cause-and-effect英語說明文寫作中的因果關(guān)系.ppt

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Cause Effect Presenter ShellDate 1st April Questionswithwhyareoftenaskedandanswered Why Definition Wordsandphrases Organizeparagraph relationship CauseandEffect Cause Effect Tellreaderswhysomethinghappened Tellreaderstheresultsofsomething Cause Effect effectsThereforesoasaresult consequentlyaccordinglybecauseofthisThus henceforthisreasonresultin causesduetobecauseofowingtoasaresultofonaccountofforonthegroundofThroughBecausesinceasonthegroundthat TransitionalWordsandPhrases therefore consequently asaresult andforthisreason通常后面接逗號(hào)Theweatherwascold therefore Sallyclosedthewindow Theweatherwascold Therefore Sallyputonhercoat Theweatherwascold Consequently Sallyputonherscarf Ablizzardhitthetown Asaresult theschoolswereclosed Since because置于表示原因的句子前 句后用逗號(hào) Becausetheweatheroutsidewascold Sallyclosedthewindow so前面的句子后加逗號(hào)Theweatherwaswarm soJimturnedontheairconditioner Therearetwowaysoforganizingparagraphsdevelopedbycauseandeffect Tostateaneffectanddevotetherestoftheparagraphtoexaminingthecauses Tostateacauseandthenmentionorpredicttheeffects Example whatarethereasonsfortheincreasingrateofcaraccidents Example whataretheresultsofAmericanpopulationgettingolder Accordingtoofficialstatistics morethan10 000peopleinthecountrywerekilledincaraccidentslastyear Theincreasingrateofcaraccidentscanbeattributedtothreegeneralcauses Mechanicalproblemsofcars suchasfaultybrakes baldtires andflattires contributetothehighrateofcaraccidents Environmentalproblems suchasblindcorners narrowstreets heavyfog slipperyroadscauseasignificantnumberofdisasters Sucherrorsofhumanproblemsasexcessivespeedanddrunkendrivingareconsideredthemajorfactorofthefatalaccidents Ifdrivershadbeencareful manyneedlessslaughtersincaraccidentscouldhavebeenavoided Thetopicsentenceindicatesthattheparagraphfocusesonthecauses ArecentcensusreportedthattheAmericanpopulationisrapidlygettingolder Theagingofthenationwillbringaboutseriouseffects Themostobviouseffectisperhapsaneconomicone howwillthecountrybearthecostofcaringfortoomanyoldpeople Theoldareconsiderablymoreexpensivetomaintain Theynowlivemainlyathomeandneedmoreservices andmedicalcostsatpresentarealmosttwicethebillforpeopleunder65 Tosupporttheold thesocial securitysystemalreadypaysmorethanitreceives andwithinamatteroffouryears itwillnotbeabletohelptheretired Then tokeepthesystemgoing workingAmericanswillsimplyhavetoworkharderandreceivelesspay Effect1 takingcareoftheoldcostingmoremoney Effect2 thesocialsecuritysystemlosingmoney Effect3 workingAmericansworkingharderbutgettinglesspay Fourpatternsofcause effectrelationship Single cause single effectpatternSingle cause many effectspatternMany causes single effectpatternCausalchainpattern cause effect cause1 cause2 cause3 effect1 effect2 effect3 Whatisthecauseofairpollution What stheeffectsofsmoking Exhaustgasfromcars Uncontrolledfactorygasses Burningoflowqualitycoal Airpollution Smoking Doharmtopeople shealth Oftencausefires Wastemoney CasualChain Jim sfatherhasabadtemper andheoftenbeatsJim smotherandthekids familyviolence Jim smotherleavesJim sfather takingthechildrenwithher WithonlyJim smother sincome thefamilyhaslessmoney sothefamilyexperiencesfinancialproblems Jim smothermovesinwithherboyfriendtohelpthefamilyfinances Jimfeelsunwantedinhisnewhomeandrunsaway ahomelesschild cause effect cause effect cause effect cause effect CasualChain themostimmediateeffect Howtowrite Practice Sample homework LOGO Howtowritecause and effectparagraph SoundReasoningorlogicWhendiscussingcausesandeffects makesureyouranalysisisoflogic YoumustnottakeitforgrantedthateventAcauseseventBsimplybecauseeventAoccursbeforeeventB Inotherwords youmustexplainclearlywhatreallybringsaboutaparticularresult LOGO PossibleShiftinorderIncause and effectwriting itseemsconvenienttostatetheeffectfirstandthenanalyzethecauses Thereverseorder however istobepreferredwhenonecauseleadstoanumberofeffects TopicSentence Itshouldtellwhattobediscussedintheparagraph Itshouldalsoindicatewhetherthefocusoftheparagraphisonthecauseortheeffect IfyoustaywithTomforaday youwillknowwhyheisgainingweight cause 2 AlthoughtheAmericanCivilWarturnedmanybrothersandsistersintoenemies itsolvedsomebigpoliticalandeconomicproblemsofthecountry effect 3 Alackofessentialvitaminscanresultinseriousillness effect 4 TherearethreereasonswhyIwanttostayinasmalltown cause Topicsentence Iplaytabletennisforthreereasons I Sub topicsentence It seasyfun 1 Haveknowntherulesforalongtime 2 Notdangerous II Sub topicsentence Itrelaxesme 1 Enjoyplayingwithfriends 2 Agoodbreakfromstudies III Sub topicsentence Itallowsmetomeetnewpeople 1 Traveltootherplacesforgames 2 Competewithstudentsfromotherfaculties Homework analyzethecausesofoneofyourhobbies