英語平行結構和比較結構.ppt

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英語平行結構和比較結構Parallelism________,theyshouldalsotrytolearntofulfilltheirknowledge.Someonemustbecoming,______thedogisbarking.Thatwasourfirstlesson,_______shedidn’tknowallournames.,while,but,yet,for,so,OnedayJohnwaslate,______hismissedthefirstclass.Notonlydidhespeakmorecorrectly,_____hespokemoreeasily.Thechildrencangowithus,____theycanstayathome.Youmusttellthetruth,_________youwillbepunished.Eitheryoucandoitbyyourself,______youcanasksomeoneelsetohelpyou.Doyouhaveatablefortwo?----I’msorry,_____therearen’tanyseatsnow.,and,butalso,or,or,or,but,PairedconjunctionsDirections:Addisoraretoeachsentence,1.Boththeteacherandthestudent____here.2.Neithertheteachernorthestudent___here.3.Notonlytheteacherbutalsothestudents_____here.,are,is,are,ErrorAnalysis:PairedConjunctions,1.EitherJohnwillcallMaryorBob.1.JohnwillcalleitherMaryorBob.2.NotonlySuesawthemousebutalsothecat.2.Suesawnotonlythemousebutalsothecat.3.Ienjoynotonlyreadingnovelsbutalsomagazines.3.Ienjoyreadingnotonlynovelsbutalsomagazines.4.Oxygenisplentiful.Bothaircontainsoxygenandwater.4.Oxygenisplentiful.Bothairandwatercontainoxygen.,并列結構的標點符號,由兩個以上項目構成的并列結構通常只在最后一個項目之前用并列連詞，其他項目之間用逗號連接。Therearefivetypesofdischargefrommilitaryservice:honorable,general,undesirable,badconduct,anddishonorable.兩個以上項目全用連詞連接起來的并列結構，在修辭色彩上給人以悠閑緩慢、延續(xù)持久的感覺。Raisingvegetablespresentsendlessopportunitiesforweedingandthinningandhoeingandwatering.,有時也可全用逗號，在修辭色彩上給人以緊張、急促、明快、利落的感覺。除了逗號，分號和冒號也能起并列連詞的作用。分號連接兩個并列分句，通常表示對比關系。Golfdemandsthebestoftimeandspace;tennis,thebestofpersonalenergy.用冒號連接兩個并列分句，通常表示下文是對上文的解釋和發(fā)揮。Hijackersandkidnappersoffertwoequallyimpossiblealternatives:arefusaltomeettheirtermsmaymeandeathfortheirvictims;meetingtheirtermsmaymeanmorevictimsinthefuture.,在某些連接性副詞如accordingly,furthermore,hence,however,nevertheless,therefore等之前通常要用分號，而不用逗號。Hehadworkedintheforeignservicefortwoyearswithoutleave;hencehewastiredalmostbeyondendurance.FromarunningstartPedrolaunchedhisbodyintoavigorousracingdrive;however,hewasaboutthirtyfeetfromthepoolatthetime.,二、對連接詞連接的成分要求：形式對稱；功能相同（充當同樣的句子成分），時態(tài)平衡。,并列平行結構應該是名詞和名詞，副詞和副詞，分詞和分詞，不定式和不定式，動詞和動詞，句子和句子等的并列，而不能其中一個概念用分詞結構表達，而另一個概念用不定式或從句來表達。比如下面句子就違反了平行結構的準則：Dosomenicethingsforyourparentsthattheydontexpectlikecooking,doingthedishes,washingclothes,orcleanthefloors.“做飯”、“刷碗”、“洗衣服”、“拖地”在本句中應為并列結構作為介詞like“像”的賓語，故應用相同的形式，都用動名詞，所以應將clean改為cleaning。,三、平行結構主要類型,1.名詞和名詞平行結構Thepatientssymptomswerefever,dizziness,andheadache.病人的癥狀是發(fā)燒、頭暈和頭痛。2.形容詞和形容詞平行結構Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthyandwise.早睡早起使人健康、富有、聰明。,三、平行結構主要類型,3.副詞和副詞平行結構Theworkishandsomelyandskillfullydone.這項工作做得漂亮，有水平。4.分詞平行結構(現(xiàn)在分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞與過去分詞)Theboyswererunning,shoutingandlaughing.男孩子們邊跑，邊喊叫著、笑著。（伴隨狀語）Theoldmanreturnedhome,disappointedandexhausted.,5.動名詞doing平行結構Henrysworkisreadingbooksandwritingbookreviews.亨利的工作是讀讀書，寫寫書評。6.動詞不定式平行結構Ontheotherhand,40%thinkthatfeesshouldbechargedbecauseyouneedmoneytopaygardenersandotherworkers,and(to)buyplantsandyoungtrees.另一方面，40%的同學認為應收門票，他們認為門票費可以作為支付園林工人及其他工作人員的工資和購買新花木的費用。and連接并列不定式第二個不定式往往省略to。,7.介詞短語平行結構1）Yoursemestergradeisbasednotonlyonhowwellyoudooneachtest,butalsoonhowyouparticipateinclass.2）Weoftengotothecountrysideaswellastofactories.8.謂語動詞平行結構謂語形式時態(tài)要一致Hewentdowntown,boughtsomebooksandvisitedhisdaughter.9.句子的并列（并列句）Iwastired,butIfelthappy.,ErrorAnalysis:ParallelStructure,1.Byobeyingthespeedlimit,wecansaveenergy,lives,anditcostsusless.1.Byobeyingthespeedlimit,wecansaveenergy,livesandmoney.2.Myhomeoffersmeafeelingofsecurity,warm,andlove.2.Myhomeoffersmeafeelingofsecurity,warmth,andlove.,,3.Thepioneerslaboredtoclearawaytheforestandplantingcrops.3.Thepioneerslaboredtoclearawaytheforestandplantcrops.4.WhenIrefusedtohelpher,shebecameveryangryandshoutatme.4.WhenIrefusedtohelpher,shebecameveryangryandshoutedatme.,,5.Inmysparetime,Ienjoytakingcareofmyaquariumandtoworkonmystampcollection.5.Inmysparetime,Ienjoytakingcareofmyaquariumandworkingonmystampcollection.6.Withtheirkeensight,finehearing,andtheyhavearefinedsenseofsmell,wolveshuntelk,deer,moose,andcaribou.6.Withtheirkeensight,finehearing,andrefinedsenseofsmell,wolveshuntelk,deer,moose,andcaribou.,,7.Allplantsneedlight,tohaveasuitableclimate,andanamplesupplyofwaterandmineralsfromthesoil.7.Allplantsneedlight,asuitableclimate,andanamplesupplyofwaterandmineralsfromthesoil.,英語比較句型,,原級的句型,①“as+原級形容詞/副詞+as”的結構，表示前后兩者的情況一樣1）“A+系動詞+as+形容詞原級+as+Beg.Billisasfunnyashisfather.Myhandwritingisasbeautifulasyours.我的書法和你的一樣好。2）“A+謂語動詞+as+副詞原級+as+B”eg.LucyspeaksChineseaswellasLily.,②在否定句中，用“notas/so+原級形容詞as”結構，表示前者不如后者?！癆+系動詞+notas／so+形容詞原級+as+B”eg.Thesebooksaren’tasinterestingasthose.Iamnotas/sobusyasIusedtobe.我沒有過去那么忙了。區(qū)別：TomisnotastallasMike.TomisnotsotallasMike.“A+助動詞／情態(tài)動詞+not+謂語動詞+as／so+副詞原級+as+B”eg.Shedidn’tsingsowellthatnightassheusuallydoes.,thesame(…)as與……相同/同樣You’vemadethesamemistakeasTom.有時thesame可以單獨使用：Mymotherismuchyoungerthanyours.Sheisn’t!They’reaboutthesameage.Thosetwodressarethesame.differentfrom與……不同（different前面可加very，much，alittle等修飾語）IsFrenchfoodverydifferentfromItalianfood?We’replanningsomethingdifferentthisyearfromwhatwedidlastyear.,常用詞組,asgoodas幾乎已經(jīng)，實際上等于，和……幾乎一樣Heisasgoodasdead.他跟死了一樣。Thesecondhandgeographybookisasgoodasnew.這本二手地理書幾乎還是新的。2.assoonas一……就……PleaseletusknowassoonasyouarriveinBeijing.一到北京，請通知我們一聲。Assoonasshegothome,shebegancooking.她一到家就開始做飯。,3.asmuch/manyas多達……，達到……之多，實際上等于，差不多Someofthestonesevenweighasmuchasfifteentons.有些石塊甚至重達15噸。Thenumberofpeoplewholosthomesreachesasmanyas250,000.失去家園的人數(shù)多達25萬。That’sasmuchastosayhewasathief.那無異于說他曾是個小偷。4.asfaras就……而言，盡……AsfarasIknow,he’llbeawayforthreemonths.就我所知，他將離開三個月。Wewillhelpyouasfaraswecan.我們會盡力幫助你。,5.aslongas只要Youcangowhereyoulikeaslongasyougetbackbeforedark.你去哪兒都可以，只要你在天黑前返回。YouwillbehappyaslongasIamliving.只要我活著，你就會幸福。6.asoftenas每當，每次Asoftenashecame,hewouldstaywithusforatime.每次他來，總要和我們呆上一陣子。TheboyalwayssayshellotomeasoftenasImeethim.每次我遇見那個小男孩，他總是向我問好。,7.aswellas和，同，既……又……，不僅……而且……Myparentsaswellasmyelderbrotherenjoymusic.我父母親和我哥哥都喜歡音樂。Heiscleveraswellashardworking.他不僅努力工作而且聰明。8.as…aspossible/onecan盡可能，盡（某人）所能Pleasesweepthefloorascleanaspossible.請把地打掃得盡可能干凈。I’llgetbackassoonasIcan.,比較級+than…（……比……更……）,形容詞比較級的常用句型,Thisbridgeislongerthanthatone.,Ourschoolislargerthantheirs.,比較級+and+比較級（……越來越……）,Inspring,thedaysaregettinglongerandlonger,Theflowersaremoreandmorebeautiful.,The+比較級…，the+比較級…（越……就越……）,1）Thesooner，thebetter.,2）Themoreyoueat，thefatteryouwillbe.,Whichis+比較級，AorB?（A和B，哪一個比較…？）,Whichislonger,thisoneorthat?,the+最高級+（名詞）+in/of/among…在…（范圍內(nèi)）最…,形容詞最高級的常用句型,1）Tomisthetallestinhisclass.,2）Thisappleisthebiggestofthefive.,oneofthe+形容詞最高級+復數(shù)名詞表示“……是……中最……之一”。,BeijingisoneofthelargestcitiesinChina.,Whichis+the+最高級+……?在…（范圍內(nèi)）哪一個最…？,Whichisthebiggestofthefiveballs,運用比較級表達最高級的概念,“比較級+thananyother+名詞單數(shù)”，“比較級+thantheother+名詞復數(shù)”或“比較級+thantherestof+the+名詞復數(shù)”都可表示最高級意義。Juliaistallerthananyothergirlinherclass.Juliaistallerthantheothergirlsinherclass.Juliaistallerthantherestofthegirlsinherclass.以上三句表達的意思等同于最高級的含義：Juliaisthetallestofthegirlsinherclass.朱麗葉是她們班上最高的女生。,比較級和最高級的修飾語,比較級的修飾語Much（…得多），far（…得多），even（甚至，更），still(更)，abit（有點），alittle（有點），alot（很），agreatdeal(大大地),twice(兩倍),fivetimes(五倍),two-fifths(五分之二),ahalf(一半)等修飾比較級表示程度，但決不可用very修飾。eg.TomisalittletallerthanMike.Tom比Mike稍高一點；Itisevencoldertodaythanyesterday.今天甚至比昨天更冷,比較結構的同義轉(zhuǎn)換,有時，不同的比較結構可以表示相同的意思，因此，它們可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換。1.notas/so…as與less…than的轉(zhuǎn)換Theplacewasnotas/socrowdedasitusuallyisyesterday.Theplacewaslesscrowdedthanitusuallyisyesterday.昨天，這個地方不像平常那樣擠滿了人。2.more…than與less…than,notas/so…as的轉(zhuǎn)換Yourpictureismorebeautifulthanhis.Hispictureislessbeautifulthanyours.Hispictureisn’tas/sobeautifulasyours.你的畫比他的好看。3.最高級與more…than,no…morethan的轉(zhuǎn)換Mathisthemostdifficultsubjectofall.Mathismoredifficultthananyothersubject.Nosubjectismoredifficultthanmath.數(shù)學是所有學科中最難的。,Exercises,用括號中形容詞或副詞的適當形式填空1）Thisparkismuch﹍﹍thanthatone.(beautiful)2）I’ma﹍﹍boyinthesun.(happy)3）Whichbookis﹍﹍,yoursormine?(thick)4）Mymotherdrivesas﹍﹍asmyfather.(good)5）Whois﹍﹍thanI,heorshe?(old)6)Hebecomes﹍﹍and﹍﹍．(越來越胖)7)The﹍﹍heis,the﹍﹍hefeels．他越忙就越高興。8)Thisgardenis﹍﹍as﹍﹍asthatone．(三倍大),morebeautiful,happy,thicker,well,oldest,fatterfatter,busierhappier,threetimesbig,用所給的詞組翻譯句子1.一旦關系有所改善，他們就可以獲準離開。(assoonas)Assoonasrelationsimprovetheywillbeallowedtogo.2.據(jù)我所知，它僅僅維持了兩三年。(asfaras)Itonlylastedacoupleofyears,asfarasIknow.3.只要你離他們遠一點,你就會安全.(aslongas)Aslongasyoucankeepawayfromthem,youresafe.4.選花不僅要觀其形還要聞其香。(aswellas)Flowersarechosenfortheirscentaswellastheirlook.,不改變意思，改寫下列句型1)LinTaoisthetallestboyinhisclass.LinTaois﹍﹍anyother﹍﹍inhisclass.2）Scienceisnotsointerestingasmusic.Scienceis﹍﹍thanmusic.Musicis﹍﹍thanscience.3)Thisboxis12kg.Thatboxis14kg.Thetwoboxesare__________weight.4）Maryis6yearsold.Lilyis12yearsold.Lily’sageis_________Mary’s.(as…as)Maryis_________thanLily.,tallerthanboy,lessinteresting,moreinteresting,thesame,thesame,twiceasoldas,younger,選擇填空（）1.Thisbookis﹍﹍thatone.A.notsointerestingB.moreinterestingthanC.asmoreinterestingasD.interestingthan（）2.Ithinkmathsisnot﹍﹍English.A.easierB.lesseasyC.easyD.soeasyas（）3.Heisoneof﹍﹍inourcountry.A.themostpopularsingerB.themostpopularsingersC.themorepopularsingersD.mostpopularsingers（）4.－Whichdoyouprefer,vegetablesorfruit?－Ipreferfruit﹍﹍vegetables.A.toB.thanC.ofD.and（）5.TheweatherinBeijingisas﹍﹍inShanghaitoday.A.wetterthantheweatherB.wetastheweatherC.wetthanthatD.wetasthat,B,D,B,A,D,6.NoonerunsasfastasJohninhisclass.Thesentencemeans_____.A.Johnrunsfastestinhisclass.B.Johnrunsfasterthananyotherboyinhisclass.C.Johnrunsmoreslowlythananyotherstudentinhisclass.D.Johnrunsasfastasothersinhisclass.7.NewYorkis_____intheUnitedStates.A.largerthananycityB.largerthananyothercityC.biggerthananycitiesD.biggestofallthecities8.Ofthetwopencil-boxes,theboychose______expensiveone.A.lessB.theleastC.thelessD.themost9.–Howwastheweatheryesterday?-Itwasterrible.Itrained_____.Peoplecould_____goout.A.hardly;hardlyB.hardly;hardC.hard;hardD.hard;hardly10.Thischairisnot_____forhimto______.A.strongenough;sitB.enoughstrong;sitC.enoughstrong;sitinD.strongenough;siton,A,B,C,D,D,Translatethefollowingsentences.,你工作越努力,你就會得到越好結果。你英語聽得越多,英語就會越容易。你越爬得高,就看得越遠。你越吃得多,就會越胖。,Theharderyouwork,thebetterresultyouwillget.,ThemoreyoulistentoEnglish,theeasieritbecomes.,Thehigheryouclimb,thefartheryouwillsee.,Themoreyoueat,thefatteryouwillbe.,