2020屆高三英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)講義：SB2 A (unit1-unit10) 語(yǔ)法

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1、SB2 A (unit1unit10)專題四：語(yǔ)法高考解讀【高考導(dǎo)航】2020;2020高考命題趨向分析1對(duì)于非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的考查一直是歷年高考的重點(diǎn)主要考查分詞做表語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)與狀語(yǔ)。考生需注重掌握現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞在做表語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)與狀語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別。另外分詞的完成時(shí)態(tài)以及動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)也將是考查的重點(diǎn)2倒裝句式是高中階段重要的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目，考生需掌握部分倒裝與完全倒裝的區(qū)別并加強(qiáng)記憶。其中對(duì)于虛擬條件句及so +形容詞/副詞+be/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞that +從句的倒裝是高考考查的重點(diǎn)3多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)的排序是考生的難點(diǎn)，需牢記如：限定描繪大長(zhǎng)高，形狀年齡和新老，顏色國(guó)籍出材料

2、，作用類別往后靠【真題品析】1 (2020;2020 上海春招)_the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragementA The president will attend B The president to attendC The president attended D The presidents attending【答案】 D 考查動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)【點(diǎn)撥】 動(dòng)名詞可以有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ), 從而構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu).動(dòng)名詞所帶的邏輯主語(yǔ)通常是形容詞性物主代詞,賓格代詞,名詞所有格或普通格,如果邏輯主語(yǔ)是無(wú)生命物,則只用普通

3、格(賓格).動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),通常使用名詞的所有格或形容詞性物主代詞2(08 上海卷) So much of interest _ that most visitors simply run out of time before seeing it all.A. offers Beijing B.Beijing offers/C. does Beijing offer D. Beijing does offer【答案】 C 考查倒裝句型的用法【點(diǎn)撥】當(dāng)so/suchthat結(jié)構(gòu)中的so/such位于句首時(shí)，句子謂語(yǔ)要部分倒裝所以本題答案為C項(xiàng)，又如：So frightened was

4、she in the earthquake that she didnt dare to move.3(2020;2020北京)This _ girl is Lindas cousin.A. pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little prettyC. Spanish pretty little D. little pretty Spanish【答案】 A 考查形容詞的排序【點(diǎn)撥】pretty是描繪性形容詞，little是表示大小的形容詞，Spanish是表示國(guó)籍的形容詞，所以，它們的排序是pretty little Spanish。注：限定詞的排序：前位限

5、定詞 (指量限定詞all, both, half等；倍數(shù)詞double, twice等；分?jǐn)?shù)詞one-third, two-fifths等) +中位限定詞 (冠詞，指示代詞，形容詞性物主代詞，名詞所有格)+后位限定詞 (序數(shù)詞及l(fā)ast, next等；基數(shù)詞及few, several等知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)1非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞-分詞2名詞3倒裝句式4形容詞，副詞5代詞精講點(diǎn)撥一、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分詞【基礎(chǔ)過(guò)關(guān)】1現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)的用法2過(guò)去分詞做后置定語(yǔ)，前置定語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)的用法【拓展延伸】一：分詞做表語(yǔ)?，F(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ)，一般表主動(dòng)或表明的是主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)與特征，主語(yǔ)與表語(yǔ)位置不可互換1The music they a

6、re playing sounds exciting. 他們演奏的音樂(lè)是如此令人興奮2 The task of this class is practising the idioms. 這節(jié)課的任務(wù)是練習(xí)這些短語(yǔ)3Seeing is believing. 眼見為實(shí)4My work is looking after the children. 我的工作是照看這些孩子過(guò)去分詞做表語(yǔ)，一般表被動(dòng)或表明主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)多數(shù)情況下，如果主語(yǔ)是人，表語(yǔ)使用過(guò)去分詞，即“人+ belook 等 +動(dòng)詞ed形式”； 如果主語(yǔ)是事或物，表語(yǔ)使用現(xiàn)在分詞，即“物+ belook 等+動(dòng)詞 ing形式”。如：All

7、of us were so disappointed at his absence.Though the trip was tiring, we felt very happy.事實(shí)上，當(dāng)表示主語(yǔ)處于某種狀態(tài)中，即“感到/覺(jué)得、”，表語(yǔ)要使用過(guò)去分詞時(shí)，所以有時(shí)主語(yǔ)是物時(shí)也要使用過(guò)去分詞；而要表示主語(yǔ)“具有令人/使別人感到、的特征/性質(zhì)”，表語(yǔ)使用現(xiàn)在分詞，包括有時(shí)主語(yǔ)是物時(shí)也要使用現(xiàn)在分詞如：He is terrifying他很嚇人。（指他的長(zhǎng)相或舉動(dòng)令人害怕)He is terrified. 他很害怕。Please describe a dog that is frightened. 請(qǐng)描

8、述一只驚恐的狗（狗受到了驚嚇）。Please describe a dog that is frightening.請(qǐng)描述一只令人害怕的狗。類似常用的過(guò)去分詞有：interested, excited, surprised, puzzled, amused, confused, embarrassed, satisfied；類似常用的現(xiàn)在分詞有：interesting, exciting, surprising, puzzling, amusing, confusing, embarrassing, satisfying。二：分詞做定語(yǔ)共同點(diǎn)：?jiǎn)蝹€(gè)分詞做定語(yǔ)放在所修飾名詞前(a swimmin

9、g pool)；分詞短語(yǔ)（就是不僅僅由一個(gè)分詞構(gòu)成的用來(lái)修飾名詞的短語(yǔ)the book written by Luxun）做后置定語(yǔ)，即放名詞后用過(guò)去分詞還是現(xiàn)在分詞做定語(yǔ)的判斷關(guān)鍵：名詞與該動(dòng)作的關(guān)系1. 現(xiàn)在分詞(Ving)做定語(yǔ)：從功能上看，現(xiàn)在分詞做定語(yǔ)表示 1）主動(dòng)（及物）；2）進(jìn)行（不及物）。做定語(yǔ)：相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句 (主動(dòng))Do you know the boy standing at the door? Do you know the boy who is standing at the door? A developing country needs aids. A cou

10、ntry that/which is developing needs aids.They lived in a house facing the south They lived in a house that faced the south.The man wearing a red tie is our head. The man who wears a red tie(戴紅領(lǐng)帶) is our head.The workers working in the factory are well-paid. The workers who are working in the factory

11、 are well-paid. 在這家工廠工作的工人報(bào)酬很好2過(guò)去分詞(p.p)做定語(yǔ)從功能上看，過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)表示1）被動(dòng)（及物）；2）完成（不及物）做定語(yǔ)：相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句（被動(dòng)），有時(shí)侯也表示完成的The broken window was repaired this morning.The sold hamburgers are not to my taste.The arrived guests will be led in.（此過(guò)去分詞表示完成）The book written by Wang sells well.The shoes (that were) made in a

12、small factory are of bad quality.小廠產(chǎn)的鞋子質(zhì)量差反之，一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句可以轉(zhuǎn)化為分詞做定語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)The man I introduced to you yesterday had just returned from Japan.The man introduced to you by me yesterday had just昨天我給你介紹的那人剛從日本回來(lái)He is a man who is loved by all. He is a man loved by all. 他是個(gè)大家所熱愛的人The leaves that have fallen are co

13、llected by the cleaners. The fallen leaves are collectedThat letter I received last week was from Li. The letter received last week was from Li.三； 分詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞形式主要用于以下兩類動(dòng)詞后構(gòu)成賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)助語(yǔ)表示感覺(jué)和狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如see, hear, feel, smell, watch, find, notice等例如:I heard Mr. Smith singing in the next door. 我聽到史密斯先生在隔壁唱歌。I fe

14、lt someone patting on the shoulder. 我感到有人拍了拍我 的肩膀表示“指使”等意義的動(dòng)詞，如have, set, keep, get, catch, leave等。例如:We wont have you doing that. 我們不允許你這么做Im sorry to have kept you waiting long. 對(duì)不起，讓你久等了過(guò)去分詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)常出現(xiàn)在以下動(dòng)詞之后.1: 感官動(dòng)詞如: see, hear, feel , watch., notice, think, findEg. He felt himself cheated.2: 表示使役

15、動(dòng)詞: have, keep, make, get, leaveEg. Keep your mouth shut and your eyes open.Dont leave such an important thing undone.have sth done 常有兩種含義：1） 表示讓某事被別人做I had my computer repaired.2） 表示“受的影響，蒙受.的損失”He had his leg broken in the match yesterdayThe managers discussed the plan that they would like to see

16、carried out the next year3: 表示希望意義的詞 : want , wish, like, expect等此時(shí)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)與間接賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系絕大多數(shù)是被動(dòng)或完成的.e.g. We like the problem settled.I would like my house painted white.四：分詞做狀語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ) 作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)Walking along the street, I met Mary. (=While I was walking along the street, )Hearing the news, they all jumped with j

17、oy.作原因狀語(yǔ)Being tired, I stopped to take a rest.(=Because I was tired, )Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her.由于不知道她的地址，我們無(wú)法和她聯(lián)系。作條件狀語(yǔ)Turning to the left, you will find the school. (=If you turn the left, )If you work hard, youll succeed. =Working hard, youll succeed.作讓步狀語(yǔ)Working h

18、ard as he did, he was still unable to support the whole family.Knowing where I live, he never comes to see me.=Though he knows where I live, he never comes to see me.作伴隨狀語(yǔ)I stood there, waiting for her. (=, and waited for her.)Following Mike, they started to climb.The children ran out of the room, l

19、aughing and talking merrily.那些孩子們跑出房間，愉快地笑著、說(shuō)著. V-ing 形式的完成式如果V-ing 表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句子謂語(yǔ)之前，則要用V-ing 的完成式，即是：Having +P.P(過(guò)去分詞), 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)1) After she had finished her work, she went home.Having finish her work, she went home.2) As we have invited him here to speak, wed better go to his lecture.Having invited him

20、 here to speak, wed better go to his lecture. V-ing的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)帶有邏輯主語(yǔ)的V-ing稱為V-ing的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu).當(dāng)V-ing的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不一致時(shí),要在V-ing之前加上物主代詞或名詞所有格,這便構(gòu)成了V-ing的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu).其中物主代詞(名詞所有格)是邏輯上的主語(yǔ), V-ing是邏輯上的謂語(yǔ). V-ing復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),表語(yǔ)等,分別相當(dāng)于一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句,賓語(yǔ)從句,表語(yǔ)從句. 其復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)可以為:物主代詞(如:his ,my ), 名詞所有格(如:Toms)+ V-ing ,人稱代賓格(如:him, me), 名詞普通格(如:T

21、om).Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 她來(lái)幫忙鼓舞了我們(=That she came to help encouraged all of us)過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)同現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)一樣,其邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句子的主語(yǔ),所不同的是現(xiàn)在分詞與主句主語(yǔ)存在著主謂關(guān)系,而過(guò)去分詞與主句主語(yǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系過(guò)去分詞或過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)在句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句,可表原因,時(shí)間,條件,讓步,方式或伴隨.(1)作原因狀語(yǔ),多放在主句之前,相當(dāng)于because, since, as引導(dǎo)的從句.Tired from the days hard work, h

22、e fell asleep soon.=(Because he was tired from the days hard work, he)由于一天的勞累工作,他很快就睡著了Deeply moved by what he said, I promised to give him some help.(2)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),有時(shí)在分詞前直接加when, while, until等詞可使其表達(dá)的時(shí)間意義更明確.如:When heated, water can be changed into steam.水加熱后可以變成水蒸氣.Seen from the hill, the

23、town looks beautiful.(3)作條件狀語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于if, unless引導(dǎo)的從句.Given another chance, he can do it better.=(If he is given another chance,.) 如果再給他一次機(jī)會(huì),他會(huì)做的更好United we stand, divided we fall.團(tuán)結(jié)則存,分裂則亡(4)作讓步狀語(yǔ).Much tired, he still kept on working.(=Though he was much tired, he.)盡管很累,他仍繼續(xù)工作.(5)作方式或伴隨狀語(yǔ).Lost in though

24、t, he almost ran into the car in front of him.因陷入沉思,他幾乎撞到前面的汽車上.He turned away disappointed.他失望地走開了The teacher stood there, surrounded by many students.老師站在那兒,周圍圍著許多學(xué)生注意:(1).過(guò)分作狀語(yǔ),有時(shí)前面帶有連詞,是狀語(yǔ)從句的省略形式,其中省去了從句的主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞,通常主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)相同when (it is)heated, water will boil.She wont go to the party, unless (sh

25、e is)invited.(2).過(guò)去分詞與句子的主語(yǔ)在邏輯上是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,改為時(shí)間,條件,原因,讓步,方式狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(表示伴隨情況多改為and +并列謂語(yǔ)).而現(xiàn)在分詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)則是主謂關(guān)系.(3)過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)不僅表示被動(dòng),還表示已經(jīng)完成,但過(guò)分作狀語(yǔ),動(dòng)作不一定是已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作,有可能是同時(shí)進(jìn)行的,也有可能是未來(lái)的.(尤其在時(shí)間,條件狀語(yǔ)從句中).(4)過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于對(duì)應(yīng)狀語(yǔ)從句,不可再用but, so, and, or否則重復(fù)改錯(cuò):Laughed at by everyone, but he had my sympathy. 應(yīng)去掉butKnown

26、to all, so he was recognized very easily. 應(yīng)去掉so(5)過(guò)去分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)要與句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致,否則用從句或獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu).【典型例題】1. The salesman scolded the girl caught _ and let her off.A. to have stolenB. to be stealingC. to stealD. stealing【答案】 D 考查動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)形式在句中作賓補(bǔ)的用法【點(diǎn)撥】本題考查動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)形式在句中作賓補(bǔ)的用法正確掌握并靈活運(yùn)用非謂語(yǔ)形式是解此類題的關(guān)鍵，另外，解這一題目也要用還原法，即catch the

27、girl stealing，若沒(méi)有把catch the girl stealing 還原，也是很難找出本題的答案的，因此，解題時(shí)，不但要有扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，還要掌握解題技巧本題旨在考查catch sb. doing sth.（發(fā)現(xiàn)某人做某事）這一短語(yǔ)，故先排除A、C兩項(xiàng)，由于girl與catch之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，因此需要用catch的過(guò)去分詞形式作后置定語(yǔ)，stealing所作的只能是定語(yǔ)中的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，故本題最佳答案為D2. In the study, I found my son _ at a desk, with his attention _ on a book.A. sitting; fix

28、ingB. sit; fixedC. sitting; to be fixedD. seated; fixed【答案】 D 考查不定式與分詞作賓補(bǔ)的區(qū)別以及短語(yǔ)fix ones attention的用法【點(diǎn)撥】此題考查不定式與分詞作賓補(bǔ)的區(qū)別以及短語(yǔ)fix ones attention的用法。解答此題時(shí)，應(yīng)特別留意不定式與分詞作賓補(bǔ)的區(qū)別；第二應(yīng)注意倘若邏輯賓語(yǔ)提前，則with+復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中賓補(bǔ)應(yīng)用過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)因?yàn)閺?qiáng)調(diào)found的動(dòng)作與sit同時(shí)進(jìn)行，而省去to的不定式sit作賓補(bǔ)表示動(dòng)作的完成，但sitting和seated皆可。第二空中，attention原為fix的邏輯賓語(yǔ)，所以應(yīng)選f

29、ixed作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。故此題正確答案為：D3. Its necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _the answers ready will be of great help.(2020;2020 北京)A To have had B Having had C Have D Having【答案】D . 考查動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)【點(diǎn)撥】本題用動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ),表示一般性的情況.注意,本題不可選B, 因?yàn)闆](méi)有必要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在某個(gè)時(shí)間之前完成4.The discovery of new evidence led to _.(2020;2020 上海)A the

30、 thief having caught B catch the thiefC the thief being caught D the thief to be caught【答案】 C. 考查動(dòng)名詞作介詞的賓語(yǔ)【點(diǎn)撥】動(dòng)名詞可以作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，尤其要注意一些含介詞to 的短語(yǔ), 要與不定式分清,像 lead to /devote to /be used to /object to /look forward to 等5. And there, almost _ in the big chair, sat her little brother, who never had to be told

31、to keep quiet.A. having lost B. losing C. to be lost D. lost【答案】D 考查過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)【點(diǎn)撥】 lost in the big chair為過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)在句中作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。此句的正常語(yǔ)序?yàn)椋篐er little brother sat there.6 （2020;2020上海卷）_ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.A. Put B. Putting C.

32、Having put D. Being put【答案】 A 考查過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)【點(diǎn)撥】 本題中過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)put into use in April 2000做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于狀語(yǔ)從句when the hotline was put into use in April 2000。7 _ and out of breath, we reached the top of the mountain and stopped _ the beautiful scenery.A. Tiring; to admire B. Being tired; admiringC. Tired; to admire D

33、. Tired; admiring【答案】 C 考查分詞做狀語(yǔ)表示伴隨狀況【點(diǎn)撥】tired and out of breath為“形容詞和介詞短語(yǔ)”在句中作狀語(yǔ)。stop to do sth. 停下來(lái)去做另外一件事同步練習(xí)題1 I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good _.A. to be breathedB. to breathe C. breathing D. being breathed2_ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel th

34、e warmth of spring.A. To walk. B. Walking C. Walked D. Having walked3 _ in the queen for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized be had left the cheque in the car.A. Waiting B. To wait C. Having Waited D. To have waited4 Can those _ at the back of the classroom hear me?A. seat B. sit C. seated D

35、. sat5. _ the project as planned, well have to work two more hours a day.A. Completing B. Complete C . Completed D. To complete6 To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English _ as much as we can.A. speak.B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak7. Lucys new job paid twice as much as sh

36、e had made _ in the restaurant.A. workingB. work C. to work D. worked8. Dont use words, expressions, or phrases _ only to people with specific knowledge.A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known9. _ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin.A. Exposed B. Having expose

37、d C. Being exposed D. After being exposed10.Price of daily goods _ through a computer can be lower than store prices.A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying11._ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffere

38、d12. _ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given13. The pupil sat there, _ what to do.A. does knowing B. didnt knowing C. not known D. not knowing14. Because of my _ Russian. I cant make myself _.A. broken; un

39、derstood B. broken; understandC. break; understood D. breaking; understanding15. The farmer _ to the ground last night.A. had his house burning down B. had his house burnt downC. had his house to be burnt down D. had his house being burnt down參考答案 15 BBCCD 6-10 CADCB 11-15AADAB二、名詞【基礎(chǔ)過(guò)關(guān)】名詞可以分為專有名詞和普

40、通名詞，專有名詞是某個(gè)（些）人，地方，機(jī)構(gòu)等專有的名稱，如Beijing，China等。普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個(gè)抽象概念的名詞，如：book，sadness等普通名詞又可分為下面四類： 1）個(gè)體名詞：表示某類人或東西中的個(gè)體，如：gun。 2）集體名詞：表示若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體，如：family。 3）物質(zhì)名詞：表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物，如：air。 4）抽象名詞：表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念，如：work。個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來(lái)計(jì)算，稱為可數(shù)名詞，物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般無(wú)法用數(shù)目計(jì)算，稱為不可數(shù)名詞歸納一下，名詞的分類可以下圖表示：專有名詞 不可數(shù)名詞普通名詞 物質(zhì)名詞

41、抽象名詞集體名詞可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞【拓展延伸】1. 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化情況 構(gòu)成方法 讀音 例詞一般情況 加 -s 清輔音后讀/s/ map-maps濁輔音和元音后讀 /z/ bag-bags /car-cars以s, sh, ch, x等結(jié)尾 加 -es 讀 /iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches以ce, se, ze,等結(jié)尾 加 -s 讀 /iz/ license-licenses以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾 變y 為i再加es 讀 /z/ baby-babies 其它名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化 以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)。例如： two Mar

42、ys the Henrys monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays 以o 結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)： a. 加s，如： photo-photos piano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos； b. 加es，如：potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes c. 上述a和b兩種方法均可，如zero-zeros / zeroes。 以f或fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)： a. 加s，如： belief-beliefs roof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs； b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half-halves

43、knife-knivesleaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life-lives thief-thieves；c. 上述a和b兩種方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchiefs。2名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化 child-children foot-feet tooth-teethmouse-mice man-men woman-women注意：由一個(gè)詞加 man 或 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成詞

44、，故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans；Bowman是姓，其復(fù)數(shù)是the Bowmans。（2） 單復(fù)同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民幣的元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters（3）集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)例如：peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是復(fù)數(shù)，不能說(shuō) a people，a police，a cattle，但可以說(shuō)a person，a policema

45、n，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名詞，表示國(guó)民總稱時(shí)，作復(fù)數(shù)用，如The Chinese are industries and brave.中國(guó)人民是勤勞勇敢的（4） 以s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞，如：a. maths，politics，physics等學(xué)科名詞，一般是不可數(shù)名詞，為單數(shù)。b. news 為不可數(shù)名詞。c. the United States，the United Nations 應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。The United Nations wa

46、s organized in 1945. 聯(lián)合國(guó)是1945年組建起來(lái)的。d. 以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名，劇名，報(bào)紙，雜志名，也可視為單數(shù)。例如：The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book. 一千零一夜是一本非常有趣的故事書。（5） 表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西，如：glasses （眼鏡）trousers,clothes等，若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目，要借助數(shù)量詞 pair（對(duì)，雙）;suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。（6） 另外還有一些名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時(shí)可表示特別意思，如：goods貨

47、物，waters水域，fishes（各種）魚。3 不可數(shù)名詞量的表示1）物質(zhì)名詞a. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為個(gè)體名詞時(shí)為可數(shù)。比較：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一種食物 （不可數(shù)）These cakes are sweet.這些蛋糕很好吃 （可數(shù)）b. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類時(shí)，可數(shù)例如：This factory produces steel.（不可數(shù)）We need various steels.（可數(shù)）c. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時(shí)，可數(shù)。例如：Our country is famous for tea. 我國(guó)因茶葉而聞名Two teas, please. 請(qǐng)來(lái)兩杯茶。2

48、） 抽象名詞表示具體的事例時(shí)也可數(shù)例如：four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數(shù)量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice一則建議4 定語(yǔ)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作定語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)，但也有以下例外1) 用復(fù)數(shù)作定語(yǔ)。例如：sports meeting 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì) students reading-room 學(xué)生閱覽室 talks table 談判桌 the foreign languages department 外語(yǔ)系2） man, woman, gentleman等作定

49、語(yǔ)時(shí)，其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定例如： men workerswomen teachersgentlemen officials3） 有些原有s結(jié)尾的名詞，作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，s保留。例如： goods train （貨車） arms produce武器生產(chǎn) customs papers 海關(guān)文件 clothes brush 衣刷4） 數(shù)詞+名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式例如：two-dozen eggs兩打雞蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹 a five-year plan.一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃5 不同國(guó)籍人的單復(fù)數(shù)國(guó)籍 總稱（謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)

50、） 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù)中國(guó)人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss澳大利亞人 the Australians an Australian two Australians俄國(guó)人 the Russians a Russian two Russians意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians希臘人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks法國(guó)人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen日本人 the Japanese a Jap

51、anese two Japanese美國(guó)人 the Americans an American two Americans印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians德國(guó)人 the Germans a Germans two Germans英國(guó)人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes6 名詞的格英語(yǔ)中有些名詞可以加s來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格

52、，如：a teachers book。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下：1） 單數(shù)名詞詞尾加s，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒(méi)有s，也要加s，如the boys bag 男孩的書包，mens room 男廁所2） 若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s ，只加 ，如：the workers struggle工人的斗爭(zhēng)3） 凡不能加s的名詞，都可以用名詞+of +名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字4） 在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時(shí)，名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞，如：the barbers 理發(fā)店5） 如果兩個(gè)名詞并列，并且分別有s，則表示分別有；只有一個(gè)s，則表示共有例如：

53、Johns and Marys rooms（兩間）John and Marys room（一間）6） 復(fù)合名詞或短語(yǔ)，s 加在最后一個(gè)詞的詞尾。例如：a month or twos absence【典型例題】1He gained his _by printing _of famous writersA.wealth; work B.wealths; works C.weaths;work D.wealth ;works【答案】 D 考查名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)【點(diǎn)撥】因?yàn)閣ealth 是不可數(shù)名詞故可排除B、C兩個(gè)選項(xiàng);work既可作不可數(shù)名詞表“工作”意，又可作可數(shù)名詞表“作品”意，常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。根據(jù)題

54、目意思，此處work應(yīng)作可數(shù)名詞用，于是又可排除A2.Many people agree that_ knowledge of English is a must in _international trade today.A.a; B.the ; an C.the ;the D.;the【答案】 A 考查抽象名詞【點(diǎn)撥】：knowledge 是抽象名詞，一般不與不定冠詞連用，但指具體“一門學(xué)問(wèn)”或“一門學(xué)問(wèn)的掌握了解”可與不定冠詞連用，這可稱之為抽象名詞具體化。類例如：a strong character 堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的性格；a bright future 光明前途；a waste of time

55、浪費(fèi)時(shí)間；a pressure on sb.對(duì)某人的壓力；have a good time玩得痛快；He is a failure /a success as a leader 他當(dāng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)不行/很出色抽象名詞不與冠詞連用是泛指一般概念、意義如：what fun! fine weather ;common knowledge 常識(shí)；Knowledge begins with practice. foreign trade.因此international trade前不用冠詞3.Oh, John _ you gave us !A.How a great surprise B.How pleasant

56、 surpriseC.What a pleasant surprise D.What pleasant surprise【答案】 C 考查抽象名詞具體化【點(diǎn)撥】： “a/an形容詞抽象名詞”是抽象名詞具體化的常見形式。又如：an advanced culture 一種先進(jìn)文化；a great interest 極大的興趣；do him a good kindness幫了他一個(gè)大忙4. She broke a _ while she was washing up .A.glass wine B.wine glass C.wines glass D.glass of wine【答案】 B 考查名詞

57、做定語(yǔ)修飾名詞【點(diǎn)撥】：根據(jù)broke一詞及四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，可確定空白處應(yīng)選“酒杯”故可排除A、D；C不是表達(dá)“酒杯”的正確形式，只有B才是正確答案。英語(yǔ)中用名詞作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞的情況很多，這些作定語(yǔ)用的名詞可表分類意義表時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、稱呼表目的、手段、原料、來(lái)源、所屬等意義同步練習(xí)題1It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes _round shape into a teardrop shape. A. of the drop B. the drops C. drop of D. drops

58、the2Well have a _ holiday. What about going to the West Lake? A. two days B. two-day C. two-daysD. two days3The _ is just around the corner and you wont miss it. A. bicycles shop B. bicycle shop C. bicycles shop D. bicycles shop4- Whose umbrella is it?- Its _.A. somebody elses B. somebody elseC. som

59、ebodys elses D. somebodys else5My morning_includes jogging in the park and reading newspapers over breakfast.A.drill B.action C.regulation D.routine6 （2020;2020 山東27 ） I cant say which wine is best-its a（n） _ of personal taste.A.affair B.event C.matter D.variety7 The practice of hanging clothes across the street is a common_in many parts of the city.A.look B.sign C.sight D.appearance8 -You are always full of _.Can you tell me the secret？