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外文資料
Continuous casting machine is mainly composed of carrier of ladle, tundish, tundish carrier, mold, mold vibration device, secondary cooling device, throwing straightening machine, dummy device, cutting device, and casting out of the device and other parts.
Ladle transporter is mainly include casting and ladle rotating table in two ways, at present most of the new design of continuous casting machine based on ladle revolving platform. Its main function is carrying the ladle, and support the ladle pouring operations. Based on ladle rotary table can be replaced rapidly ladle, realize the continuous casting furnace.
Ladle and tundish between crystallizer is to receive the transition device, the liquid steel is used to stabilize the steel flow, reduce erosion of the shell in the mould by the steel flow; And make the flow of liquid steel in tundish is reasonable and appropriate long residence time, to ensure uniform liquid steel temperature and non-metallic inclusion separation floatation; For multiple flow continuous caster by tundish shunt for molten steel; Even when pouring in furnace, storage of liquid steel in tundish in replacing the ladle play the role of cohesion.
Carrier have intermediate tundish charter and tundish rotary table, it is used to support equipment, transportation and replacement of tundish.
Crystallizer is a special water-cooling steel mould, molten steel cooling in the crystallizer, preliminary coagulation, and form a certain thickness of billet shell, to ensure that the slab is pulled out of the mould, shell not be leakage, defects such as deformation and cracks.
Mould oscillation device is to make the mould to do reciprocating movement up and down according to certain requirements, in order to prevent the early green shell and mold adhesion was ripping.
Secondary cooling device is mainly composed of spray cooling device and slab support device. Its role is: directly spray to the casting, the solidification completely; Through the clamp side guide rollers of slab with liquid core supporting and guiding role, to prevent and limit the slab deformation drum belly, and steel leakage accidents.
Throwing the role of the straightening machine is overcome in the process of casting slab and the resistance of mold and secondary cooling zone, successfully casting out, and the arc slab straightening. The dummy device before pouring, it also will into the mold.
Dummy device including dummy bar head and dummy bar two parts, it is used when the cast starting as the bottom of the "living" of crystallizer, blocked the mouth of the mould and make the liquid steel in the dummy bar head coagulation; By pulling machine traction, slab with dummy bar mouth pulled out from under the crystallizer. Dummy bar pull out of the machine, the dummy bar to take off, into the normal state of throwing.
Cutting device is used in the casting process, marching to divide it into the specified length required.
Casting out of the device including roller, pushing steel machine, cooling bed, etc., by their complete slab conveying, cooling etc.
Continuous casting machine can be classified according to a variety of methods:
(1) according to the movement of the mould, casting machine can be divided into stationary (vibrating) and two categories. The former is now commonly used in the production of water, at the bottom of the exposure of copper crystallizer of "normal" characterized by continuous caster; The latter is a wheel with casting crystallizer such as type, belting leather continuous casting machine of the movement.
(2) according to the appearance of continuous caster structure can be divided into vertical continuous casting machine, the bending type continuous casting machine , arc continuous caster (including straight mold more curved, straight arc, arc radius arc crystallizer, ) , horizontal continuous casting machine .
(3) according to the shape and size of slab section can be divided into: billet caster (cross section is not more than 150 x 150 mm small billet; more than 150 x 150 mm called bloom, rectangular cross section of the length and width of less than 3, also known as billet caster), figure 1-6 small billet caster is Mr Prodi arc, figure 1-7 arc generous slab continuous caster, figure 1-8 arc small billet caster; Slab continuous casting machine (rectangular slab section for its generous than the average in more than 3); Round billet continuous casting machine (slab cross section is round, diameter of 60 ~ 400 mm Ф); Profiled billet continuous casting machine (pouring special-shaped section, such as H, hollow tube, etc.); Party, combination of slab continuous caster (in a casting machine can cast slab can casting billet); Thin slab continuous casting machine (casting sheet billet thickness of 40 ~ 80 mm), etc.
(4) according to the casting of steel liquid static head, the casting machine height (H) and vertical slab thickness (D) ratio, the size of the continuous casting machine can be divided into gao tou2 type (H/D > 50, casting machine models for vertical or bend type), standard head type (H/D is 40 ~ 50, casting machine models for the arc or the arc with a straight segment), head (H/D is 20 ~ 40, casting machine model for arc or ellipse) and very low head type (H/D < 20, casting machine models for four kinds of oval). With the improvement of steelmaking and refining outside the furnace technology, before pouring and pouring process for effective control of molten steel purity, bowed their heads and super low head continuous caster by increasing.
(5) other. The name of the other is often used with the Numbers, the machine number and the number of flow, etc. As shown in figure 1 and 2 for the rotary casting machine.
1) the vertical continuous casting machine
Vertical continuous caster mold, secondary cooling device, throwing device and cutting slab device is arranged on the vertical center line. Vertical continuous casting machine has the advantage of molten steel in the vertical direction is set, its non-metallic inclusions, rise unhindered, easy to separate. Slab, on the other hand, without bending or straightening, won't produce due to defects caused by the bending and straightening, so it is especially suitable for high quality steel and alloy steel casting. Its disadvantage is that the equipment is higher, generally is 35 to 45 mm, so we need a higher plant, or a deep pit. The ascension of liquid steel and slab transport, more troublesome. In recent 10 years, in addition to a few special steel plant, rarely use this model.
2) rotary continuous casting machine
Rotary continuous casting machine is also called the centrifugal casting machine, is also a kind of vertical continuous casting machine. Its characteristic is crystallizer, guide roller and roll with casting revolve around the vertical center line at a certain speed, slab is solidified in the downward movement while rotating. The casting machine is suitable for casting round billet. It has the advantage of the centrifugal force generated when rotating, can make the liquid steel inside the mold and the mold wall has good contact, you can generate more uniform thickness of billet shell, within the slab is not easy to produce crack. On the other hand, due to the effect of centrifugal force, the scum on the surface of the liquid steel are concentrated in the center of the vortex, can easily remove it. Due to the slab in the rotating movement downward, so as long as in the secondary cooling zone on the longitudinal decorate several water jet, can obtain homogeneous secondary cooling effect. With this kind of casting machine casting round billet, rolling not clear. The casting machine fault is the equipment of the drive system is more complex.
In recent years due to the progress of steelmaking and continuous casting process, especially the electromagnetic stirring device can be installed in the crystallizer, already can use arc and other type of poured out of the good quality round billet continuous casting machine, so the rotary casting machine has been less used.
3) bending type continuous casting machine
Bending type continuous casting machine of the upper part and vertical continuous casting machine is the same, just the solidification of slab ways. 90. To make it to the horizontal loading, and in a horizontal line cut into specified length. In order to facilitate loading, this kind of continuous casting machine can only be built on the ground plane, or shallow depth in the gutter, make the cut off of the slab can use the table of the ground, or in the gutter the low gradient table away. Height and vertical continuous caster in the continuous caster, its advantage is cutting slab by the specified length is not restricted. Bending type continuous casting machine is also appeared in the early stages of the continuous casting technology development models, applicable Yu Xiaofang billet continuous casting. This model is in recent yearsUse less.
4) arc continuous caster
Arc is the characteristics of the continuous caster crystallizer is curved, its height is lower than vertical and bending type continuous casting machine. The centerline of mold and secondary cooling of roller group was longitudinal center line of a circular arc radius. Arc length of about a quarter of a circle. Cast out of the arc slab under it near the dead point after straightening, namely along the horizontal direction, then cut into a specified length. This is currently the most widely used models.
< 1 > arc slab continuous casting machine
Due to the slab wide, steel under static pressure, its wide side shell is easy to drum belly inside crack, so arranged from top to bottom with roller. Because of slab in secondary cooling zone running resistance is bigger, so the more proper roll. Can see from figure 1-1, to quickly remove or during maintenance in secondary cooling fan section of roller, also set the bend guide rail, each fan section can quickly and accurately in place. In order to shorten the casting time to prepare, the dummy bar from flowing into the mould. So you can pull before casting secondary cooling zone, began to install the dummy bar. On the casting platform for this transport vehicle is equipped with the dummy bar. Large slab continuous casting machine can cast slab thickness of 220 ~ 320 mm, width is 1870 ~ 2720 mm, casting speed of 1 ~ 2.5 m/min. Moulds of wide slab can be on-line width of longitudinal cut into several smaller slab, its annual output over 1.7 million tons.
< 2 > arc bloom continuous casting machine
Slab section in more than 160 x160mm billet and equal rectangular billet section, collectively known as bloom.It is the radius of the 15 m, can be the biggest section of casting of 320 x450mm, tundish capacity 15 t, liquid level depth in tundish of 950 ~ 1000 mm. Mould length is 700 mm.
< 3 > arc small billet caster
Because of the small billet in the process of casting is not easy to produce drum belly, so in secondary cooling zone can not set roll, but only a handful of guide roller. Small billet tube type commonly used arc continuous caster crystallizer, sizing nozzle. Secondary cooling device and the tubular scaffold. Adopt mechanical shear cut or hydraulic camber of slab.
reducer
Reducer is the prime mover and work machine between independent closed transmission device, used to reduce speed and increase torque, in order to meet the needs of the work, also used for growth in some occasions, called growth .Reducer is mainly composed of transmission parts (or worm gear, shaft, bearing, box and its accessories .
classification
1, the speed reducer can be divided into general according to the use of two kinds of speed reducer and special reducer, design, manufacture and use of the two features of each are not identical. 70-80 - s of the 20th century, reducer technology has made great development in the world, and closely integrated with the development of new technology revolution. The main types: gear reducer; Worm gear reducer; Gear - worm reducer; Planetary gear reducer.
2, general reducer has a helical gear reducer (including parallel shaft helical gear reducer, worm gear reducer, bevel gear reducer, etc.), planetary gear reducer, cycloid pin wheel reducer, the worm gear and worm reducer, planetary friction type mechanical CVT machine, and so on.
1) cylindrical gear reducer
More than single stage, level 2, level 2 grades. Decorate a form: expansion, shunt type, coaxial type.
2) cone gear reducer
Used for the input shaft and output shaft position into the intersection of occasions.
3) the worm gear reducer
Mainly used for transmission ratio > 10 occasions, I drive is larger when the structure is compact. Its defect is low efficiency. Currently widely used Archimedes worm gear reducer.
4) gear - worm reducer
If gear drive level at high speed, the structure is compact; If worm drive in high speed, high efficiency.
5) planetary gear reducer
A range of high transmission efficiency, transmission ratio, transmission power 12 w ~ 50000 kw, small volume and weight.
中文翻譯
連鑄機(jī)主要由鋼包運(yùn)載裝置、中間包、中間包運(yùn)載裝置、結(jié)晶器、結(jié)晶器振動裝置、二次冷卻裝置、拉坯矯直機(jī)、引錠裝置、切割裝置和鑄坯運(yùn)出裝置等部分組成。
鋼包運(yùn)載裝置主要有澆注車和鋼包回轉(zhuǎn)臺兩種方式，目前絕大部分新設(shè)計(jì)的連鑄機(jī)都采用鋼包回轉(zhuǎn)臺。它的主要作用是運(yùn)載鋼包，并支撐鋼包進(jìn)行澆注作業(yè)。采用鋼包回轉(zhuǎn)臺還可快速更換鋼包，實(shí)現(xiàn)多爐連鑄。
中間包是鋼包和結(jié)晶器之間用來接受鋼液的過渡裝置，它用來穩(wěn)定鋼流，減小鋼流對結(jié)晶器中坯殼的沖刷；并使鋼液在中間包內(nèi)有合理的流動和適當(dāng)長的停留時(shí)間，以保證鋼液溫度均勻及非金屬夾雜物分離上?。粚τ诙嗔鬟B鑄機(jī)由中間包對鋼液進(jìn)行分流；在多爐連澆時(shí)，中間包中貯存的鋼液在更換鋼包時(shí)起到銜接的作用。
中間包運(yùn)載裝置有中間包車和中間包回轉(zhuǎn)臺，它是用來支撐、運(yùn)輸、更換中間包的設(shè)備。
結(jié)晶器是一個特殊的水冷鋼模，鋼液在結(jié)晶器內(nèi)冷卻、初步凝固成形，并形成一定的坯殼厚度，以保證鑄坯被拉出結(jié)晶器時(shí)，坯殼不被拉漏、不產(chǎn)生變形和裂紋等缺陷。
結(jié)晶器振動裝置是使結(jié)晶器能按一定的要求做上下往復(fù)運(yùn)動，以防止初生坯殼與結(jié)晶器粘連而被拉裂。
二次冷卻裝置主要由噴水冷卻裝置和鑄坯支撐裝置組成。它的作用是：向鑄坯直接噴水，使其完全凝固；通過夾輥和側(cè)導(dǎo)輥對帶有液芯的鑄坯起支撐和導(dǎo)向作用，防止并限制鑄坯發(fā)生鼓肚、變形和漏鋼事故。
拉坯矯直機(jī)的作用是在澆注過程中克服鑄坯與結(jié)晶器及二冷區(qū)的阻力，順利地將鑄坯拉出，并對弧形鑄坯進(jìn)行矯直。在澆注前，它還要將引錠裝置送入結(jié)晶器內(nèi)。
引錠裝置包括引錠頭和引錠桿兩部分，它的作用是在開澆時(shí)作為結(jié)晶器的“活底”，堵住結(jié)晶器的下口，并使鋼液在引錠桿頭部凝固；通過拉矯機(jī)的牽引，鑄坯隨引錠桿從結(jié)晶器下口拉出。引錠桿拉出拉矯機(jī)后，將引錠桿脫去，進(jìn)入正常拉坯狀態(tài)。
切割裝置的作用是在鑄坯行進(jìn)過程中，將它切割成所需要的定尺長度。
鑄坯運(yùn)出裝置包括輥道、推鋼機(jī)、冷床等，由它們完成鑄坯的輸送、冷卻等作業(yè)。
連鑄機(jī)可以按多種方法進(jìn)行分類：
（1）按結(jié)晶器的運(yùn)動方式，連鑄機(jī)可分為固定式（即振動式）和移動式兩類。前者是現(xiàn)在生產(chǎn)上常用的以水冷、底部敞口的銅質(zhì)結(jié)晶器為特征的“常規(guī)”連鑄機(jī)；后者是輪式、輪帶式等結(jié)晶器隨鑄坯一起運(yùn)動的連鑄機(jī)。
（2）按連鑄機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)的外形可分為立式連鑄機(jī)、立彎式連鑄機(jī)、弧形連鑄機(jī)（包括直結(jié)晶器多點(diǎn)彎曲型、直結(jié)晶器弧形、弧形多半徑弧形等）、水平連鑄機(jī)。
（3）按鑄坯斷面的形狀和大小可分為：方坯連鑄機(jī)（斷面不大于150×150mm的叫小方坯；大于150×150mm的叫大方坯，矩形斷面的長和寬小于3 的也稱為方坯連鑄機(jī)）；板坯連鑄機(jī)（鑄坯斷面為長方形，其寬厚比一般在3以上）;圓坯連鑄機(jī)（鑄坯斷面為圓形，直徑Ф60～Ф400mm）；異形坯連鑄機(jī)（澆注異形斷面，如H型、空心管等）；方、板坯兼用連鑄機(jī)（在一臺鑄機(jī)上既能澆注板坯也能澆注方坯）；薄板坯連鑄機(jī)（鑄坯厚度為40～80mm的薄板坯料）等。
（4）按鑄坯所承受的鋼液靜壓頭，即鑄機(jī)垂直高度（H）與鑄坯厚度（D）比值的大小，可將連鑄機(jī)分為高頭型（H/D＞50，鑄機(jī)機(jī)型為立式或立彎式）、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)頭型（H/D為40～50，鑄機(jī)機(jī)型為帶直線段的弧形或弧形）、低頭型（H/D為20～40，鑄機(jī)機(jī)型為弧形或橢圓形）和超低頭型（H/D＜20，鑄機(jī)機(jī)型為橢圓形）4種。隨著煉鋼和爐外精煉技術(shù)的提高，澆注前及澆注過程中對鋼液純凈度的有效控制，低頭和超低頭連鑄機(jī)的采用逐漸增多。
（5）其他。其他經(jīng)常用到的名稱有臺數(shù)、機(jī)數(shù)和流數(shù)等。
1）立式連鑄機(jī)
立式連鑄機(jī)的結(jié)晶器、二次冷卻裝置、拉坯裝置及切割鑄坯裝置等都是布置在垂直的中心線上。立式連鑄機(jī)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是鋼水在垂直的方向凝固，其所含的非金屬夾雜物，上浮時(shí)不受阻礙，容易分離出來。另一方面，鑄坯不經(jīng)過彎曲或矯直，不會產(chǎn)生因彎曲或矯直所造成的缺陷，因此它特別適用于優(yōu)質(zhì)鋼及高合金鋼的澆鑄。它的缺點(diǎn)是設(shè)備較高，一般是35～45mm，因此需要較高的廠房，或較深的地坑。鋼水的提升及鑄坯的運(yùn)送，都比較麻煩。近10年來，除了少數(shù)特殊鋼廠以外，很少采用這種機(jī)型。
2） 旋轉(zhuǎn)式連鑄機(jī)
旋轉(zhuǎn)式連鑄機(jī)也叫離心式連鑄機(jī)，也是一種立式連鑄機(jī)。其特點(diǎn)是結(jié)晶器、導(dǎo)輥及拉輥都和鑄坯一起圍繞其垂直中心線以一定的速度旋轉(zhuǎn)，鑄坯是在一邊旋轉(zhuǎn)一邊下行的運(yùn)動中凝固的。這種鑄機(jī)適用于澆鑄圓坯。它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是由于旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)產(chǎn)生的離心力，使結(jié)晶器內(nèi)的鋼液能與結(jié)晶器壁有較好的接觸，可以生成厚度比較均勻的坯殼，鑄坯不易產(chǎn)生內(nèi)裂。另一方面，由于離心力的作用，使鋼液面上的浮渣都集中在中心的旋渦內(nèi)，可以很容易地將它撈出。由于鑄坯在旋轉(zhuǎn)的運(yùn)動中下行，因此只要在二冷區(qū)的縱向上布置若干個噴水嘴，就可以獲得均勻的二次冷卻效果。用這種鑄機(jī)鑄出的圓坯，不須清理即可軋制。這種鑄機(jī)的缺點(diǎn)是設(shè)備的驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)比較復(fù)雜。
近年來由于煉鋼及連鑄工藝的進(jìn)步，特別是能在結(jié)晶器內(nèi)安裝電磁攪拌裝置以后，已經(jīng)能用弧形及其它型式的連鑄機(jī)澆出質(zhì)量很好的圓坯，所以旋轉(zhuǎn)式連鑄機(jī)已經(jīng)較少采用。
3）立彎式連鑄機(jī)
立彎式連鑄機(jī)的上半部分和立式連鑄機(jī)相同，只是把凝固的鑄坯彎轉(zhuǎn)90°使它向水平方向出坯，并在水平線上切成定尺長度。為了便于出坯，這種連鑄機(jī)只能建在地平面上，或深度較淺的地溝內(nèi)，使切斷的鑄坯能用地面的輥道，或地溝內(nèi)坡度不大的輥道運(yùn)走。這種連鑄機(jī)的高度和立式連鑄機(jī)相差不多，其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是所切鑄坯的定尺長度不受限制。立彎式連鑄機(jī)也是在連鑄技術(shù)發(fā)展的初期出現(xiàn)的機(jī)型，適用于小方坯的連鑄。近年來這種機(jī)型很
少采用。
4）弧形連鑄機(jī)
弧形連鑄機(jī)的特點(diǎn)是它的結(jié)晶器是弧形的，其高度比立式及立彎式連鑄機(jī)都低。其結(jié)晶器的中心線和二冷夾輥組的縱向中心線同在一個半徑的圓弧上。圓弧的長度約為一個圓的四分之一。鑄出的弧形坯在其下死點(diǎn)附近被矯直后，即沿水平方向前進(jìn)，然后切成定尺長度。這是目前采用最廣泛的機(jī)型。
<1>弧形板坯連鑄機(jī)
由于鑄坯較寬，在受到鋼水靜壓時(shí)，其寬邊的坯殼容易鼓肚而產(chǎn)生內(nèi)裂，所以從上到下安排了密布的夾輥。由于鑄坯在二次冷卻區(qū)內(nèi)運(yùn)行的阻力較大，所以采用了較多的拉矯輥。為了在檢修時(shí)快速取出或裝入二冷夾輥的扇形段，還設(shè)置了彎曲導(dǎo)軌，使各個扇形段能快速而準(zhǔn)確地就位。為了縮短澆鑄準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間，其引錠桿是從結(jié)晶器的上口裝入的。這樣就能在鑄坯還未拉出二冷區(qū)時(shí)，就開始安裝引錠桿。為此在澆鑄平臺上設(shè)有引錠桿運(yùn)送車。大型板坯連鑄機(jī)能夠澆鑄的板坯厚度220～320mm，寬度為1870～2720mm，拉坯速度1～2.5m/min。鑄成的寬板坯可以在線縱切成幾條寬度較小的板坯，其年產(chǎn)量在170 萬噸以上。
<2>弧形大方坯連鑄機(jī)
鑄坯斷面在160X160mm 以上的方坯及斷面相等的矩形坯，統(tǒng)稱為大方坯。
<3>弧形小方坯連鑄機(jī)
由于小方坯在澆鑄過程中不易產(chǎn)生鼓肚，所以在二冷區(qū)可以不設(shè)夾輥，而只設(shè)少數(shù)幾個導(dǎo)向輥。小方坯弧形連鑄機(jī)一般采用管式結(jié)晶器，定徑水口。二冷裝置也采用管式支架。采用機(jī)械剪或液壓剪剪切鑄坯。
減速器
減速器是原動機(jī)和工作機(jī)之間的獨(dú)立的閉式傳動裝置，用來降低轉(zhuǎn)速和增大轉(zhuǎn)矩，以滿足工作需要，在某些場合也用來增速，稱為增速器 。減速器主要由傳動零件(齒輪或蝸桿)、軸、軸承、箱體及其附件所組成 。
分類
1、減速器按用途可分為通用減速器和專用減速器兩大類，兩者的設(shè)計(jì)、制造和使用特點(diǎn)各不相同。20世紀(jì)70－80年代，世界上減速器技術(shù)有了很大的發(fā)展，且與新技術(shù)革命的發(fā)展緊密結(jié)合。 其主要類型：齒輪減速器；蝸桿減速器；齒輪—蝸桿減速器；行星齒輪減速器。
2、一般的減速器有斜齒輪減速器(包括平行軸斜齒輪減速器、蝸輪減速器、錐齒輪減速器等等)、行星齒輪減速器、擺線針輪減速器、蝸輪蝸桿減速器、行星摩擦式機(jī)械無級變速機(jī)等等。
1）圓柱齒輪減速器
單級、二級、二級以上二級。布置形式：展開式、分流式、同軸式。
2）圓錐齒輪減速器
用于輸入軸和輸出軸位置成相交的場合。
3）蝸桿減速器
主要用于傳動比i>10的場合，傳動比較大時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。其缺點(diǎn)是效率低。目前廣泛應(yīng)用阿基米德蝸桿減速器。
4）齒輪—蝸桿減速器
若齒輪傳動在高速級，則結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊；若蝸桿傳動在高速級，則效率較高。
5）行星齒輪減速器
傳動效率高，傳動比范圍廣，傳動功率12W～50000KW，體積和重量小。