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編 號 無錫太湖學院 畢 業(yè) 設 計 論 文 相 關 資 料 題目 減速機機體零件機械加工工藝及 專用夾具設計 信 機 系 機 械 工 程 及 自 動 化 專 業(yè) 學 號 0923032 學生姓名 鄒 星 指導教師 薛慶紅 職稱 副教授 職稱 2012 年 5 月 25 日 目 錄 一 畢業(yè)設計 論文 開題報告 二 畢業(yè)設計 論文 外文資料翻譯及原文 三 學生 畢業(yè)論文 論文 計劃 進度 檢查及落實表 四 實習鑒定表 無錫太湖學院 畢 業(yè) 設 計 論 文 開 題 報 告 題目 減速機機體零件機械加工工藝及 專用夾具設計 信 機 系 機 械 工 程 及 自 動 化 專 業(yè) 學 號 0923032 學生姓名 鄒 星 指導教師 薛慶紅 職稱 副教授 職稱 2012 年 11 月 21 日 課題來源 工廠 科學依據(jù) 包括課題的科學意義 國內(nèi)外研究概況 水平和發(fā)展趨勢 應 用前景等 1 課題科學意義 減速機機體零件屬于典型的箱體類零件 設計內(nèi)容包含工藝文件制訂 刀具選擇 切削用量計算等 以及夾具設計 是對機械專業(yè)學生所學專業(yè)知識的綜合應用 該課 題難度適中 設計量合適 能提升學生對知識的應用能力 2 減速機機體的研究狀況及其發(fā)展前景 隨著國家對機械制造業(yè)的重視 重大裝備國產(chǎn)化進程的加快以及城市化改造進程 的加快 減速機行業(yè)仍將保持快速發(fā)展態(tài)勢 尤其是齒輪減速機的增長將會大幅度提 高 這與進口設備大多配套采用齒輪減速機有關 因此 業(yè)內(nèi)專家希望企業(yè)抓緊開發(fā) 制造齒輪減速機 尤其是大 中 小功率硬齒面減速機 以滿足市場的需求 目前 國內(nèi)外動力齒輪傳動正沿著小型化 高速化 標準化 小振動 低噪聲的 方向發(fā)展 行星齒輪傳動的發(fā)展和少齒差零齒差內(nèi)齒輪副的應用 是當代齒輪的一大 特征 是齒輪傳動小型化的一個典型的標志 3 應用前景 據(jù)初步統(tǒng)計 減速機量較大的行業(yè)是 電氣機械 冶金機械 環(huán)保機械 電子電 器 筑路機械 化工機械 食品機械 輕工機械 礦山機械 運輸機械 建筑機械 建筑建材機械 水泥機械 橡膠機械 液壓機械 石油機械等 這些行業(yè)運用的齒輪 行業(yè)的產(chǎn)品數(shù)量占全國運用的齒輪 研究內(nèi)容 熟悉減速機的發(fā)展歷程 熟悉減速機箱體零件的結構 根據(jù)零件使用要求 編制零件機械加工工藝規(guī)程 并形成全套工藝文件 分析計算該零件機械加工工藝參數(shù) 選用加工設備和工藝裝備 設計該箱體零件加工的專用夾具 繪制夾具裝配圖及全套非標零件圖 夾緊機構 應采用液壓夾緊機構 設計液壓系統(tǒng)回路及液壓元件主要參數(shù) 擬采取的研究方法 技術路線 實驗方案及可行性分析 1 實驗方案 對減速機箱體零件的整體的設計 計算其該零件機械加工工藝參數(shù) 選用加工設 備和工藝裝備并設計該零件加工的專用夾具 2 研究方法 用 CAD 進行二維畫圖 對減速機箱體零件結構有個全面的了解 研究計劃及預期成果 研究計劃 20012 年 11 月 22 日 20012 年 12 月 25 日 按照任務書要求查閱論文相關參考資料 填寫畢業(yè)設計開題報告書 2013 年 1 月 11 日 2013 年 3 月 5 日 填寫畢業(yè)實習報告 2013 年 3 月 8 日 2013 年 3 月 14 日 按照要求修改畢業(yè)設計開題報告 2013 年 3 月 15 日 2013 年 3 月 21 日 學習并翻譯一篇與畢業(yè)設計相關的英文材料 2013 年 3 月 22 日 2013 年 4 月 11 日 相關計算分析 2013 年 4 月 12 日 2013 年 4 月 25 日 減速機箱體專用夾具設計 2013 年 4 月 26 日 2013 年 5 月 21 日 畢業(yè)論文撰寫和修改工作 預期成果 達到預期的實驗結論 形成全套工藝文件 選用加工設備和工藝裝備 設計該箱 體零件加工的專用夾具 繪制夾具裝配圖及全套非標零件圖 夾緊機構應采用液壓夾 緊機構 設計液壓系統(tǒng)回路及液壓元件主要參數(shù) 分析夾具的定位精度等 特色或創(chuàng)新之處 考慮專用夾具在使用時對精度的影響 操作方面和經(jīng)濟方面都大大改進 已具備的條件和尚需解決的問題 實驗方案思路已經(jīng)非常明確 已經(jīng)具備使用 cad 能力 定位精度對夾具的影響 指導教師意見 指導教師簽名 年 月 日 教研室 學科組 研究所 意見 教研室主任簽名 年 月 日 系意見 主管領導簽名 年 月 日 英文原文 Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasure Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information integrated products of electro mechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry namely the so called digitization is equipped its technological range covers a lot of fields 1 Mechanical manufacturing technology 2 Information processing processing transmission technology 3 Automatic control technology 4 Servo drive technology 5 Technology of the sensor 6 Software engineering etc Development trend of a numerical control technology The application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application the development of some important trades IT automobile light industry medical treatment etc to the national economy and the people s livelihood of his plays a more and more important role because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development Numerical control technology in the world at present and equiping the development trend to see there is the following several respect 1 in its main research focus 1 A high speed high finish machining technology and new trend equipped The efficiency quality are subjavanufacturing technology High speed high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly improve the quality and grade of the products shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this learn CIRP to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering In the field of car industry produce one second when beat such as production of 300 000 vehicle per year and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle rigidity is very bad the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high could process these muscles walls Adopt large scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank pay empty make the wing recently such large scale parts as the fuselage etc come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet screw and other connection way make the intensity rigidity and dependability of the component improved All these to processing and equiping the demand which has proposed high speed high precise and high flexibility According to EMO2001 exhibition situation high speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m min is even high air transport competent speed can up to 100m min to be about to enter A lot of automobile factories in the world at present including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high speed machining center makes up HyperMach lathe of U S A CINCINNATI Company enters to nearly biggest 60m min of speed it is 100m min to be fast the acceleration reaches 2g the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r min Processing a thin wall of plane parts spend 30min only and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 12 separately 000r mm and 1g In machining accuracy the past 10 years ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5 m up to from 10 m already accurate grades of machining center from 3 5 m rise to 1 1 5 m and ultraprecision machining accuracy is it enter nanometer grade to begin already 0 01 m In dependability MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h demonstrate very high dependability In order to realize high speed high finish machining if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft straight line electrical machinery get fast development the application is expanded further 1 2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axes Adopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three dimensional curved surface part can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter not only highly polished but also efficiency improves by a large margin It is generally acknowledged the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system host computer structure that but go over it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds At present because of electric appearance of main shaft is it realize 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe process the lathe including 5 At EMO2001 exhibition new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUVoution series machining center but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once can be controlled by CNC system or CAD CAM is controlled directly or indirectly 1 3 Become the main trend of systematic development of contemporary numerical control intelligently openly networkedlily The numerical control equipment in the 21st century will be sure the intelligent system the intelligent content includes all respects in the numerical control system It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality control such as the self adaptation of the processing course the craft parameter is produced automatically Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently if feedforward control adaptive operation electrical machinery of parameter discern load select models since exactly makes etc automatically automatically The ones that simplified programming simplified operating aspect are intelligent for instance intelligent automatic programming intelligent man machine interface etc There are content of intelligence diagnose intelligent monitoring diagnosis convenient to be systematic and maintaining etc Produce the existing problem for the industrialization of solving the traditional numerical control system sealing and numerical control application software A lot of countries carry on research to the open numerical control system at present such as NGC of U S A The Next Generation Work Station Machine Control OSACA of European Community Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems OSEC Open System Environment for Controller of Japan ONC Open Numerical Control System of China etc The numerical control system melts to become the future way of the numerical control system open The so called open numerical control system is the development of the numerical control system can be on unified operation platform face the lathe producer and end user through changing increasing or cutting out the structure target numerical control function form the seriation and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know how is integrated in the control system realize the open numerical control system of different variety different grade fast form leading brand products with distinct distinction System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present communication norm disposing norm operation platform numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software developing ument etc are the core of present research The networked numerical control equipment is a new light spot of the fair of the internationally famous lathe in the past two years Meeting production line manufacture system demand for the information integration of manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment realize new manufacture mode such as quick make fictitious enterprise basic Entrance that the whole world make too Some domestic and international famous numerical control lathes and systematic manufacturing companies of numerical control have all introduced relevant new concepts and protos of a machine in the past two years if in EMO2001 exhibition CyberProduction Center that the company exhibits of mountain rugged campstool gram in Japan Mazak intellectual central production control unit abbreviated as CPC The lathe company of Japanese big Wei Okuma exhibits IT plaza the information technology square is abbreviated as IT square Open Manufacturing Environment that the company exhibits of German Siemens Siemens open the manufacturing environment abbreviated as OME etc have reflected numerical control machine tooling to the development trend of networked direction 2 pairs of basic estimations of technology and industry development of numerical control of our country The technology of numerical control of our country started in 1958 the development course in the past 50 years can roughly be divided into 3 stages The first stage is from 1958 to 1979 namely closed developing stage In this stages because technology of foreign countries blockade and basic restriction of terms of our country the development of numerical control technology is comparatively slow During Sixth Five Year Plan Period the Seventh Five Year Plan Period of the country in second stage and earlier stage in the Eighth Five Year Plan Period namely introduce technology digest and assimilate the stage of establishing the system of production domesticization arisesing tentatively At this stage because of reform and opening up and national attention and study the improvement of the development environment and international environment research development and all making considerable progress in production domesticization of the products of the technology of numerical control of our country The third stage is and during the Ninth Five Year Plan Period on the later stage in the Eighth Five Year Plan Period of the country namely implement the research of industrialization enter market competition stage At this stage made substantive progress in industrialization of the domestic numerical control equipment of our country In latter stage for the Ninth Five Year Plan the domestic occupation rate of market of the domestic numerical control lathe is up to 50 it is up to 10 too to mix the domestic numerical control system popular Make a general survey of the development course in the past 50 years of technology of numerical control of our country especially through tackling key problems of 4 Five Year Plans all in all has made following achievements a Have establish the foundation of the technical development of numerical control has mastered modern numerical control technology basically Our country has already the numerical control host computer basic technology of special plane and fittings grasped and driven from the numerical control system and servoly basically now among them most technology have already possessed and commercialized the foundation developed some technology has already industrialization commercialized b Have formed the industrial base of numerical control tentatively In tackling key problems the foundation that the achievement and some technology commercialize set up the systematic factories of numerical control with production capacity in batches such as numerical control in Central China numerical control of the spaceflight etc Electrical machinery plant of Lanzhou such factory and the first machine tool plant of Beijing the first machine tool plant of Jinan etc several numerical control host computer factories of a batch of servo systems and servo electrical machineries as the numerical control in Central China etc These factories have formed the numerical control industrial base of our country basically c Have set up a numerical control research development managerial talent s basic team Though has made considerable progress in research and development and industrialization of numerical control technology but we will realize soberly the research and development of the technology of advanced numerical control of our country especially there is greater disparity in current situation and current demand of our country of engineering level in industrialization Though very fast from watching the development of our country vertically have disparity horizontally more than compare foreign countries with not merely engineering level there is disparity too in development speed in some aspects namely the engineering level disparity between some high grade precision and advanced numerical control equipment has the tendency to expand Watch from world estimate roughly as follows about the engineering level of numerical control of our country and industrialization level a On the engineering level in probably backward 10 1 years with the advanced level in foreign countries it is bigger in high quality precision and sophisticated technology b On the industrialization level the occupation rate of market is low the variety coverage rate is little have not formed the large scale production yet The specialized level of production of function part and ability of forming a complete set are relatively low Appearance quality is relatively poor Dependability is not high the commercialized degree is insufficient One s own brand effect that the domestic numerical control system has not been set up yet users have insufficient confidence c On the ability of sustainable development research and development of numerical control technology project ability are relatively weak to the competition It is not strong that the technological application of numerical control expands dynamics Research formulation that relevant standards are normal lag behind It is analysed that the main reason for having above mentioned disparity has the following several respect a Realize the respect Know to industry s process arduousness complexity and long term characteristic of domestic numerical control insufficiently It is difficult to underestimate to add strangling system etc to the unstandard foreign blockade of the market It is not enough to analyse to the technological application level and ability of numerical control of our country b System Pay close attention to numerical control industrialization many in the issue consider numerical control industrialization little in the issue synthetically in terms of the systematic one industry chain in terms of technology Have not set up related system perfect training service network of intact high quality etc and supported the system c Mechanism It causes the brain drain restraining technology and technological route from innovating again products innovation that the bad machine is made and has restricted the effective implementation of planning has often planned the ideal implement the difficulty d Technology The autonomous innovation in technology of enterprises is indifferent the project of key technology is indifferent The standard of the lathe lags behind the level is relatively low it is not enough for new standard of the numerical control system to study 中文譯文 數(shù)控技術和裝備發(fā)展趨勢及對策 數(shù)控技術是用數(shù)字信息對機械運動和工作過程進行控制的技術 數(shù)控裝備是以數(shù)控技 術為代表的新技術對傳統(tǒng)制造產(chǎn)業(yè)和新興制造業(yè)的滲透形成的機電一體化產(chǎn)品 即所謂的 數(shù)字化裝備 其技術范圍覆蓋很多領域 1 機械制造技術 2 信息處理 加工 傳輸技術 3 自動控制技術 4 伺服驅(qū)動技術 5 傳感器技術 6 軟件技術等 1 數(shù)控技術的發(fā)展趨勢 數(shù)控技術的應用不但給傳統(tǒng)制造業(yè)帶來了革命性的變化 使制造業(yè)成為工業(yè)化的象征 而且隨著數(shù)控技術的不斷發(fā)展和應用領域的擴大 他對國計民生的一些重要行業(yè) IT 汽 車 輕工 醫(yī)療等 的發(fā)展起著越來越重要的作用 因為這些行業(yè)所需裝備的數(shù)字化已是 現(xiàn)代發(fā)展的大趨勢 從目前世界上數(shù)控技術及其裝備發(fā)展的趨勢來看 其主要研究熱點有 以下幾個方面 1 4 1 1 高速 高精加工技術及裝備的新趨勢 效率 質(zhì)量是先進制造技術的主體 高速 高精加工技術可極大地提高效率 提高產(chǎn) 品的質(zhì)量和檔次 縮短生產(chǎn)周期和提高市場競爭能力 為此日本先端技術研究會將其列為 5 大現(xiàn)代制造技術之一 國際生產(chǎn)工程學會 CIRP 將其確定為 21 世紀的中心研究方向之 一 在轎車工業(yè)領域 年產(chǎn) 30 萬輛的生產(chǎn)節(jié)拍是 40 秒 輛 而且多品種加工是轎車裝備必 須解決的重點問題之一 在航空和宇航工業(yè)領域 其加工的零部件多為薄壁和薄筋 剛度 很差 材料為鋁或鋁合金 只有在高切削速度和切削力很小的情況下 才能對這些筋 壁 進行加工 近來采用大型整體鋁合金坯料 掏空 的方法來制造機翼 機身等大型零件來替 代多個零件通過眾多的鉚釘 螺釘和其他聯(lián)結方式拼裝 使構件的強度 剛度和可靠性得 到提高 這些都對加工裝備提出了高速 高精和高柔性的要求 從 EMO2001 展會情況來看 高速加工中心進給速度可達 80m min 甚至更高 空運行速 度可達 100m min 左右 目前世界上許多汽車廠 包括我國的上海通用汽車公司 已經(jīng)采 用以高速加工中心組成的生產(chǎn)線部分替代組合機床 美國 CINCINNATI 公司的 HyperMach 機床進給速度最大達 60m min 快速為 100m min 加速度達 2g 主軸轉(zhuǎn)速已達 60 000r min 加工一薄壁飛機零件 只用 30min 而同樣的零件在一般高速銑床加工需 3h 在普通銑床加工需 8h 德國 DMG 公司的雙主軸車床的主軸速度及加速度分別達 12 000r mm 和 1g 在加工精度方面 近 10 年來 普通級數(shù)控機床的加工精度已由 10 m 提高到 5 m 精 密級加工中心則從 3 5 m 提高到 1 1 5 m 并且超精密加工精度已開始進入納米級 0 01 m 在可靠性方面 國外數(shù)控裝置的 MTBF 值已達 6 000h 以上 伺服系統(tǒng)的 MTBF 值達到 30000h 以上 表現(xiàn)出非常高的可靠性 為了實現(xiàn)高速 高精加工 與之配套的功能部件如電主軸 直線電機得到了快速的發(fā)展 應用領域進一步擴大 1 2 5 軸聯(lián)動加工和復合加工機床快速發(fā)展 采用 5 軸聯(lián)動對三維曲面零件的加工 可用刀具最佳幾何形狀進行切削 不僅光潔度 高 而且效率也大幅度提高 一般認為 1 臺 5 軸聯(lián)動機床的效率可以等于 2 臺 3 軸聯(lián)動 機床 特別是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料銑刀進行高速銑削淬硬鋼零件時 5 軸聯(lián)動加工 可比 3 軸聯(lián)動加工發(fā)揮更高的效益 但過去因 5 軸聯(lián)動數(shù)控系統(tǒng) 主機結構復雜等原因 其價格要比 3 軸聯(lián)動數(shù)控機床高出數(shù)倍 加之編程技術難度較大 制約了 5 軸聯(lián)動機床的 發(fā)展 當前由于電主軸的出現(xiàn) 使得實現(xiàn) 5 軸