2019-2020年高考英語 專題講練五 情態(tài)動詞和虛擬語氣.doc

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2019-2020年高考英語 專題講練五 情態(tài)動詞和虛擬語氣 　　【考點(diǎn)分析】 　　情態(tài)動詞 　　1.考查情態(tài)動詞的基本用法 　?、賡hall用于一、三人稱疑問句表示征求對方意見;用于二、三人稱陳述句表示說話人給對方的命令、警告、允諾或威脅等;may表示“允許、可以”，語氣比較委婉。 　?、趍ust用于疑問句，表示責(zé)備、抱怨的感情色彩，意思為“偏偏，偏要”，mustn’t表示禁止，是說話人強(qiáng)有力的勸告。cannot 表示“不可能”;need not 表示“不必要”;may not 表示“可能不，可以不”。 　?、踤eedn’t表示“沒有必要” 　　④would表示過去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或某種傾向 　?、荼硎窘?jīng)過努力而成功的某一次動作，只能用was/were able to,而不能用could;could還可以表示過去的某種能力 　?、蘅疾榍閼B(tài)動詞用作答語的情況 　　2.考查情態(tài)動詞+動詞不定式一般式表推測的用法 　　①肯定的推測一般用must,should,may(might)或could(不用can)，其中，must的語氣最強(qiáng)，譯為“肯定”、should的語氣次之，譯為“很可能”、“應(yīng)該”;按常理推測的may(might),could語氣最弱，譯為“也許”。 　?、诜穸ǖ耐茰y：語氣不很肯定時(shí)，常用may not,might not或could not，譯為“可能不”“也許不”;否定語氣較強(qiáng)時(shí)，則用can’t，譯為“根本不可能”、“想必不會”，表示驚異、懷疑的感情色彩 　?、垡蓡柧渲型茰y往往用can或could 　　3.考查情態(tài)動詞+動詞不定式的完成式表推測的用法 　　4.考查情態(tài)動詞+動詞不定式完成式的其他用法 　?、賡hould(ought to)+不定式的完成式：本來應(yīng)該做而實(shí)際上又沒有做。其否定形式表示某中行為不該發(fā)生卻發(fā)生了。 　　②needn’t+不定式的完成式：本來不必要做的而實(shí)際上又做了 　?、踓ould+不定式的完成式：本可以做而實(shí)際上未能做,含有遺憾的意味 　　虛擬語氣 　　1.虛擬條件句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及其用法 ①與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句②與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句 ③與將來事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句 　　2.虛擬語氣的活用 　?、贂r(shí)間錯綜虛擬結(jié)構(gòu) 　?、谑÷詉f的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu) 　?、鄄⒘羞B詞或副詞暗示的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu) 　　④介詞或介詞短語暗示的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu) 　?、輆s if / as though方式狀語從句中的虛擬語氣 　?、廾~性從句中的虛擬語氣 　?、叻衷~短語暗示的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu) 　?、嗌舷挛恼Z境中的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu) 　　【知識點(diǎn)歸納】 　　I.情態(tài)動詞 　　1.表示“能力、許可”的can /may 　?、俦硎灸芰Φ那閼B(tài)動詞用can/could 　　A puter_____think for itself, it must be told what to do. 　　A.can’t B.couldn’t C.may not D.might not 　?、诒硎驹S可時(shí)用may/might ,can/could 都可以，但在問句中用could…? 　　或might…? 以使口氣委婉客氣，其回答一定要用can或may，以使回答口氣明確(must表示一定，必須，mustn’t表示禁止，不許可) 　　—Could I call you by your first name? —Yes, you______ 　　A.will B.could C.may D.might 　　Johnny, you_____play with the knife, you_____hurt yourself. 　　A. won’t/can’t B.mustn’t/may C.shouldn’t/must D.can’t/shouldn’t 　?、墼诳隙ň渲衏ould不可以用來表示過去某一特定場合的能力，而要用was/were able to。 　　如不可以說：They could jump into the sea before the boat was blown up 　　而要說：they were able to/managed to jump into… 　　The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone_____get out. 　　A.had to B.would C.could D.was able to 　　但在否定句中could/was(were)able to可以通用: 　　I couldn’t/wasn’t able to see him yeaterday. 　?、鼙硎驹S可時(shí)用may/can都可以。只不過用may時(shí)較側(cè)重講話人的許可，而can較側(cè)重客觀情況的許可，must則表示必須做某事。 　　2.表示“推斷、判斷”的can,may,must 　?、僭诳隙ň渲卸伎梢杂脕肀硎究赡?。在含義上must語氣最為肯定,may表示的是事實(shí)上的可能性： 　　Peter______e with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet. 　　A.must B.may C.can D.will 　　而can表示的是邏輯上的可能性：Mary is in poor health. She can be ill at any times. 　?、谠诜穸ň渲兄荒苡胏an和may。此時(shí)can’t用以代替mustn’t，語氣比may not更強(qiáng)。can’t中文可以翻譯為“不可能”、may not中文可以翻譯為“可能不”。 　　Michael______be a policeman, for he’s much too short. 　　A.needn’t B.can’t C.should D.may 　?、墼谝蓡柧渲荒苡胏an，不能用may和must 　　He may be very busy now. Can he be very busy now? 　　He must be very busy now. Can he be very busy now? 　　3.表示“請求、提議”(用在疑問句中)的can和could，這時(shí)could比can語氣更婉轉(zhuǎn) 　　Can(Could)you give me a lift to the station? 　　你(您)能不能讓我搭你(您)的車去車站呀? 　　4.表示“驚訝、懷疑”(用在疑問句中)的can和could，這時(shí)could比can語氣更婉轉(zhuǎn) 　　Who can it be at this time of day?這個(gè)時(shí)候到底會是誰呢? 　　5.構(gòu)成下列特殊句式的can 　?、賑an not/can never…too… cannot…enough“無論怎么……也不為過分，越……越好，非?！? 　　Since it is a good thing,we cannot do it too soon. 　　既然是好事情，我們越早開始做越好。 ②can’t help doing…,cannot help but do…,cannot but do…“禁不住，不由得，不得不” I cannot help admiring the picture whenever I look at it.每當(dāng)我看到這幅畫時(shí)，我都禁不住要鑒賞它。 　　When a close friend dies,you cannot but feel sad. 　　親密的朋友去世時(shí)，你會不由得感到悲傷。 　　6.表示祝愿、祝福的may,此時(shí)句子用倒裝語序 　　May he live to an old age!愿他長命百歲!May God be with you!愿上帝保佑你! 7.shall/should 用于人稱 意義 Shall 第一、三人稱 征求對方的意見 第二、三人稱 說話人給對方的警告、命令、允諾、威脅 用于法律、法規(guī)等條文中 應(yīng)……，須……，得…… 　　What shall we do this evening? 　　注意：may用于征求對方的許可，而shall用于征求對方的意見或指示： 　　May I have a look?我能看一看嗎? 　　Shall I have a look?需要我看一看嗎? 　　You shall fail if you don’t work harder. (警告) 　　He shall have the book when I finish reading. (允諾) 　　He shall be punished.(威脅) 　　The fine shall be given in cash.罰款須以現(xiàn)金繳納。 should 意義 ①（表義務(wù)、責(zé)任的）應(yīng)該 ②（表預(yù)期的）應(yīng)該會，想必會，一定……會把 ③（表驚訝、遺憾的）竟然、居然 ④（與疑問詞連用，表意外、驚訝、納悶等的）究竟是，到底 ⑤（用于表示命令、建議、請求等詞后面的that從句中，且should可以省略）應(yīng)該，必須 　?、資ou should apologize to him. 　?、赥he photos should be ready by 12:00. 　?、跧’m surprised that you should speak in such a way. 　　④Who should ce in but my old friend Betty.我當(dāng)究竟是誰進(jìn)來了呢，原來是我的老朋友貝蒂呀。 　?、軮 suggested that he (should)change his mind. 　　My suggestion was that he (should)change his mind. 　　注意：ought to表示 “應(yīng)該” (與should同義, 只是語氣稍重一些), 也可表示推測。 　　You ought to take care of him. 　　He ought to be home by now. 　　8.will/would 　?、僬埱?、建議，would比will委婉客氣 　　Would you pass me the book? 　?、诒硎疽庵?、愿望和決心 　　I will never do that again. 　　They asked us if we would do that again 　?、劭杀硎具^去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或某種傾向 　　During the vacation he would visit me every week 　　The wound would not heal. 　?、鼙硎竟烙?jì)或猜想 　　It would be about ten when he left home. 　　What would she be doing there? 　　9.dare和need 　　①need作為情態(tài)動詞只有一種形式，只用于否定句和疑問句。 　　②dare作為情態(tài)動詞用時(shí)有兩中形式：dare和dared兩個(gè)詞形。 　　除了可以用于否定句和疑問句外，還可以用于條件從句或表示懷疑的句子中。 　　If he dare e,I will kick him out. 　　I don’t know whether he dare say. 　　Note:He doesn’t dare(to)answer the question. 　　Does she dare(to)enter the dark room? 　　10.情態(tài)動詞+have done的用法 　?、賑ould+have done：本可以做而實(shí)際上未能做 　　You could have done better, but you didn’t try your best. 　?、赾annot+have done：表示對過去行為的否定推測 　　He cannot have been to that town. 　　③can+主語+have done：表示對過去行為的懷疑或不肯定 　　Can he have got the book? 　?、躮ight(may)+ have done：對過去發(fā)生的行為不太肯定的推測 　　He may not have finished the work. 　　If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived earlier. 　　(Mood:might>may,possibility:might 　?、輒ust+have done：對過去發(fā)生的行為肯定的推測。其否定式為：cannot have done 　　You must have seen the film. 　　You cannot have seen the film. 　?、辬eedn’t+have done：本來不必要做的而實(shí)際上又做了 　　You needn’t have watered the flowers,for it is going to rain. 　　注意：didn’t need to(have to)do :沒有必要做而實(shí)際上也沒有做 　　I didn’t need to clean the windows.My sister did it 2 hours ago. 　?、遱hould(ought to)+ have done：本來應(yīng)該做而實(shí)際上又沒有做。 　　其否定形式表示某種行為不該發(fā)生卻發(fā)生了。 　　You should have started earlier, but you didn’t. 　　She shouldn’t have taken away my measuring tape, for I wanted to use it. 　　注意：本結(jié)構(gòu)還可以表“推測”的意思 　　He should have finished the work by now. 　　到現(xiàn)在他應(yīng)該已經(jīng)做完那項(xiàng)工作了。 　　11.其它情態(tài)動詞 　　①have to 　　have to表示 “必須, 不得不”, 在這個(gè)意義上與must很接近, 但must表示的是說話人的主觀看法, 而have to表示的卻是客觀需要. have to比must有更多的形式。 　　The TV set is broken. I have to buy a new one. 　　The students will have to know how to use the puters. 　　注意：在回答must的問句時(shí), 否定式常用need not(needn’t)或don’t have to表示 “不必”。而不用 　　must not, 因?yàn)閙ust not表示 “不可以”。 　　②used to 　　表示過去的習(xí)慣動作或狀態(tài)(現(xiàn)在已不復(fù)如此) 　　—Did you use to go there to see your brother? /Used you to go there to see your brother? 　　—Yes, I did(used to). /No , I didn’t (usedn’t). 　　注意：would也可表示過去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或某種傾向，但是不涉及到現(xiàn)在。 　　③had better 　　表示 “最好(做……)” 　　We had better go now. 其否定式為had better not 　　II.虛擬語氣 　　(一)一般虛擬結(jié)構(gòu) 類別 用法 例句 If引導(dǎo)的條件從句 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 從句動詞：過去式（be用were） 主句動詞：should/would/could/might+動詞原形 If he were here, he would help us. 與過去事實(shí)相反 從句動詞：had+過去分詞 主句動詞：should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞 If I had been free, I would have visited you. 與將來事實(shí)相反 從句動詞：過去式 / should+動詞原形 / were+不定式 主句動詞：should/would/could/might+動詞原形 If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping. 　　注意:主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美國英語中，should常被would代替;從句中的should可用于各種人稱，且不可以被would所代替。 　　(二)混合虛擬結(jié)構(gòu) 　　1.不同時(shí)間的虛擬 　　If he had listened to me, he would not be in trouble now.(從句與過去事實(shí)相反，主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反) 　　If he had told me yesterday, I should know what to do now. (從句與過去事實(shí)相反，主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反) 　　If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party. (從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，主句與過去事實(shí)相反) 　　If you hadn’t lent me some money, I couldn’t have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now. (從句與過去事實(shí)相反，and后面的主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反) 　　2.虛擬與陳述的混合 　　He could have passed the exam, but he wasn’t careful enough. 　　You should have e earlier. The bus left a moment ago. 　　(三)特殊句式虛擬結(jié)構(gòu) 　　1.省略連詞if。在書面語中，如果虛擬條件從句中有were，had 或 should，可以把if省略，把這幾個(gè)詞放到主語之前，構(gòu)成主謂倒裝。 　　Should he e (If he should e), tell him to ring me up. 他要是來了，讓他給我打個(gè)電話。 　　Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你，就不做這事。 　　2.suggest, order, propose, request, require, demand, advise, insist+ 賓語從句(should )do 　　He suggested that we (should) save money for the future. 　　The undergraduate insisted that he (should) go to work in the south. 　　注意：當(dāng)suggest表示暗示，insist表示堅(jiān)持觀點(diǎn),事實(shí)時(shí)，后接的賓語從句應(yīng)當(dāng)用真實(shí)語氣。 　　His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision. 　　He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people’s health. 　　3.It is suggested/advised/ordered/requested/required…+ that從句(should) do 　　It is proposed that more students should go to university. 　　4.My advice/suggestion/request/requirement/order/proposal…+ is +表語從句(should)do 　　My advice is that you should practise speaking English as often as possible. 　　The order from the mander was that the troops should set off for the front immediately. 　　5.His suggestion/advice/request/requirement…+ 同位語從句(should )do+ is.. 　　The request that they should get more is reasonable. 　　6.It is natural/necessary/strange +that從句 (should) do表驚奇、懷疑、惋惜、不滿、理應(yīng)如此等。 　　It’s strange that he should have missed the train. (表竟然) 　　It is important that we should learn from others.(表理應(yīng)如此) 　　It is a pity that he should not go with us.(表驚訝、不滿) 　　7.wish + that clause (did/were 與現(xiàn)在相反) 　　wish + that clause (would/could/might + do與將來相反) 　　wish + that clause ( had done 與過去相反) 　　I wish I could go with them tomorrow. 　　I wish I had never met him. 　　8.It is (high/about) time + 從句(did或should do ) 　　It is (high/about) time we went home. 　　9.would rather + clause (did 與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硐喾?;(had done 與過去相反) 　　I would rather you came tomorrow. 　　I would rather you hadn’t told her the news. 　　10.省去條件從句或主句：表示虛擬語氣的主句或從句有時(shí)可以省略，但其含義仍可以推知。 　?、偈∪l件從句 　　You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。 　　省去了"If you had wanted to")(事實(shí)是:你自己沒洗衣服，因?yàn)槟悴幌胂础? 　　②省去主句(常用以表示愿望) If only + clause ( did/were與現(xiàn)在相反)/ (would/could/might + do與將來相反) /( had done 與過去相反) “要是…….就好了“ 　　If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母與我在一起多好啊!(事實(shí)是:祖母已不在世。) 　　If only she had not left! 如果她沒走就好了!(事實(shí)是:她已經(jīng)走了。) 　　If only he would e tomorrow! 　　If only I had taken her advice! 　　If only I were ten years younger! 　　注意：only if是“只要”的意思，從句中用陳述語氣。 　　11.as if + clause (did/were 與現(xiàn)在相反) / (would/could/might + do與將來相反)/( had done 與過去相反) 　　She treats Kate as if she were her own daughter. 　　They talked as if they had been friends for years. 　　12.would like/was/were to have done something 　　I would like to have attended the party, but one of my friends came to see me. 　　13.but for+名詞 　　But for your help we couldn’t have succeeded in the experiment. 　　14.注意虛擬條件從句的特殊形式 　　Without electricity, human life would be quite different today. 　　Without the air to hold some of the suns heat, the earth at night would be freezing cold. 　　15.注意轉(zhuǎn)折語氣連詞引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣 　　He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he would have scored a goal. 　　I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I should have written it down for her. 　　The captain kept calm in the terrible storm, otherwise the accident wouldnt have been prevented. 　　Yesterday, Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she might have said something she would regret later. 　　16.注意分詞和獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣 　　Given more than two hours, we could have done the work better. 　　Not having finished the work, he couldnt have seen this film. 　　【高考預(yù)測】 　　1. Why didnt you tell me there was no meeting today? I _____ all the way here _____the heavy snow. 　　A. neednt have driven;through B. cant have driven;across 　　C. mustnt have driven;through D. shouldnt have driven;cross 　　2. — Mum, it’s none of my business. Why _____ I care? 　　— Just because she is your sister. 　　A. can B. should C. will D. may 　　3. —I didn’t know you were good friends . 　　—You _____.I have known her since she moved here. You were studying abroad then. 　　A.may have B.needn’t have C.couldn’t have D.must have 　　4. —The concert was wonderful! 　　—Really? How I wish I ______to the theatre with you yesterday! 　　A. had gone B. might go C. were able to go D. would go 　　5.The two strangers have been talking in the park for a long time as though they ______old friends. 　　A. are B. should be C. were D. would be 　　6. ______the heavy rain, we ______the town. 　　A. But for; should have reached B. Because of; would have reached 　　C. During the period of; we would reach D. In spite of; we should have reached 　　7. —If William _______, he _______that green peach. 　　—Luckily he was sent to the hospital in time. 　　A. was warned; would not take B. had been warned; would not have taken 　　C. would be warned; had not taken D. would have been warned; had not taken 　　8. —Is it good to look up every new word when I e across it in reading? 　　—No. You ______because you are likely to guess the meaning from the context. 　　A. can’t B. mustn’t C. don’t have to D.ought not to 　　9. —______I use your puter to send an e-mail? 　　—Yes, you ______. But you mustn’t keep it too long.I’ll surf the Internet after supper. 　　A. Could; could B. Could; must C. Can; can D. Could; can 　　10. When he lived there, he ______go to that book shop at the corner with his girlfriend after work every day. 　　A. would B. should C. had better D. might 　　11.— I hear you’ve got a set of Australian coins. ______I have a look? 　　— Yes, certainly. 　　A. Do B. May C.Shall D. Should 　　12. — What happened to the young trees we planted last week? 　　—The trees______well, but I didn’t water them. 　　A. might grow B. needn’t have grown C. would grow D. would have grown 　　13. What ______ had Bob walked farther, as far as the river bank? 　　A. would happen B.could happen C. would have happened D.needn’t have happened 　　14. Hurry up,Tom.It’s high time we______ to the theater. 　　A. will B. shall C. are going to D. went 　　15. —Do you think he will do me a favor? 　　— As far as I know, he is the last one to help others. He______be prepared to give you a hand, though. 　　A. might B. must C. can D. should 　　16. Even though I’d hurt my leg, I______swim back to the river bank. 　　A. could B. might C. had to D. was able to 　　17.— It is rather cold here. Shall we light a fire? 　　— No, we______because things are easy to catch fire. 　　A. won’t B. can’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t 　　18.—Would you have told him the answer had it been possible? 　　—I would have, but I ______so busy then. 　　A. had been B. were C. was D. would be 　　19. The young man insisted that he______ these watches and______free. 　　A. stole, set B. had stolen, be set C. steal, be set D. had stolen; must be set 　　20. I ______your address, otherwise I______you long before. 　　A. had forgotten,had visited B.forgot, have visited 　　C. forgot,would have visited D.have forgotten,would visit 　　21. I______you a beautiful present for your birthday,but I was short of money at that time. 　　A. would buy B. had bought C. would like to have bought D. must have bought 　　22.—Do you feel like ________ there or shall we take a bus? 　　—I’d like to walk. But since there isnt much time left, Id rather we________ a taxi. 　　A. walking,hire B. to walk, hire C. to walk,hired D. walking, hired 　　23. —Miss White has decided to explore in the forest by herself. 　　—She________ask her boyfriend to if she ________go walking in the forest. 　　A.neednt to,dares to http:/ B.doesnt need, dares 　C.need not to,dare to D.neednt, dare 　　24. His failure in the exam suggested that he __________ the teacher’s instructions. 　　A. can’t have followed http:/ B. needn’t have followed 　　C. mustn’t have followed D. shouldn’t have followed 　　25.I _________ you, but I didn’t think you would listen to me. 　　A.could have told B.must have told C.should tell D.might rell 　　26.—Ms Lin looks rather a kind lady. 　　—But in fact she is cold and hard on us. You_______believe it! http:/ 　　A.shouldn’t B.wouldn’t C.mustn’t D.needn’t 　　27. The manager’s health was getting worse and worse because of heavy burden，so the doctor strongly 　　remended that he a holiday. 　　A.took B.would take C.must take D.take 　　28. —It’s so cold! Why not close the door? 　　—Sorry.It .I’ll have it repaired soon. 　　A.won’t shut B.won’t be shut C.hasn’t shut D.isn’t shut 　　29. I wouldn’t marry Pat even if she the last woman on earth. 　　A.is B.was C.had been D.were 　　30. Many students will take part in the school sports meeting this week, so she suggested that the class meeting _______ held on Saturday . 　　A. not be B. not to be C. be not D. be not to 　　31.________the problem, he wouldnt have mitted those mistakes. 　　A. If he understood B. Had he understood C. When he had understood D. If he would understood 　　32. —But those are size 44. You might need a smaller size. 　　—Yes, I ______ a bit of weight. I have been trying to lose weight! 　　A. will have lost B. should have lost C. may have lost D. can’t lose 　　33.— Are you going to Lloyd’s birthday party on Friday? 　　— Only if it ______, he said he was having a picnic party. 　　A. wouldn’t rain B. doesn’t rain C. won’t rain D. hadn’t rained 　　34. If Sanlu Group __________melamine to the milk, the babies ________ too much from kidney stones. 　　A. didn’t add; would not suffered B. hadn’t added; wouldn’t have suffered 　　C. hasn’t added; wouldn’t have suffered D. hadn’t added; would have suffered 　　35.—The research on the new bird flu virus vaccine is challenging and demanding. Who do you think can do the 　　job? 　　—____ my students have a try? 　　A. Shall B. Will C. Could D. Should 　　【參考答案】 　　1-5ABCAC 6-10ABCDA 11-15BDCDA 16-20DCCBC 　　21-25CDDAA 26-30BDADA 31-35BCBBA 　　非謂語動詞 　　【知識點(diǎn)歸納】 　　I.概述 　　1.基本形式的變化： 　　不定式： 時(shí)態(tài) 主動態(tài) 被動態(tài) 一般式 to do to be done 進(jìn)行式 to be doing 完成式 to have built to have been built 　　John said that he had run in order to catch the bus. (一般式的主動態(tài)) 　　He hated to be misunderstood by others. (一般式的被動態(tài)) 　　He pretended to be listening attentively. (進(jìn)行式) 　　He intended to have told you that. (完成式主動態(tài)) 　　This work of art seemed to have been created several centuries ago. (完成式的被動態(tài)) 　　v-ing形式 時(shí)態(tài) 主動態(tài) 被 動 態(tài) 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 　　注意：不及物動詞沒有被動式 　　動名詞 　　I am sure of his ing in time. (一般式主動態(tài)) (= I am sure that he will e in time) 　　He is proud of being selected as monitor. (一般式被動態(tài)) (= He is proud that he is selected as monitor.) 　　I’m confident of his having passed the exam. (完成式主動態(tài)) 　　(= I am confident that he have passed the exam.) 　　He plained of having been cheated by others. (完成式被動態(tài)) 　　現(xiàn)在分詞 　　He sat in a chair,reading a novel. (一般式主動態(tài)) 　　Being exhausted by work, he fell asleep quickly. (一般式被動態(tài)) 　　Having finished his homework, he went playing. (完成式主動態(tài)) 　　All this having been settled, he went home. (完成式被動態(tài)) 　　2.所做成分 項(xiàng)目/成分 主語 表語 賓語 賓補(bǔ) 定語 狀語 動詞的ing形式 現(xiàn)在分詞 △ △ △ △ 動名詞 △ △ △ △ 不定式 △ △ △ △ △ △ 過去分詞 △ △ △ △ 　　注：現(xiàn)在分詞、不定式、過去分詞都可以作獨(dú)立成分。 　　II.基本知識 　　1.動詞不定式在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞? 　?、僮髦髡Z。 　　To see once is better than to hear a hundred times. 　　To make money is not the only purpose of our life.賺錢不是我們生活的唯一目的 　　在很多情況下，常用it 來充當(dāng)動詞不定式的形式主語。 　　It is important for us to learn English very well.對我們來說學(xué)好英語是非常重要的。 　　②作動詞的賓語，常用在以下動詞后： 　　help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，expect，arrange，learn，plan，demand，dare，manage，agree，prepare，fail，determine，offer，choose，desire，elect，long，(happen，seem) 　　He managed to pass the exam.他成功地通過了考試。 　　He promised to be here at nine.他答應(yīng)9點(diǎn)鐘到這兒。 　　I didn’t expect to see you here.我沒有料到在這兒見到你。 　　在某些復(fù)合賓語中，用it做形式賓語，而把不定式放到后面去。 　　He considered it better to leave now.他認(rèn)為最好現(xiàn)在就離開。 　　I found it impossible to finish the work on time.我發(fā)現(xiàn)準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成這項(xiàng)工作是不可能的。 　?、圩鞫ㄕZ(常置于名詞之后)。 　　由only, last, next 序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾的名詞常用不定式做定語; 不定式還可用作名詞 　　代詞的的賓語 (ability, anything, attempt, chance, curiosity, desire, decision, determination, effort, failure, 　　intention, need, nothing, opportunity, place, plan, promise, reason, right, something) 　　She is always the first student to arrive at school. 　　He is always the last one to leave the office.他總是最后一個(gè)離開辦公室。 　　I don’t think he is the best man to do the job.我想他不是做這項(xiàng)工作的最佳人選。 　　I have no desire to travel. 　　You’ll fi