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1、選修8 Unit 1 A land of diversity-ReadingCALIFORNIACalifornia is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population. It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA, having attracted people from all over the world. The customs and languages of the immigrants

2、live on in their new home. This diversity of culture is not surprising when you know the history of California.Unit1 加利福尼亞 加利福尼亞是美國(guó)的第三大州，而且是人口最多的州。加州與眾不同之處在于它也是美國(guó)最具多元文化的一個(gè)州，它吸引了來(lái)自世界各地的人們。這些移民的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣以及語(yǔ)言在他們的新家都得以延續(xù)。當(dāng)你了解了加利福尼亞的歷史后，你就不會(huì)對(duì)此感到驚訝了。NATIVE AMERCANS Exactly when the first people arrived in what

3、 we now know as California, no one really knows. However, it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago. Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric

4、 times. In the 16th century, after the arrival of the Europeans, the native people suffered greatly. Thousands were killed or forced into slavery.In addition, many died from the diseases brought by the Europeans. However, some survived these terrible times, and today there are more Native Americans

5、living in California than in any other state.美洲土著人 最早的一批人具體是在什么時(shí)候來(lái)到我們現(xiàn)在所知道的加利福尼亞地區(qū)的，誰(shuí)也說(shuō)不清楚。然而，很可能至少在15 ,000年以前美洲土著人就住在加利福尼亞了?？茖W(xué)家們認(rèn)為，這些遷居者通過(guò)一條史前時(shí)代曾經(jīng)存在的大陸橋穿越北極地區(qū)的白令海峽到達(dá)美洲。歐洲人在16世紀(jì)來(lái)到這兒后，土著人遭受了極大的苦難，成千上萬(wàn)的人被殺害或被迫成為奴隸。此外，歐洲人帶來(lái)了疾病，使許多人染病而死，不過(guò)，還是有一些人在經(jīng)歷了這些恐怖時(shí)期后活下來(lái)了。今天住在加利福尼亞的美洲土著人比任何其他州的都要多。 THE SPANISHIn t

6、he 18th century California was ruled by Spain. Spanish soldiers first arrived in South America in the early 16th century, when they fought against the native people and took their land. Two centuries later, the Spanish had settled in most parts of South America and along the northwest coast of what

7、we now call the United States. Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men, whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives. In 1821, the people of Mexico gained their independence from Spain. California then became part of Mexico. In 1846 the United St

8、ates declared war on Mexico, and after the war won by the USA, Mexico had to give California to the USA. However, there is still a strong Spanish influence in the state. That is why today over 40 of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.西班牙人 在18世紀(jì)的時(shí)候，加利福尼亞是由西班牙統(tǒng)治的西班牙士兵最早是在1 6世紀(jì)初期來(lái)

9、到南美洲的，他們同土著人打仗，并奪去了他們的土地3兩個(gè)世紀(jì)以后，西班牙人在南美洲的大部分地區(qū)定居下來(lái)，而且還在我們現(xiàn)在稱(chēng)之為美國(guó)的西北沿海地區(qū)住下來(lái)c在首批移居加州的西班牙人中，大部分是宗教人士，他們的職責(zé)是向原住民傳授天主教。1821年，墨西哥人從西班牙獲得了獨(dú)立-加利福尼亞于是成了墨西哥的一部分。1846年美國(guó)向墨西哥宣戰(zhàn)，美國(guó)贏得戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)勝利后，墨西哥被迫把加利福尼亞割讓給美國(guó)。但是，這個(gè)州至今仍然保留著很強(qiáng)的西班牙的影響。這就是為什么今天還有40%的加利福尼亞人仍然把西班牙語(yǔ)作為第一或第二語(yǔ)言的緣故。 RUSSIANSIn the early 1800s, Russian hunters,

10、 who had originally gone to Alaska, began settling in California. Today there are about 25,000 Russian-Americans living in and around San Francisco.俄羅斯人19世紀(jì)初期，一批最初到阿拉斯加的俄羅斯獵人開(kāi)始在加利福尼亞定居下來(lái)。今天，住在圣弗朗西斯科（舊金山）及其周邊地區(qū)的美籍俄羅斯人約有25,000人。GOLD MINERSIn 1848, not long after the American-Mexican war, gold was disc

11、overed in California. The dream of becoming rich quickly attracted people from all over the world. The nearest, and therefore the first to arrive, were South Americans and people from the United States. Then adventurers from Europe and Asia soon followed. In fact, few achieved their dream of becomin

12、g rich. Some died or returned home, but most remained in California to make a life for themselves despite great hardship. They settled in the new towns or on farms. By the time California elected to become the thirty-first federal state of the USA in 1850, it was already a multicultural society. 淘金礦

13、工 1848年，在美國(guó)同墨西哥開(kāi)戰(zhàn)之后不久，在加利福尼亞發(fā)現(xiàn)了金礦。發(fā)財(cái)夢(mèng)很快就吸引了世界各地的人。距離最近因而來(lái)得最早的是南美洲人和美國(guó)人。隨后跟著來(lái)的有歐洲和亞洲的探險(xiǎn)家。事實(shí)上很少有人圓了發(fā)財(cái)夢(mèng)。一些人死了或回家了，但是盡管條件十分艱苦，多數(shù)人還是留在了加利福尼亞勞作謀生，并在新的城鎮(zhèn)或農(nóng)場(chǎng)里定居下來(lái)。到1850年加利福尼亞成為美國(guó)第31個(gè)州的時(shí)候，它已經(jīng)是一個(gè)有著多種文化的社會(huì)了。 LATER A RRIVALSAlthough Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the buil

14、ding of the rail network from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s. Today, Chinese-Americans live in all parts of California, although a large percentage have chosen to stay in the Chinatowns of Los Angeles and San Francisco.Other immigrants such as

15、Italians, mainly fishermen but also wine makers, arrived in California in the late 19th century. In 1911 immigrants from Denmark established a town of their own, which today still keeps up their Danish culture. By the 1920s the film industry was well established in Hollywood, California. The industr

16、y boom attracted Europeans including many Jewish people. Today California has the second largest Jewish population in the United States.Japanese farmers began arriving in California at the beginning of the 20th century, and since the 1980s a lot more have settled there. People from Africa have been

17、living in California since the 1800s, when they moved north from Mexico. However, even more arrived between 1942 and 1945 to work in the ship and aircraft industries.后來(lái)的移民 雖然中國(guó)移民在淘金熱時(shí)期就開(kāi)始到來(lái)了，但是更大批量的移民卻是在1 9世紀(jì)60年代為了修建貫穿美國(guó)東西海岸的鐵路而來(lái)的。今天，加利福尼亞州各地都有美籍華人，盡管有很大比例的華人還是選擇住在洛杉磯和圣弗朗西斯科（舊金山）的“中國(guó)城”里。 19世紀(jì)后期，其他國(guó)家

18、的移民，比如意大利人來(lái)到了加利福尼亞，他們主要是漁民，也有制酒工人。1911年，丹麥的移民建立了自己的城鎮(zhèn)，至今仍然保留著丹麥文化。 20世紀(jì)20年代，電影業(yè)在加州的好萊塢建立了起來(lái)。這個(gè)行業(yè)吸引了大量的歐洲人，包括許多猶太人。今天，加利福尼亞的猶太人口在美國(guó)占第二位。 日本農(nóng)民是在20世紀(jì)初期開(kāi)始到加利福尼亞來(lái)的，而從20世紀(jì)80年代以來(lái)就有更多的日本人在加利福尼亞定居了。非洲人從1 9世紀(jì)就在加利福尼亞住下來(lái)，他們是從墨西哥向北遷來(lái)的。然而，更多的非洲人是在1942年至1945年期間來(lái)到加利福尼亞的，當(dāng)時(shí)他們是到船廠和飛機(jī)廠工作。 MOST RECENT ARRIVALSIn more r

19、ecent decades, California has become home to more people from Asia, including Koreans, Cambodians, Vietnamese and Laotians. Since its beginning in the 1970s, the computer industry has attracted Indians and Pakistanis to California.最近期的移民在最近的幾十年里，加利福尼亞成了更多的亞洲人的家，包括朝鮮人、柬埔寨人、越南人和老撾人。從20世紀(jì)70年代以來(lái)，計(jì)算機(jī)工業(yè)吸引

20、了印度人和巴基斯坦人來(lái)到加州。THE FUTUREPeople from different parts of the world, attracted by the climate and the lifestyle, still immigrate to California. It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture

21、 of many races and cultures.未來(lái)展望世界各地的人，由于受到氣候條件和生活方式的吸引，仍然在繼續(xù)遷入加利福尼亞。人們認(rèn)為，要不了多久，多種國(guó)籍的混合將會(huì)非常之大，以致不可能存在一種主要的種族或文化群體，而是多種族、多文化的混合體。GEORGES DIARY 12TH14TH JUNEMonday 12th, JuneArrived early this morning by bus. Went straight to hotel to drop my luggage, shower and shave. Then went exploring. First thing

22、 was a ride on a cable car. From top of the hill got a spectacular view of San Francisco Bay and the city. Built in 1873, the cable car system was invented by Andrew Hallidie, who wanted to find a better form of transport than horse-drawn trams. Apparently hed been shocked when he saw a terrible acc

23、ident in which a trams brakes failed, the conductor could not control the situation and the tram slipped down the hill dragging the horses with it.Had a late lunch at Fishermans What. This is the district where Italian fishermen first came to San Francisco in the late 19th century and began the fish

24、ing industry. Now its a tourist area with lots of shops, sea food restaurants and bakeries. Its also the place to catch the ferry to Angel Island and other places in the Bay. Did so much exploring at Fishermans What. Am exhausted and dont feel like doing anything else. Early bed tonight!Tuesday 13th

25、, June Teamed up with a couple from my hotel (Peter and Terri) and hired a car. Spent all day driving around the city. Theres a fascinating drive marked out for tourists. It has blue and white signs with seagulls on them to show the way to go. Its a 79km round-trip that takes in all the famous touri

26、st spots. Stopped many times to admire the view of the city from different angles and take photographs. Now have a really good idea of what the citys like. In evening, went to Chinatown with Peter and Terri. Chinese immigrants settled in this area in the 1850s. The fronts of the buildings are decora

27、ted to look like old buildings in southern China. Saw some interesting temples here, a number of markets and a great many restaurants. Also art galleries and a museum containing documents, photographs and all sorts of objects about the history of Chinese immigration, but it is closed in the evening.

28、 Will go back during the day. Had a delicious meal and then walked down the hill to our hotel.Wednesday 14th, June In morning, took ferry to Angel Island from the port in San Francisco Bay. On the way had a good view of the Golden Gate Bridge. From 1882 to 1940 Angel Island was a famous immigration

29、station where many Chinese people applied for right to live in USA. The cells in the station were very small, cold and damp; some did not even have light but the immigrants had nowhere else to go. Their miserable stay seemed to be punishment rather than justice and freedom to them. They wrote poems

30、on the walls about their loneliness and mourned their former life in China. In 1940 the civil authorities reformed the system so that many more Chinese people were able to grasp the opportunity of settling in the USA. Made me very thoughtful and thankful for my life today.選修8 Unit 2 Cloning-ReadingC

31、LONING: WHERE IS IT LEADING US?Cloning has always been with us and is here to stay. It is a way of making an exact copy of another animal or plant. It happens in plants when gardeners take cuttings from growing plants to make new ones. It also happens in animals when twins identical in sex and appea

32、rance are produced from the same original egg. The fact is that these are both examples of natural clones.Unit2 克?。核鼘盐覀円蚝畏剑靠寺∫恢迸c我們同在，而如今它還要持續(xù)下去。這是一種用來(lái)生產(chǎn)與原型完全相同的動(dòng)植物的方法。當(dāng)園藝師從生長(zhǎng)著的植物上剪下枝條來(lái)培植新植物時(shí)，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象。這種現(xiàn)象也發(fā)生在動(dòng)物身上，從同一個(gè)原生卵子產(chǎn)生性別和相貌相同的雙胞胎也是克隆。實(shí)際上，這些都是自然克隆現(xiàn)象。Cloning has two major uses. Firstly, gardene

33、rs use it all the time to produce commercial quantities of plants. Secondly, it is valuable for research on new plant species and for medical research on animals. Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated. It is a difficult task to undertake. Many attempts to clone

34、mammals failed. But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthrough - the cloning of Dolly the sheep. The procedure works like this:克隆技術(shù)有兩大用途。第一，園藝師一直用它生產(chǎn)大量的供商用的植物；第二，它在對(duì)新植物物種的研究以及對(duì)動(dòng)物的醫(yī)學(xué)研究方面都是很有價(jià)值的。克隆植物簡(jiǎn)單，但克隆動(dòng)物就比較復(fù)雜了，是一項(xiàng)很難完成的任務(wù)。克隆哺乳動(dòng)物的多次嘗試都失敗了。但是，科學(xué)家的決心和

35、耐心最終得到了回報(bào)，這就是1996年具有突破性的克隆羊“多莉”的誕生。它的程序如下圖所示：On the one hand, the whole scientific world followed the progress of the first successful clone, Dolly the sheep. The fact that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging. Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill. Cloning

36、 scientists were cast down to find that Dollys illnesses were more appropriate to a much older animal. Altogether Dolly lived six and a half years, half the length of the life of the original sheep. Sadly the same arbitrary fate affected other species, such as cloned mice. The questions that concern

37、ed all scientists were: Would this be a major difficulty for all cloned animals? Would it happen forever? Could it be solved if corrections were made in their research procedure?一方面，整個(gè)科學(xué)界都在關(guān)注著首例成功的克隆動(dòng)物多莉羊的成長(zhǎng)多莉看來(lái)是在正常地成長(zhǎng)著，這很令人鼓舞。接著傳來(lái)了多莉病重的壞消息。研究克隆的科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)多莉得的病更容易發(fā)生在年老的羊身上這讓他們很沮喪。多莉總共只存活了六年半，這是它的原型羊壽命的一半

38、。可悲的是，同樣無(wú)法控制的命運(yùn)也在影響著其他物種，如克隆鼠?？茖W(xué)家的腦海里產(chǎn)生的問(wèn)題是：“這是不是所有克隆動(dòng)物的一個(gè)主要困難呢？這種現(xiàn)象會(huì)不會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)發(fā)生？如果改進(jìn)程序，問(wèn)題會(huì)不會(huì)解決？On the other hand, Dollys appearance raised a storm of objections and had a great impact on the media and public imagination. It became controversial. It suddenly opened everybodys eyes to the possibility of u

39、sing cloning to cure serious illnesses and even to produce human beings.另一方面，多莉的出生引起了一陣強(qiáng)烈的反對(duì)，對(duì)，對(duì)媒體和公眾的想象力也產(chǎn)生了巨大的影響。它引起了爭(zhēng)議，因?yàn)樗蝗淮蜷_(kāi)了人們的眼界，看到了有可能：用克隆技術(shù)來(lái)治療重病，甚至克隆出人類(lèi)。Although at present human egg cells and embryos needed for cloning research are difficult to obtain, newspapers wrote of evil leaders hopi

40、ng to clone themselves to attain their ambitions. Religious leaders also raised moral questions. Governments became nervous and more conservative. Some began to reform their legal systems and forbade research into human cloning, but other countries like China and the UK, continued to accumulate evid

41、ence of the abundant medical aid that cloning could provide. However, scientists still wonder whether cloning will help or harm us and where it is leading us. 盡管目前供克隆研究的人體卵細(xì)胞和胚胎還很難得到，但報(bào)紙報(bào)道說(shuō)，有些邪惡頭目希望把自己克隆出來(lái)以實(shí)現(xiàn)他的野心。宗教領(lǐng)袖也提出了道德方面的問(wèn)題。各國(guó)政府惶恐不安而且更加謹(jǐn)慎，有些政府開(kāi)始改革司法制度，明令禁止進(jìn)行克隆人類(lèi)的研究。但是其他國(guó)家如中國(guó)和英國(guó)，則還在繼續(xù)收集克隆技術(shù)有可能提供

42、豐富有的醫(yī)療救助的證據(jù)。然而，科學(xué)察們?nèi)詫?duì)克隆技術(shù)有助于人類(lèi)還是有害于人類(lèi)，以及克隆技術(shù)將把我們引向何處困惑。THE RETURN OF THE DINOSAURS?The possibility of cloning fierce and extinct wild animals has always excited film makers. And they are not the only ones! The popularity of films such as Jurassic Park, in which a scientist clones several kinds of ex

43、tinct dinosaurs, proves how the idea struck a mixture of fear and excitement into peoples hearts. But in fact we are a long way from being able to clone extinct animals. Scientists are still experimenting with cloning mammals. This is because the cloning of mammals is still a new science and its sto

44、ry only began seriously in the 1950s as this list shows:1950s cloning of frogs 1996 first clone of a mammal: Dolly the sheep1970s research using the embryos of mice 2000 cow gave birth to a bison 1979 work on embryos of sheep and mice 2001 Chinas first cloned twin calves1981 first experimental clone

45、s of mice 2002 first cloned cats1983 first experimental clones of cows 2005 first cloned dog From time to time people suggest that extinct animals like dinosaurs, can possibly be brought back to life through cloning. Unfortunately, with what we know now, this is either impossible or unsuitable. Ther

46、e are many reasons. The initial requirement is that you need perfect DNA (which gives information for how cells are to grow). All efforts of cloning an animal will be in vain if there is not enough diversity in the group to overcome illnesses. Diversity in a group means having animals with their gen

47、es arranged in different ways. The advantage is that if there is a new illness some of these animals may die,but others will survive and pass on the ability to resist that disease to the next generation. The great drawback to cloning a group of animals is that they would all have the same arrangemen

48、t of genes and so might die of the same illness. Then none of them would be left to continue the species. It would be unfair to clone any extinct animals if they were to live in a zoo. A suitable habitat would be needed for them to lead a natural life.Based on what we know now, you cannot clone anim

49、als that have been extinct longer than 10,000 years. Actually, dinosaurs disappeared 65,000,000 years ago. So the chance of dinosaurs ever returning to the earth is merely a dream. Unit3 蛇的困擾Inventors and inventions-ReadingTHE PROBLEM OF THE SHRIKESWhen I called up my mother in the countryside on th

50、e telephone she was very upset. There are some snakes in our courtyard, she told me. Snakes come near the house now and then, and they seem to have made their home here, not far from the walnut tree. Can you get rid of them please? I felt very proud. Here was a chance for .me to distinguish myself b

51、y inventing something merciful that would catch snakes but not harm them. I knew my parents would not like me to hurt these living creatures! 我給住在鄉(xiāng)下的母親打電話(huà)的時(shí)候，她感到很心煩。“我們?cè)鹤永镉袔讞l蛇，”她告訴我說(shuō)，“蛇時(shí)不時(shí)地爬到屋子旁邊來(lái)，似乎是在屋子附近離胡桃樹(shù)不遠(yuǎn)的地方安家了。你能不能把它們趕走？”我感到很自豪。這回我有機(jī)會(huì)來(lái)表現(xiàn)一下自己了。我要發(fā)明某種仁慈的東西，既可以把蛇捉住，而又不會(huì)傷害它們。我知道我的父母是不會(huì)讓我傷害這些生物的。

52、The first thing I did was to see if there were any products that might help me, but there only seemed to be powders designed to kill snakes. A new approach was clearly needed. I set about researching the habits of snakes to find the easiest way to trap them. Luckily these reptiles are small and that

53、 made the solution easier.我所做的第一件事就是看看有沒(méi)有現(xiàn)成的任何產(chǎn)品能幫助我。但是，看來(lái)只有一種毒蛇的藥粉。很明顯，我得找一種新的方法了。于是我就著手研究蛇的習(xí)性，以便能用最容易的方法來(lái)捉住他們。好在這些爬行動(dòng)物都很小，問(wèn)題比較容易解決。Prepared with some research findings, I decided on three possible approaches: firstly, removing their habitat; secondly, attracting them into a trap using male or fema

54、le perfume or food; and thirdly cooling them so that they would become sleepy and could be easily caught. I decided to use the last one. I bought an ice-cream maker which was made of stainless steel. Between the outside and the inside walls of the bowl there is some jelly, which freezes when cooled.

55、 I put the bowl into the fridge and waited for 24 hours. At the same time I prepared some ice-cubes.經(jīng)過(guò)一番研究準(zhǔn)備之后，我決定采用三種可能的方法：第一，鏟除蛇的棲息地；第二，用男人或女人的香水或食物把它們引進(jìn)陷阱；第三，降低它們的體溫，使它們困乏，這樣就很容易把它們捉住。我決定采用最后一種方法。我買(mǎi)了一個(gè)制冰淇淋的不銹鋼碗。在碗的內(nèi)壁和外壁都抹上果凍，這些果凍冷卻后會(huì)凍結(jié)。我把這個(gè)碗放進(jìn)冰箱，冷凍了24個(gè)小時(shí)。與此同時(shí)，我還準(zhǔn)備了一些冰塊兒。The next morning I got up

56、early before the sun was hot. I placed the frozen bowl over the snakes habitat and the ice-cubes on top of the bowl to keep it cool. Finally I covered the whole thing with a large bucket. Then I waited. After two hours I removed the bucket and the bowl. The snakes were less active but they were stil

57、l too fast for me. They abruptly disappeared into a convenient hole in the wall. So I had to adjust my plan.第二次試驗(yàn)我用的還是凍結(jié)的碗和冰塊兒，但是這次我是在夜晚氣溫開(kāi)始變涼的時(shí)候把它們放在蛇窩的上方，然后像以前那樣用桶把碗罩住，通宵放在那兒。第二天一早我就去看結(jié)果。這一次我小心翼翼地蹲下去檢查的時(shí)候，發(fā)現(xiàn)蛇都是睡意濃濃的。但是一把它們提起來(lái)，它們就要咬我。因?yàn)樗鼈兌际嵌旧撸院茱@然我還得改進(jìn)我的捕蛇方案。For the second attempt I froze the bowl

58、 and the ice-cubes again but placed them over the snakes habitat in the evening, as the temperature was starting to cool. Then as before, I covered the bowl with the bucket and left everything overnight. Early the next morning I returned to see the result. This time with great caution I bent down to

59、 examine the snakes and I found them very sleepy. But once picked up, they tried to bite me. As they were poisonous snakes, I clearly needed to improve my design again.My third attempt repeated the second procedure. The next morning I carried in my hand a small net used for catching fish. This was i

60、n the expectation that the snakes would bite again. But monitored carefully, the snakes proved to be no trouble and all went according to plan. I collected the passive snakes and the next day we merrily released them all back into the wild. 第三次試驗(yàn)重復(fù)了上一次的程序，不過(guò)第二天早晨我的手里拿了一個(gè)捕魚(yú)用的小網(wǎng)。這是因?yàn)槲翌A(yù)料蛇還全再咬人。但是經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)監(jiān)視

61、，證明這些蛇是制造不了麻煩的，一切都按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行著。我把這些溫順的蛇收集起來(lái)，第二天就愉快地把他們?nèi)坚尫诺揭巴馊チ恕?Pressed by my friends and relations, I decided to seize the opportunity to get recognition for my successful idea by sending my invention to the patent office. Only after you have had that recognition can you say that you are truly an invent

62、or. The criteria are so strict that it is difficult to get new ideas accepted unless they are truly novel. In addition, no invention will get a patent if it is:a discoverya scientific idea or mathematical modelliterature or arta game or a businessa computer programmea new animal or plant variety由于朋友

63、和親戚的敦促，我決定把我這次的發(fā)明運(yùn)到專(zhuān)利局去，請(qǐng)他們對(duì)我這次成功的思路給予認(rèn)可。只有你得到這種承認(rèn)，你才可以說(shuō)你是一個(gè)真正的發(fā)明者二（評(píng)定）專(zhuān)利標(biāo)準(zhǔn)非常嚴(yán)格，除非新的想法真是新穎的，否則很難被接受。此外，你的想法如果屬于下列情況，那么你也不可能得到專(zhuān)利：一種發(fā)現(xiàn)一種科學(xué)理論或數(shù)學(xué)模式文學(xué)或藝術(shù)一場(chǎng)游戲或一筆交易一個(gè)電腦程序一種新的動(dòng)植物物種Nor will you receive a patent until a search has been made to find out that your product really is different from everyone elses

64、. There are a large number of patent examiners, too, whose only job is to examine whether your claim is valid or not. If it passes all the tests, your application for a patent will be published 18 months from the date you apply. So I have filled in the form and filed my patent application with the P

65、atent Office. Now its a matter of waiting and hoping. Youll know if I succeed by the size of my bank balance! Wish me luck!你的產(chǎn)品要經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)調(diào)查，證明它確實(shí)是與眾不同的，你才能獲得專(zhuān)利。專(zhuān)利局還有一大批審查人員，他們的唯一職責(zé)就是審查你的專(zhuān)利申請(qǐng)是否有效。如果通過(guò)了所有這些審查，你申請(qǐng)的專(zhuān)利就會(huì)在你提出申請(qǐng)的18個(gè)月之后公布出來(lái)。于是，我填了表，向?qū)＠痔峤涣松暾?qǐng)書(shū)。現(xiàn)在就是等，待和期盼了。將來(lái)你看看我的銀行結(jié)余金額就會(huì)知道我是否成功了祝我好運(yùn)吧。ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELLAlexander Graham Bell was born in 1847 in Scotland, but when he was young his family moved to Boston, USA. His mother was almost entirely deaf, so Alexander became interested in help