒng)。
3. STEP-NC
3.STEP-NC
It according to STEP, and expand the STEP to the NC, the formation"STEP-NC".Development and expand the initial purpose of this standard is carry out different CAx system to pass standard of character document to carry on data commutation.At present, the professional division of labour of of the business enterprise inclines to more and more and obviously.An automobile always packs factory to usually have the quite a few 100 zero parts suppliers, these business enterprises adopt different CAD system probably, the data exchange of the workload is very big.Adopt of the CAD system order and can't take towards order of commutation method.Only pass a kind of way that statisticses form to the expression data, the document format that statisticses form comes to the input and output data to just carry out a great deal of data commutation probably.The STEP system structure can induce for the language(the ExPRESS is a kind of information to set up the mold language) of adopt the ExPRESS, having three layer structure(application layer,logic layer,physical layer)s.The core that also can think STEP is a database of engineering definition, these definitions can constitute different applied agreement, lead 1 used for each product mold piece that the industry need.The database includes several,s to rush toward,business trip,relation,attribute,assemble,install with other characteristics.But the new product mold piece can join continuously while need increase.
它基于STEP，并把STEP擴展到NC，形成“STEP—NC”。開發(fā)和推廣這個標準的首要目的是實現(xiàn)不同的CAx系統(tǒng)通過標準的個性文件來進行數據交換。當前，企業(yè)之間的專業(yè)分工趨向越來越明顯。當前，企業(yè)之間的專業(yè)分工趨向越來越明顯。一個汽車總裝廠往往有好幾百個零部件供應商，這些企業(yè)可能采用不同的CAD系統(tǒng)，數據交換的工作量非常大。當前，企業(yè)之間的專業(yè)分工趨向越來越明顯。采用CAD系統(tǒng)之間點對點的交換方式是不可取的。只有通過一種統(tǒng)計表的方式來表達數據，統(tǒng)計表的文件格式來輸入和輸出數據才有可能實現(xiàn)大量的數據交換。STEP體系結構可歸納為采用ExPRESS的語言(ExPRESS是一種信息建模語言)，具有三層結構(應用層、邏輯層、物理層)。也可以認為STEP的核心是一個工程定義的數據庫，這些定義可以組成不同的應用協(xié)議，引1用于各產業(yè)需要的產品模塊數據庫包括幾何、拓撲、公差、關系、屬性、裝配、配置和其他的特性。而新的產品模塊在需要增加時可以不斷加入。
"The data model of the CNC controller"(call STEP-NC as follows) is NC data from CAM to CNC of data model, it resolves the problem that current NC procedure lacks in general use and transplantation.Make"STEP-NC" product model data used to direct tool machine to lose a person to have already develop have actual meaning.This kind of"STEP-NC" has no G and the M code, do not postpose a processing of NC.The target of the ISol4649 standards is:
“CNC控制器的數據模型”(以下稱STEP—NC)是NC的數據從CAM到CNC的數據模型，它解決現(xiàn)行的NC程序缺乏通用性及移植性的問題。使“STEP—NC”產品模型數據用作直接機床的輸人已經發(fā)展成具有實際的意義這種“STEP—NC”是無G和M代碼，無后置處理的NC ISol4649標準的目標為：
1) The that improves the CAD/CAM system and the CNC controller connect;Promise"STEP-NC" can deliver a data between the CAD/CAM.Isn't the sport that adopts knife to have, but the concept that adopts job step to face to object with improve the weakness of the IS06893.The job step corresponds in the parameter of the deluxe characteristic and the process.The CNC can analyze to the job step for sit the action that the object sport has and knife.
1)改進CAD／CAM系統(tǒng)與CNC控制器間的聯(lián)接；保證“STEP—NC”能在CAD／CAM之間傳遞數據。不是采用刀具的運動，而是采用工作步驟面向對象的概念，以改進IS06893的缺點。工作步驟相應于高級特征和過程的參數。 CNC可以對工作步驟解析為坐標的運動和刀具的動作。
2)The data mold piece has to be included all complicated Classes.(from process CAD several datas of the instruction arrive the simple stalk sport of take the long-lost value)
2) 數據模塊必須包括所有的復雜級別(從加工時指令的CAD幾何數據到帶離散值的簡單軸運動。
3) The NC procedure conceives the CNC controller that can put in the new development up, but it may also put in the support of the separation and improve the deluxe system of the existing NC controller up.(include various network)
3) NC程序設想可以放在新開發(fā)的CNC控制器上，但是它也可能放在分離的支持和改進現(xiàn)有NC控制器的高級系統(tǒng)上(包括各種網絡)。
4) Will provide the tool machine operation for the new standard of the NC procedure more gentle,function,statistics the plait distance definition and related control of the form the correction of the process with several.
4)對于NC程序的新標準將提供機床操作者更多的柔性、功能、統(tǒng)計表的編程定義和相關控制和幾何過程的修正。
5) Lately standard allow a MTB operation because of his appropriation tool machine and the technique but performance specialized function.
5)新標準允許MTB的操作者由于他的專用機床和技術而執(zhí)行專門的功能。
6) For end customer the new standard provide to unify of plait distance, sooner,the cheaper procedure prepare with because of unify of the plait distance format cause of low cost.
6)對于最終用戶新的標準提供統(tǒng)一的編程，更快、更廉價的程序準備和由于統(tǒng)一的編程格式導致的低成本。
7) Postpose of less processing and standardize more。Weave distance class in the NC, the data of of the CAD/CAM system and the NC system exchange will more convenient.
7)較少的后置處理而且更標準化。在NC編程級，CAD／CAM系統(tǒng)和NC系統(tǒng)之間的數據交換將更方便。
Second:Currently, forerunner in world makes a technique to rise continuously, extremely high slice to pare soon,the super nicety process etc. is technical of application, gentle manufacturing system of quick the development and calculator integrate system continuously mature, the logarithms controled processing technology to put forward a higher request.
二：目前，世界先進制造技術不斷興起，超高速切削、超精密加工等技術的應用，柔性制造系統(tǒng)的迅速發(fā)展和計算機集成系統(tǒng)的不斷成熟，對數控加工技術提出了更高的要求。
Count to control tool machine nowadays positive the party in government wear a few direction to develop as follows.
當今數控機床正在朝著以下幾個方向發(fā)展。
1.High speed degree,high accuracy's turning speed and accuracy is two important index signs that the number controls tool machine, it relates to directly to process t
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