2019-2020年高中英語語法復(fù)習(xí) 第四講 非謂語動詞講練.doc

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2019-2020年高中英語語法復(fù)習(xí) 第四講 非謂語動詞講練 語法精講 一、 概述： 在英語中，不作句子謂語，而具有除謂語外其他語法功能的動詞，叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞有動詞不定式；動詞的-ing形式；過去分詞。 （一）非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的相同點(diǎn)有： 1） 如果是及物動詞都可與賓語連用: They built a garden. They suggested building a garden. 2） 都可以被狀語修飾：The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well. 3）都有主動與被動, “體”式（一般式；進(jìn)行式；完成式）的變化（過去分詞除外）。例：He was punished by his parents.（謂語動詞被動語態(tài)） He avoided being punished by his parents.（ing形式的被動式） We have written the position.（謂語動詞的完成時） Having written the position, we handed it in.（現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式） 4）都可以有邏輯主語 They started the work at once.（謂語動詞的邏輯主語） The boss ordered them to start the work.（動詞不定式的邏輯主語） We are League members.（謂語動詞的主語） We being League member, the work was well done.（ing形式的邏輯主語） （二） 非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的不同點(diǎn)有： 1）非謂語動詞可以有名詞作用（如動詞不定式和動詞的-ing形式），在句中做主語、賓語、表語。 2）非謂語動詞可以有形容詞作用（如動詞不定式、動詞的-ing形式和過去分詞），在句中做定語、表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語。 3）非謂語動詞可以有副詞作用（如動詞不定式、動詞的-ing形式和過去分詞），在句中作狀語。 非謂語動詞的句法功能一覽表： 主　語 表　語 賓　語 補(bǔ)　語 定　語 狀　語 同位語 不定式 -ing形式 過去分詞 （三）、非謂語動詞的各種形式： 1、 不定式的形式：不定式分為帶to 和不帶to的不定式兩種（以write為例） 主 動 被 動 一般式 to write to be written 進(jìn)行式 to be writing / 完成式 to have written to have been written 完成進(jìn)行式 to have been writing / 否定式：not + (to) do not (to) be writing not (to) be written not (to) have written　等 2. -ing形式的形式：（以write;go為例） -ing形式 及 物 動 詞 write 不及物動詞go 主動語態(tài) 被動語態(tài) 主動語態(tài) 一般式 writing being written going 完成式 having written having been written having gone 否定式：not + writing　not + being written　not + having written not having been written等 二、非謂語動詞的用法比較 1）動詞不定式和-ing形式作主語比較 -ing形式作主語表示一般或抽象的多次性動作，不定式作主語表示具體的或一次性的動作，特別是將來的動作。例如： 1. _______ is a good form of exercise for both young and old．（MET 1992） A. The walk B．Walking C．To walk D．Walk 答案是B 2. It is not unusual for workers in that region _________. A． to be paid more than a month later　B. to be paid later than more a month C． to pay later than a month more 　　D. to pay later more than a month 答案是A. 2. 動詞不定式、-ing形式、過去分詞作表語比較 （1）如果-ing形式的作用相當(dāng)于名詞時，不定式和-ing形式作表語的區(qū)別同作主語一樣。 His job is building houses． 　　 Our task now is to increase food production． The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customers． The most important thing is to put theory into practice． The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier，_____ it more difficult． A．not make B．not to make C．not making D．do not make （Key：B） （2）如果-ing形式的作用相當(dāng)于形容詞時，-ing形式作表語時不是說明主語的內(nèi)容，而是表示主語所具有的特征或所處的狀態(tài)。即主語“令（使）人….”；過去分詞表示主語“感到….” 　What you said was encouraging. I was surprised at the news.. 3動詞不定式和-ing形式作賓語比較 （1）有些動詞后只跟不定式作賓語，如：want，wish，hope，manage，demand，promise，refuse，pretend，plan，offer，decide，agree，expect等。 We agreed _______ here，but so far she hasnt turned up yet．（NMET 1995） A．having met B．meeting C．to meet D．to have met （Key：C） （2）有些動詞后只跟-ing形式作賓語，如：admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，escape，excuse，finish，forgive，imagine，mind，miss，practise，resist， risk，suggest，deny, put off等。 The squirrel was so lucky that it just missed_______ ．（MET 1987） A．catching B．to be caught C．being caught D．to catch （Key：C） I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon．（MET 1992） A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．youre calling（Key：C） （3）有些動詞后既可以跟不定式又可以跟-ing形式，意義上無多大區(qū)別，如：love，like，hate，prefer，intend，start，continue等。 I intend to finish／finishing the task this morning． (4) 有些動詞后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟-ing形式，但意義上有區(qū)別，如：forget，remember，mean，regret，stop，try等。 —The light in the office is still on． —Oh，I forgot _______ ．（MET 1991） A．turning it off B．turn it off C．to turn it off D．having turned it off （Key：C） —You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting． —Well，now I regret _______ that．（NMET 1995） A．to do B．to be doing C．to have done D．having done（Key：D） 4、動詞不定式、-ing形式、過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語和主語補(bǔ)足語比較 （1）有些動詞后只跟不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語或主語補(bǔ)足語，如：ask，tell，order，want，wish，warn，allow，advise，permit，forbid等。 The patient was warned _______ oily food after the operation．（NMET 1996） A．to eat not B．eating not C．not to eat D．not eating （Key：C） （2）有些動詞后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟-ing形式、過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語或主語補(bǔ)足語，但意義不同，如：see，watch，notice，observe，hear，feel，have, make等，且不定式不帶to，但在被動結(jié)構(gòu)中必須帶to.不定式指動作的全過程；-ing形式指正在進(jìn)行的動作的一部分，且都表主動意義；過去分詞表被動意義，指已經(jīng)完成的動作，being done也表被動意義，但表正在進(jìn)行的動作。 Paul doesnt have to be made_______ ．He always works hard．（NMET 1995） A．learn B．to learn C．learned D．learning（Key：B） The manager discussed the plan that they would like to see_____ the next year．（xx） A．carry out B．carrying out C．carried out D．to carry out（Key：C） 　We stood on the playground watching the national flag being raised. 5不定式、-ing形式、過去分詞作定語比較 （1） 不定式作定語表示“將要”，-ing形式表示“正在”，過去分詞表示“已經(jīng)”，且只表被動。特別要注意比較to be done; being done; done作定語的用法。 注意：-ing形式的完成式不用來作定語。 The Olympic Games，＿＿　in 776 B．C．，did not include women players until1912．（NMET 1997） A．first playing B．to be first played C．first played D．to be first playing（Key：C） When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door ____“Sorry to miss you；I will call later．”（NMET xx） A．read B．reads C．to read D．reading （Key：D） （2）-ing形式相當(dāng)于名詞時作定語表示被修飾名詞的用途，-ing形式相當(dāng)于形容詞時作定語表示被修飾名詞的動作。 a swimming pool動名詞作定語，　　　　a swimming fish現(xiàn)在分詞作定語。 （3） 有些不及物動詞既可用-ing形式，也可用過去分詞作定語，但意義不一樣。 　falling leaves fallen leaves developing countries developed countries boiling water boiled water 6動詞不定式作狀語修飾動詞、形容詞，表示原因、目的和結(jié)果，-ing形式、過去分詞作狀語修飾動詞和句子，表示時間、原因、條件、方式、伴隨和結(jié)果。 _______ late in the morning，Bob turned off the alarm．（NMET xx） A．To sleep B．Sleeping C．Sleep D．Having slept（Key：A） ________ such heavy pollution already，it may now be too late to clean up the river．（NMET xx） A．Having suffered B．Suffering C．To suffer D．Suffered（Key：A） __________ more attention，the trees could have grown better．（MET 1990） A． Given B．To give C．Giving D．Having given（Key：A） 　　　注意：答題時要分清是非謂語動詞作狀語、主語，還是祈使句。 　　三、非謂語動詞的其他要點(diǎn) Ⅰ、非謂語動詞的一般式表示的動作與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生，非謂語動詞的完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。不定式的進(jìn)行式表示用于描述在我們談?wù)摰臅r間（現(xiàn)在或過去）正在繼續(xù)的動作。 例1：A lot of young people are learning to drive cars. (同時發(fā)生) 例2：All of us expected to discover a new oil field. (非謂語動詞動作發(fā)生在后) 例3：He is said to have studied English for three years. (非謂語動詞動作發(fā)生在前) 例3：We enjoy watching color TV. (與謂語動詞動作同時) 例4：He forgot having promised to write things for us. （非謂語動詞動作發(fā)生在前） 例5：Singing a song, he came into the room.（非謂語動詞動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生） 例6：Having written his position, he went to have a heart to heart talk with Wang. (非謂語動詞動作發(fā)生在前) 例7：It’s nice to be sitting with you. (不定式的進(jìn)行式表示現(xiàn)在正在繼續(xù)的動作) 例8：I noticed that he seemed to be smoking a lot. (不定式的進(jìn)行式表示過去正在繼續(xù)的動作) Ⅱ、動詞不定式的完成式有時用在intended, expected, meant, were to, was to等過去式的動詞后面，表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的行為。例如： 　　例9: I meant to have sent the book to you by mail. （我本想把這本書郵寄給你的。） 例10: He was to have been the new ambassador, but he fell ill. (他原是要任新大使的，但是他病了。) Ⅲ、不帶to的幾種用法 1、不定式的進(jìn)行式、完成式與情態(tài)動詞連用表推測、責(zé)怪等。(略) 2、在 let; make; see; hear; feel; watch; notice; help; observe; have;等后可跟不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ). 例11：She lets her children stay up very late. 例12：I made them give me the money back. 例13：Have Mrs. Hansen e in, please. 例14：I’ve never known him (to) pay for a drink. 3、Why (not) 句型中 例15：Why pay more at other shops? We have the lowest prices in town. 例16：Why not let me lend you some money? 4、and, or, except, but, than后 例17：I’d like to lie down and go to sleep. 例18： Do you want to have lunch or wait till later? 例19：We had nothing to do except (to) look at the posters outside the cinemas. 例20：It’s easier to persuade people than (to) force them. 5、解釋do的精確意思的句中，可以含有不帶to的不定式。 例21：All I did was (to) give him a little push. 例22：What a fire-door does is (to) delay the spread of a fire long enough for people to get out. Ⅳ、動詞不定式、-ing形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 1、"介詞for+名詞/代詞"表示不定式的邏輯主語。常用于：It　is + adj .+ for sb. + to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu). It is inconvenient for me to write the whole book by hand. It is necessary for you to hurry up. Otherwise you will be late. That is for you to eat. It is time for us to have dinner. This is a problem for us to solve. For the children to enter college，many parents employ tutors. 2、 物主代詞my、your等和所有格的詞如John’s可與帶-ing的形式連用。 I’m annoyed about John’s forgetting to pay. Do you mind my making a suggestion? 在非正式英語中，當(dāng)這些詞在語法上起著句子中賓語的作用時，常用me, you, John這樣一些形式 I’m annoyed about John forgetting to pay. Do you mind me making a suggestion? 語法精練： 1. （xx全國）Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _____ whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen 2. （xx全國）The research is so designed that once _______ nothing can be done to change it. A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun 3. （xx北京春）Mr. Smith, _____ of the _______ speech, started to read a novel. A. tired; boring B. tiring; bored C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring 4. （xx上海春）Friendship is like money: easier made than _______. A. kept B. to be kept C. keeping D. being kept 5. （xx上海春）______ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement. A. The president will attend B. The president to attend C. The president attended D. The president’s attending 6. （xx上海春）Unless ______ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference. A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited 7. （xx上海春）She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role ______ in making the earth a better place to live. A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing 8. （xx北京）--- How do you deal with the disagreement between the pany and the customers? --- The key ______ the problem is to meet the demand ______ by the customers? A. to solve; making B. to solving; made C. to solve; making D. to solve; ;made 9. （xx上海）In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run pany are striving ______ their products more petitive. A. to make B. making C. to have make D. having made 10. （xx上海）Though _______ money, his parents managed to send him to university. A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in 11. （xx上海）Don’t use words, expressions, or phrases ______ only to people with specific knowledge. A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known 12. （xx上海）______ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin. A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed 13. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street; but his mother told him ________. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 14. I would love _______ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. to be gone D. going 15. With a lot of difficult problems _______, the manager felt worried all the time. A. settled B. settling c. to settle D. being settled.