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英文原文
Recent Developments and Practices to Control Fire in Undergound Coal Mines
S. K. Ray* and R. P. Singh, Central Mining Research Institute, Barwa Road,
Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826 001, India
Abstract: Coal mine ?res cause serious threat to the property and human lives. Out-break of ?re may be dealt with advanced ?re suppression techniques like Infusion of inert gases or liquid nitrogen, Dynamic Balancing of pressure, Reversal of under-ground mine ventilation, Application of nitrogen foam, Inertisation of Goaf, Water mist etc. The paper addresses all those control techniques in detail. Success story of controlling ?res in coal mines of different parts of the world are reported. Results of a recently completed Science & Technology (S&T) project with regard to various ?re suppression techniques like Infusion of liquid nitrogen, Injection of high pressure high stability nitrogen foam, and Water mist on open ?re are also discussed.
Keywords: coal mine ?re, reversal of underground mine ventilation, nitrogen foam, inertisation of goaf & water mist
1. Introduction`
Since inception, mining is considered as a most hazardous and dangerous of peacetime activities. An outbreak of ?re in the underground workings of a mine poses a direct threat from the ?re itself. Further, an invisible and immediate threat from carbon monoxide poisoning and an explosion, particularly in gassy coal mines is also there. It affects to both persons working underground at the time of the outbreak and to those involved in the subsequent rescue and ?re ?ghting. It hampers the coal production and sometimes loss of coal winning machinery.
Fires in coal mines may be categorised into two groups viz.,
(a) ?res resulting from spontaneous combustion of coal
(b) open ?res, which are accidental in nature, caused as a result of ignition of combustible materials.
In coal mines, ?res are generally caused due to several reasons viz., sluggish ventilation, high pressure difference across intake and return airways, loose and fallen coal in the goaf area, electricity, mechanical friction, blasting, welding, explosions and illicit distillation of liquor.
2. Mine Fire Model Gallery
To understand the complex dynamic phenomenon of open ?res (?res that occur in mine airways usually commence from a single point of ignition) and to study the effectiveness of various ?re suppression techniques viz., liquid nitrogen, high pressure high stability nitrogen foam and water mist, recently Central Mining Research Institute, Dhanbad, India has designed and constructed a Mine Fire Model Gallery. The model gallery is 65.5 m long; arch in shape with a base of 2.4 m and crown height of 2.7 m. The cross section of the gallery is 5.86 m2. The gallery is divided into ?ring and non-?ring zones. An exhaust type axial ?ow fan having a capacity to deal with 25 m3/s. of air quantity at 50-mm wg pressure has been installed at its end. The gallery is provided with two sliding doors for quick sealing of the ?re and a rolling shutter for regulation of desired air?ow. An isometric view of mine ?re model gallery is shown in Figure 1.
It is equipped with a state-of-the-art computer aided on-line telemonitoring system. The system consists of 130 sensors (98 temperature, 25 gas, 3 pressure, 2 heat ?ux, 1 each velocity and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) concentration sensor) and instruments with data logger, computer, computer peripheral etc. for continuous monitoring of various ?re parameters like gas concentration (O2, CO2, CO, CH4 & H2), air velocity, pressure across ?re zone and fan pressure, temperature, heat ?ux, dust and particulate matter concentration inside the gallery.
Figure 1 Isometric view of mine ?re model gallery
Details of the construction of the gallery and its instrumentation system have beendescribed elsewhere In the experiments inner side of the ?ring zone of the gallery which is 22 m in length (?ring zone starts from 10.5 m from the entry of the gallery) was lined with a thin layer of coal slabs, 8–10 cm thick, brought from Dobrana seam of New Kenda Colliery. Fixing of coal slabs were effected with a mixture of air setting cement and liquid binder. In each set of experiments about 18–20 tons of coalswere used.
The paper addresses all the above control measures that have been applied all over the world. Results of experimentation on open ?res in Mine Fire Model Gallery are also discussed.
3.Fghting Mine Fires
3.1 High Pressure Foam
Use of foam plugs has been successful in ?ghting mine ?res in roadways where direct attack with water is not possible. USBM studies reveals that the water content of the foam should not be less than 0.20 kg/m3 otherwise the foam is not capable of controlling the ?re. With su?cient ventilating forces (around 8 cm wg) properly generated foam may be transported over 300 m. Foam does not appear to be effective against deep seated, rapidly advancing, buried or dead end ?res.
In India, suppression of spontaneous heating by high pressure high stability foam is a new and effective method. However, the method has been widely used in Czech mines in controlling spontaneous heating of the mined out areas of longwall panels.
The foam is produced by high pressure foam generator under the pressure of 10 foaming gas. The produced foam is transported by pipelines or ?re hoses to the ?re area. Inert gas (N2, CO2), compressed air or a combination of both is used as foaming gas. The foam generator consists of two independent units namely pumping unit and foam generating unit. The foam is produced from a mixture consisting of water and 5% foaming agent. This mixture is pumped by a pumping unit into a foam-generating unit where the foam is produced . At the same time inert gas (N2) is supplied to the foam-generating unit at a minimum pressure of 0.2 MPa, mixed with foaming mixture sprayed from nozzles and then passes through a ?ne mesh installed inside the foam generation unit. At the outlet of the foaming unit a ?re resistant hosepipe of suitable diameter is attached by which the foam is transported to the place of infusion. A schematic diagram for HPHS nitrogen foam generation system is shown in Figure 3.
The foam helps in controlling the spontaneous heating in following manner.
Reducing air leakage through mined out area
Reducing temperature
Reducing the rate of sorption of oxygen by the coal as the foam forms a thin
protective ?lm over the coal.
Pumping Unit
400 V, 50 Hz
5%mixture Fire Hose Foam to Fire
Affected Area
of water &
foaming agent Foam Generating Unit
Figure 3 Set up for injection of high-pressure high stability nitrogen
High pressure nitrogen foam has recently been used in AW1 longwall panel of 1 & 2 Incline mine of Jhanjra project, ECL with very encouraging results. In this mine foam was injected in the longwall goaf through boreholes. A trolley mounted PSA type nitrogen generator having a capacity of 300 Nm3/h. was used. High pressure high stability nitrogen foam (HPHS) is cheap (one kg of foaming agent capable of producing 2 m3 of foam costing about 2.1 $) and has long self life. The HPHS nitrogen foam at a rate of 200 m3/h has been applied during experimentation in CMRI Mine Fire Model Gallery to control open ?re.The following points are worth mentioning.
It has been observed from the results that there was substantial reduction in temperature. The average value of this reduction in temperature has been found to be 207°C per hour.
After infusion of foam in open ?re condition the concentration of all the Products of Combustion (POC) like CO2, CO, CH4 and H2 has decreased, indicating the retardation of combustion process.
On infusion of foam, reduction of generation rate of CO2 and CO is estimated as 80% and 85%, respectively.
High-pressure high stability nitrogen foam technology proved to be promising to control open ?res. However, 200-m3/h infusion rate was found inadequate to suppress the ?re completely.
3.2. Water Mist
Water can be used in mines either in the form of spray or mist. McPherson (1993) mentioned that once a ?re has been progressed to a fuel rich condition thereis little chance of extinguishing without sealing off the ?re. He does, however, suggest that a means available to gain control of the ?re by the application of water as a natural scale fog.
‘‘Water mist’’ refers to ?ne water sprays in which 99% of the volume of the spray is in droplets with diameter less than 1,000 l. Water mist ?re suppression systems (WMFSSs) are readily available, simple in design and construction, easy to maintain, effectual in suppressing various ?res, non-toxic, and cheaper than other familiar ?re suppressing system with no harmful environmental impact.
While applied in ?re areas, it cleans the air by dissolving soluble toxic gases produced during combustion, washing down smoke and suppressing dust, and thus improves visibility as well. Unlike many other ?re ?ghting systems, WMFSSs can be safely used in manned areas and found to be effective in open condition. Furthermore, water consumption in WMFSSs is far less than that in water ?ushing, spraying or sprinkling systems. On account of these advantages, much study has been carried out in recent years to develop appropriate WMFSSs to control various types and size of ?res.
A survey carried out in 1996 indicated that nearly 50 agencies around the world were involved in the research and development of WMFSSs, ranging from theoretical investigations into extinguishing mechanisms and computer modeling to the development, patenting and manufacturing of water mist generating equipment . Water mist is being evaluated for the suppression of ?res in diesel fuel storage areas in underground mines at National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh. Water mist has shown a positive impact to control a fuel-rich duct ?re [30] when a series of experiments on water mist was carried out in a 30 cm square, 9 m long wind tunnel constructed in the Department of Mining & Minerals Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University. A ?re is called fuel-rich when the oxygen concentration falls to below 15%in products of combustion.
The concept of water mist to suppress the mine ?re is a unique one and for the ?rst time in India it has been tried in the Mine Fire Model Gallery to work out the strategy to control ?re with the water mist in actual mining condition . For the purpose an indigenous system for generation of water mist has been developed.
The water mist was infused in the gallery at a rate of 33 l/min. From the study the following points are emerged.
After only 20 min of infusion of water mist on the full-?edged ?re the temperature along the length of the gallery was reduced to a great extent. The average reduction of temperature was found to be 294°C per hour. It also reduces the backlash to a great extent.
It has been found that after application of water mist the oxygen concentration had increased to above 19% whereas the product of combustion gases (no measurable amount of methane) have decreased indicating retardation of combustion process.
On application of water mist, reduction of generation rate of CO2 and CO was estimated as 89% and 93%, respectively.
In the experiment with water mist hydrogen percent recorded an increase by 0.01–0.26% which is well below the explosive limit. Therefore, there was no formation of water gas (fuel gas containing about 50% CO, 40% H2, and small amounts of CH4, CO2 and N2) terminating the possibility of explosion.
On application of water mist the opacity was decreased by 84%. Therefore, it can be inferred that the water mist has the potential to improve the visibility in the mines during open ?re condition.
4. Conclusion
Based on theoretical, experimental and ?eld observations the following points are emerged.
1) Recent successful control of ?re with high-pressure high stability nitrogen foam in Indian coal mines and on open ?re experimentation in CMRI mine ?re model gallery has provided ample evidence that foam technology is a promising one.
2) Water mist seems to have enough potential to control open mine ?re as has been observed on experimentation in CMRI mine ?re model gallery. It has several advantages. It reduces the temperature as well as Product of Combustion POC) gases particularly CO to a great extent. Further, it reduces the backlash nd SPM concentration thereby improves the visibility. There is no threat of ormation of water gas eliminating the chances of explosion.
References
[1] R.P. Singh, I. Ahmed, A.K. Singh, S.M. Verma, B.C. Bhowmick ‘‘A Model Experimental Gallery in India to Study Open Fire Dynamics in Mines—Its Design and nstrumentation’’, in Proceedings of the 7th International Mine Ventilation Congress. racow, Poland, 17–22 June, 2001, pp. 885–892.
[2] S.K. Ray, A. Zutshi, B.C. Bhowmick, N. Sahay, and R.P. Singh, ‘‘Fighting Mine Fires sing Gases with Particular Reference to Nitrogen’’, Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, vol. 100(4), 2000, pp. 265–272.
[3] A. Adamus, ‘‘Review of the Use of Nitrogen in Mine Fires’’, Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Section A, Mining Technology, vol. 111, 2002, pp.A89–A98.
[4] R. Morris, ‘‘A Review of Experiences on the Use of Inert Gases in Mine Fires’’, Mining Science and Technology, vol. 6(1), 1987, pp. 37–69.
[5] T.V. Thomas, ‘‘The Use of Nitrogen in Controlling an Underground Fire at Fernhill olliery’’, The Mining Engineer, vol. 123, 1964, pp. 311–336.
[6] J.P.L. Bacharach, A.L. Craven, and D.B. Stewart, ‘‘Underground Mine Fire Control ith Inerting Systems’’, CIM Bulletin, vol. 79, 1986, pp. 67–72.
[7] S.P. Banerjee, ‘‘Nitrogen Flushing in Coal mines as a Measure against Mine Fires’’, ransactions, Mining Geological and Metallurgical Institute of India, vol. 84(supplemento. 2), 1987, pp. 1–9.
[8] E.R. Wastell and G. Walker, ‘‘The Use of Nitrogen in Fryston Colliery’’, The Mining ngineer, vol. 142, 1983, pp. 27–36.
[9] CMRI S&T Report on ‘‘Studies on Simulation of Open Fires in a Mine Gallery under aried Air?ow for Suppression of Fire and Explosions in Underground Coal mines’’, GAP/11/97, 116 pp.
中文譯文
煤礦火災(zāi)控制的最近發(fā)展和實踐
S . K·雷 R . P·辛格
中央礦業(yè)研究所，印度，丹巴德，恰爾肯德邦，826 001
摘要：煤礦火災(zāi)嚴重威脅人們的財產(chǎn)和生命。防火的先進技術(shù)已經(jīng)取得突破，例如火風(fēng)壓控制，注惰性氣體或液體氮、動態(tài)壓力平衡,礦井通風(fēng)中風(fēng)流逆轉(zhuǎn)的應(yīng)用,地下采空區(qū)的注泡沫、惰性、水霧等。文中對以上控制技術(shù)進行了詳細的介紹，對世界各地區(qū)煤礦控制火災(zāi)的成功案例進行了報道。討論了最近完成的一個關(guān)于各種的火壓控制工藝,如注液體氮、注入高壓高穩(wěn)定性氮氣泡沫,多組分細水霧在明火控制的科學(xué)技術(shù)項目。
關(guān)鍵詞：煤礦火災(zāi)、氮氣泡沫、采空區(qū)惰性氣體及水霧
1簡介
一直以來,采礦被看作是最危險的日常活動。地下礦井工作面火災(zāi)的爆發(fā)的直接的威脅來自明火。此外,另一個無形的直接威脅來自一氧化碳中毒和爆炸,特別是高瓦斯煤礦。它會影響到工作人員在地下的時間,包括后續(xù)救援及消防工作。
它不僅妨害煤炭生產(chǎn),還會損失采煤機械。
在煤礦火災(zāi)分成兩組：(a)由煤自燃引起；(b)明火,由自然環(huán)境中的意外造成,由于點燃可燃材料。
煤礦火災(zāi)通常是由如下原因造成的：風(fēng)流停滯，進風(fēng)和回風(fēng)高壓力差,采空區(qū)松散遺煤，電力、機械摩擦、爆破、焊接、爆炸和違規(guī)喝酒。
2防火巷道模型
為了理解明火發(fā)生的復(fù)雜動態(tài)現(xiàn)象(我礦井風(fēng)流中的火災(zāi)通常從單一點的著火點開始)和各種控制火災(zāi)技術(shù)的有效性：例如液氮壓制工藝,高壓高穩(wěn)定性氮氣泡沫和水霧,最近印度丹巴德中央礦井水霧研究所設(shè)計和建造了一個礦井火災(zāi)模型的巷道。該模型巷道長65.5米;拱形，底寬2.4米,高2.7米。巷道的橫截面是5.86平方米。巷道分為火區(qū)和無火區(qū)。抽出式軸流風(fēng)機通風(fēng)能力為25m3/ s .50mm高水柱的空氣壓入裝置被安裝在它的末端。這條巷道配備兩部滑動門作為調(diào)節(jié)所需氣流快速密封火區(qū)的移動風(fēng)門。三維視圖模型畫廊如圖1所示。 它配備了最先進的計算機輔助在線遠程控制系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)由130個傳感器(98個溫度、3個壓力、25個氣體、2個熱流密度、1個速度和懸浮微粒(SPM)濃度傳感器)和數(shù)據(jù)日志記錄器、電腦、電腦輔助設(shè)備等火災(zāi)連續(xù)監(jiān)測的各種參數(shù),如巷道內(nèi)氣體濃度(O2、CO2, CH4和CO,H2),空氣流速、火區(qū)壓力和風(fēng)機壓力、溫度、熱流密度、灰塵和微粒濃度。 巷道內(nèi)的結(jié)構(gòu)細節(jié)及儀器系統(tǒng)在其他地方描述 [1]。
長22米的實驗火區(qū)巷道 (巷道開始10.50米)是用薄薄的一層從多不拉新建煤礦運來的煤板襯里,厚8 - 10厘米。固定的煤板和氣體裝置混合物用水泥和液體的粘合劑固定住。每一組實驗用18 - 20噸煤。
上文所有的控制措施,已被廣泛應(yīng)用于世界各地。在礦井火災(zāi)模型巷道中的明火的試驗結(jié)果也進行了討論。
圖1 等距礦井火災(zāi)巷道模型
3防火技術(shù)
3.1高壓泡沫
注泡沫已經(jīng)成功應(yīng)用在礦山火災(zāi)救援中，在巷道中直接用水滅火是不可能的。USBM研究表明,泡沫中含水不應(yīng)小于0.20公斤/立方米,否則泡沫不能夠控制火勢。足夠的風(fēng)力(大約8厘米高水柱)產(chǎn)生的泡沫可以能被運輸?shù)?00米。泡沫對深部,快速推進,被埋或盲巷火災(zāi)似乎無效。
在印度,用高壓高穩(wěn)定性泡沫抑制自燃熱是一種新的、有效的方法。然而,這種方法已經(jīng)被廣泛地應(yīng)用于控制捷克礦山長壁工作面自熱。
泡沫是由高壓泡沫產(chǎn)生器的發(fā)泡氣體的壓力下產(chǎn)生的。所產(chǎn)生的泡沫由管道和消防水龍輸送到火區(qū)。惰性氣體(N2,二氧化碳)、壓縮空氣或兩者的結(jié)合,作為泡沫氣體。泡沫發(fā)生器由兩個獨立的單位即抽出裝置和泡沫產(chǎn)生裝置組成。泡沫是由水和5%的發(fā)泡劑組成的混合物。泡沫產(chǎn)生裝置產(chǎn)生泡沫，再由抽出裝置抽出形成混合物。同時惰性氣體(N2)為泡沫發(fā)生器提供0.2兆帕的最低壓力,泡沫混合物從噴嘴噴出,然后通過泡沫發(fā)生器內(nèi)部安裝的細網(wǎng)格。發(fā)泡單位的出口，阻燃水帶的適用管徑依據(jù)泡沫注入的運輸方式。HPHS氮泡沫的發(fā)生系統(tǒng)被如圖3。
泡沫以如下方式控制自燃熱：
降低通過開采區(qū)域漏風(fēng)
降低溫度
煤形成薄泡沫降低吸附氧的速率
在煤表面形成保護膜。
高壓氮氣泡沫,最近已被應(yīng)用于約翰約拉項目2號礦井的AW1長壁工作面，取得了令人鼓舞的結(jié)果。將這個礦井的泡沫注入長壁采空區(qū)圍巖附近。一個推車上安裝產(chǎn)量300 Nm3 /小時的PSA型氮發(fā)生器。高壓高穩(wěn)定性氮泡沫(HPHS)成本低(一公斤的發(fā)泡劑可以生產(chǎn)2立方米的泡沫，成本2.1美元)，使用壽命長。
圖3 用于注入高壓高穩(wěn)定氮的設(shè)備
HPHS氮氣泡沫的速率為200立方米/小時，被應(yīng)用在CMRI礦井火災(zāi)模型試驗巷道控制開火。
以下幾點值得一提的。
觀察實驗結(jié)果表明,溫度顯著降低。平均降低溫度值是為207°C/h。在著火狀態(tài)輸入泡沫后所有產(chǎn)物的濃度如二氧化碳、一氧化碳、CH4及H2有所減少,說明燃燒過程中有阻滯效應(yīng)。在輸入泡沫上, CO2和CO減少的生成率大約分別為80%、85%。高壓高穩(wěn)定氮技術(shù)已被證明是控制火災(zāi)的有前景的技術(shù)。然而,200m3 / h注入速率不足以完全抑制火災(zāi)。3.2水霧
水可以在礦山中以噴涂或霧的形式使用。麥弗遜式(1993)提到,一旦大火燃料豐富的條件下發(fā)展，不封閉將火熄滅的可能性很小。然而, 他建議的可用方法：用水作一種自然水霧控制火災(zāi)。
“水霧”是指細霧噴劑,其中1%體積是水，液滴直徑小于1000。細水霧撲滅火災(zāi)系統(tǒng)(WMFSSs)可用性強,設(shè)計簡單、施工維護容易，可有效抑制各種火災(zāi)、無毒、成本低，抑制系統(tǒng)與其他熟悉的防火系統(tǒng)對環(huán)境無害。應(yīng)用于火災(zāi)地區(qū)時,它可通過溶解空氣中可溶性有毒氣體產(chǎn)物凈化空氣，洗滌煙燃燒過程及其抑制灰塵、提高能見度。不同于其他許多消防系統(tǒng)、WMFSSs可被安全地用于載人航天領(lǐng)域,還能有效用于開放狀態(tài)。另外， WMFSSs用水量遠小于沖洗,噴施或灑水系統(tǒng)。由于這些優(yōu)勢, 近年來已經(jīng)進行了許多研究發(fā)展適當?shù)腤MFSSs來控制各種類型和尺寸的火災(zāi)。
1996年的一項調(diào)查表明,在世界各地近50個機構(gòu)參與了WMFSSs調(diào)查研究和發(fā)展, 調(diào)查范圍從理論到滅火機制，從計算機建模到發(fā)展前景，并申請了生產(chǎn)細水霧發(fā)生設(shè)備的專利。職業(yè)安全與國家研究所健康管理局也在評估水霧在柴油燃料儲存區(qū)域和地下開采礦山的防火效果。細水霧顯示出抑制富燃料火災(zāi)的積極影響。礦業(yè)及礦物工程部、維吉尼亞理工大學(xué)和州立大學(xué)建了一條30平方厘米,9米長風(fēng)洞，在其中進行了一系列水霧實驗。富燃料火災(zāi)指燃燒產(chǎn)物中氧含量低于15%。細水霧的概念來滅礦井火災(zāi)是獨特的，也是第一次在印度嘗試，一直以來礦井火災(zāi)模型巷道也在解決細水霧在實際開采條件控制火勢的技術(shù)。水霧發(fā)生系統(tǒng)已被發(fā)展出來。水霧以33 升/分鐘的速度注入巷道。研究中有以下幾點值得說明：
水霧在完全燃燒的火災(zāi)中20分鐘后，沿巷道溫度能最大程度的降低。平均降低溫度294°C/小時。它也能最大限度降低復(fù)燃的可能。人們發(fā)現(xiàn),應(yīng)用細水霧后氧濃度增加到19%以上，燃燒氣體產(chǎn)物(微量甲烷)減少，表明延遲了燃燒過程。
應(yīng)用細水霧后,減少CO2和CO的生成率分別為大約89%和93%。在細水霧實驗中,氫含量百分比增加了0.01-0.26%，遠遠低于爆炸極限。因此,沒有形成水蒸氣(可燃氣體含有50%CO和40% H2,微量的CH4、CO2、N2)，沒有爆炸性。
4結(jié)論
基于理論、實驗和實地觀察得出如下結(jié)論：
1）最近高壓高穩(wěn)定氮泡沫在印度成功應(yīng)用于煤礦滅火，在CMRI礦山火災(zāi)模擬巷道的明火實驗提供了充分的證據(jù)表明泡沫技術(shù)是一種非常有前景的技術(shù)。
2）細水霧在礦井明火控制潛能和CMRI礦井火災(zāi)模型巷道實驗中觀察到的一樣。它有幾個優(yōu)勢。它降低溫度以及燃燒氣體產(chǎn)物濃度，尤其是CO。另外,它減少復(fù)燃，降低SPM濃度,從而提高可見度。無爆炸性的水煤氣沒有任何威脅。
參考文獻
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