建筑物側(cè)面墻壁立體停車(chē)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)【含8張cad圖紙+文檔全套資料】
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本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開(kāi)題報(bào)告
論文(設(shè)計(jì))題目
建筑物側(cè)面墻壁立體停車(chē)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)
作者所在系別
機(jī)電工程學(xué)院
作者所在專(zhuān)業(yè)
車(chē)輛工程
作者所在班級(jí)
B13141
作 者 姓 名
邸寶龍
作 者 學(xué) 號(hào)
201322244
指導(dǎo)教師姓名
孟立新
指導(dǎo)教師職稱(chēng)
副教授
完 成 時(shí) 間
2017
年
3
月
北華航天工業(yè)學(xué)院教務(wù)處制
4
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開(kāi)題報(bào)告
學(xué)生姓名
邸寶龍
專(zhuān) 業(yè)
車(chē)輛工程
班 級(jí)
B13141
指導(dǎo)教師姓名
孟立新
職 稱(chēng)
工作單位
課題來(lái)源
課題性質(zhì)
課題名稱(chēng)
建筑物側(cè)面立體停車(chē)系統(tǒng)
本設(shè)計(jì)的科學(xué)依據(jù)
(科學(xué)意義和應(yīng)用前景,國(guó)內(nèi)外研究概況,目前技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀、水平和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)等)
1. 科學(xué)意義和應(yīng)用前景
隨著人民生活水平的不斷提高,越來(lái)越多的人購(gòu)買(mǎi)了私家車(chē);對(duì)城市的交通和環(huán)境起著重大的影響。而停車(chē)難問(wèn)題的出現(xiàn),也給立體停車(chē)設(shè)備行業(yè)帶來(lái)了巨大的商機(jī)和廣闊的市場(chǎng)。在這商機(jī)與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)并存的時(shí)候,我國(guó)的立體停車(chē)設(shè)備行業(yè)也將從快速發(fā)展階段進(jìn)入穩(wěn)定發(fā)展階段。未來(lái)市場(chǎng)是巨大的,但對(duì)產(chǎn)品的需求,將會(huì)向兩個(gè)極端發(fā)展:一個(gè)極端就是價(jià)格的極端,市場(chǎng)大量需要低價(jià)格的立體停車(chē)設(shè)備,它只要能夠達(dá)到增加停車(chē)位的目的,能夠保證最基本的使用性能,以?xún)r(jià)格優(yōu)勢(shì)占領(lǐng)市場(chǎng),這一部分的市場(chǎng)份額預(yù)計(jì)將達(dá)到70%-80%;另一個(gè)極端就是技術(shù)與性能的極端,要求停車(chē)設(shè)備具有優(yōu)越的使用性能、方便的操作方式、快捷的存取速度。通過(guò)國(guó)內(nèi)外立體停車(chē)設(shè)備使用經(jīng)驗(yàn)的總結(jié),可以發(fā)現(xiàn)人們?cè)诶昧Ⅲw停車(chē)設(shè)備存取車(chē)時(shí),首先追求的是存取車(chē)速度、等待時(shí)間以及方便程度。此外,未來(lái)的立體停車(chē)設(shè)備市場(chǎng),將更加注重完善的售后服務(wù)系統(tǒng),遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)、遠(yuǎn)程故障處理系統(tǒng)將是用戶(hù)追求的目標(biāo)。隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)快速的發(fā)展,城市規(guī)劃的完善,機(jī)械停車(chē)設(shè)備行業(yè)將成為一個(gè)充滿(mǎn)生機(jī)的朝陽(yáng)行業(yè),機(jī)械停車(chē)設(shè)備的技術(shù)也將得到長(zhǎng)足的發(fā)展。
2. 國(guó)內(nèi)外研究概況
1918年世界上最早的立體車(chē)庫(kù)是美國(guó)建造的,德國(guó)的研究最早,技術(shù)處于領(lǐng)先位置,日本由于國(guó)土面積小而廣泛運(yùn)用立體停車(chē)設(shè)備,從1959年引進(jìn)建造機(jī)械式車(chē)庫(kù),到1983年日本本土的機(jī)械式停車(chē)庫(kù)就已經(jīng)達(dá)到了25454座,形式多種多樣。其中比較突出的是升降橫移式停車(chē)庫(kù),車(chē)庫(kù)容量每年遞增率為5%~7%已經(jīng)趕上同期汽車(chē)的增長(zhǎng)率,因此日本的技術(shù)是相當(dāng)成熟的。
我國(guó)的立體停車(chē)開(kāi)始于20世紀(jì)90年代,至今已有20年的發(fā)展歷史,由于我國(guó)的現(xiàn)狀立體停車(chē)庫(kù)的發(fā)展是必然的,為了解決地面停車(chē)位占地面積與有限土地資源之間的矛盾,就需要發(fā)展立體停車(chē)設(shè)備,我國(guó)發(fā)展停車(chē)設(shè)備的主要方式是引進(jìn),吸收,再研發(fā),從而開(kāi)發(fā)出安全、經(jīng)濟(jì)、高效、節(jié)能的立體停車(chē)設(shè)備,滿(mǎn)足國(guó)內(nèi)外的需求,隨著我國(guó)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,立體停車(chē)設(shè)備會(huì)得到廣泛的使用,也會(huì)越來(lái)越受到人們的歡迎。
3.目前技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀、水平和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)等
當(dāng)前我國(guó)很多城區(qū)立體停車(chē)庫(kù)的建設(shè)量和車(chē)輛數(shù)量間的差距很大,停車(chē)問(wèn)題已嚴(yán)重影響市民的日常生活,因此對(duì)于停車(chē)位的需求將迅速增加,各大城市未來(lái)數(shù)年乃至十來(lái)年立體停車(chē)庫(kù)建設(shè)和設(shè)備供應(yīng)的市場(chǎng)空間將很大。目前立體停車(chē)庫(kù)設(shè)備供應(yīng)不強(qiáng),公司技術(shù)水平不高,通過(guò)進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)國(guó)外發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的相關(guān)技術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn),立體停車(chē)庫(kù)整體性能提升空間很大;平面式停車(chē)庫(kù)己經(jīng)跟不上大都市快速發(fā)展的節(jié)奏,立體停車(chē)庫(kù)是城市建設(shè)發(fā)展的必然趨勢(shì),作為一個(gè)科技含量極高的新興行業(yè),需要政府制定良好且完善的政策措施來(lái)引導(dǎo)整個(gè)行業(yè)的發(fā)展,從而既能促進(jìn)停車(chē)行業(yè)的發(fā)展,又能解決市民出行和停車(chē)難的問(wèn)題。
設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容和預(yù)期成果
(具體設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容和重點(diǎn)解決的技術(shù)問(wèn)題、預(yù)期成果和提供的形式)
建筑物側(cè)面停車(chē)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)就是要借助建筑物的側(cè)面墻體,結(jié)合一些支架以及支撐板等,在墻體側(cè)面建立一排立體停車(chē)系統(tǒng),占用盡可能小的場(chǎng)地停放多輛汽車(chē)。在整個(gè)系統(tǒng)中,每輛汽車(chē)從最頂層開(kāi)始依次停放,用車(chē)時(shí)可以利用支撐板將汽車(chē)平穩(wěn)放到地面,汽車(chē)開(kāi)走后系統(tǒng)各部分 復(fù)原位,確保停車(chē),取車(chē)時(shí)方便快捷,安全,無(wú)需等待太長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。
擬采取設(shè)計(jì)方法和技術(shù)支持
(設(shè)計(jì)方案、技術(shù)要求、實(shí)驗(yàn)方法和步驟、可能遇到的問(wèn)題和解決辦法等)
設(shè)計(jì)的系統(tǒng)中需要有導(dǎo)軌,支撐,控制系統(tǒng)等,其中支撐,導(dǎo)軌結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì),材料的選擇,受力分析需要結(jié)合自己在校期間所學(xué)認(rèn)真構(gòu)思,計(jì)算。控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)需用到編程相關(guān)知識(shí),這方面的知識(shí)自己所學(xué)欠缺,需多用時(shí)間好好學(xué)習(xí),遇到難題多查資料,多向本專(zhuān)業(yè)老師請(qǐng)教,及時(shí)解決問(wèn)題
實(shí)現(xiàn)本項(xiàng)目預(yù)期目標(biāo)和已具備的條件
(包括過(guò)去學(xué)習(xí)、研究工作基礎(chǔ),現(xiàn)有主要儀器設(shè)備、設(shè)計(jì)環(huán)境及協(xié)作條件等)
在校期間學(xué)習(xí)了機(jī)械制圖,理論力學(xué),材料力學(xué)等課程,并且進(jìn)行了相關(guān)課程的課程設(shè)計(jì),對(duì)于材料的選擇,強(qiáng)度的計(jì)算,校核有一定基礎(chǔ)。學(xué)習(xí)了相關(guān)的繪圖軟件,利用軟件繪圖會(huì)給設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程帶來(lái)很多方便。提高工作效率。減速器,夾具設(shè)計(jì),汽車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)等經(jīng)歷,對(duì)于導(dǎo)軌支撐的設(shè)計(jì)會(huì)有不小的幫助。單片機(jī),c語(yǔ)言的學(xué)習(xí)對(duì)于控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)是一些基礎(chǔ),但是還需學(xué)習(xí)更多。
各環(huán)節(jié)擬定階段性工作進(jìn)度
(以周為單位)
1到3周結(jié)合老師所給題目,寫(xiě)好開(kāi)題報(bào)告,有時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)繪圖軟件,盡量用到熟練。
4到6周實(shí)習(xí)的同時(shí)構(gòu)思整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu),準(zhǔn)備好相關(guān)資料,對(duì)于不足的知識(shí)及時(shí)補(bǔ)充,堅(jiān)持繪圖工具的學(xué)習(xí)。把可能遇到的問(wèn)題整理好,盡量多的弄明白。
7到10周完成支撐,導(dǎo)軌等結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì),完成情況和老師及時(shí)溝通,并認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)。
10到16周設(shè)計(jì)控制系統(tǒng),完善其他結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì),寫(xiě)設(shè)計(jì)論文,整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)的完成情況及時(shí)和老師匯報(bào),有錯(cuò)誤的地方及時(shí)認(rèn)真修改,多和老師溝通交流,聽(tīng)取意見(jiàn),把作品做到更完善,提交作品,完成最好的答辯。
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本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)文獻(xiàn)綜述
設(shè)計(jì) (論文)題目
建筑物側(cè)面墻壁立體停車(chē)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)
作者所在系別
機(jī)電工程學(xué)院
作者所在專(zhuān)業(yè)
車(chē)輛工程
作者所在班級(jí)
B13141
作 者 姓 名
邸寶龍
作 者 學(xué) 號(hào)
201322244
指導(dǎo)教師姓名
孟立新
指導(dǎo)教師職稱(chēng)
副教授
完 成 時(shí) 間
2017
年
3
月
北華航天工業(yè)學(xué)院教務(wù)處制
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)文 獻(xiàn) 綜 述
建筑物側(cè)面立體停車(chē)系統(tǒng)
摘要:如今,經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展讓人們的生活水平日益提高,越來(lái)越多的人都會(huì)選擇購(gòu)買(mǎi)私家車(chē),隨之而來(lái)的就是人口眾多,停車(chē)場(chǎng)地有限,停車(chē)難等問(wèn)題,立體停車(chē)場(chǎng)占地面積小的特點(diǎn)有效的緩解了這些問(wèn)題。國(guó)外一些地方立體停車(chē)場(chǎng)已經(jīng)有很好的使用,相信隨著技術(shù)的成熟,這種停車(chē)場(chǎng)在國(guó)內(nèi)也會(huì)有廣闊的前景。
關(guān)鍵詞:立體;停車(chē)場(chǎng);私家車(chē)
Abstract: Today, the development of the economy so that people's living standards are increasing, more and more people will choose to buy a private car, followed by a large population, parking space is limited, parking and other issues, three-dimensional car park covers an area of small The characteristics of the effective mitigation of these problems. Some local three-dimensional parking lot has been very good use, I believe that with the technology mature, this parking lot in the country will have broad prospects
Keyword: dimensionl,park,private car
1.立體停車(chē)的研究背景,作用
隨著我國(guó)大中城市經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展、現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程的不斷加快,以及汽車(chē)生產(chǎn)成本和價(jià)格的下降和個(gè)人購(gòu)車(chē)消費(fèi)水平的提高,我國(guó)私人汽車(chē)數(shù)量快速增長(zhǎng),私人汽車(chē)將大規(guī)模的進(jìn)入家庭,給城市的停車(chē)問(wèn)題帶來(lái)了很大壓力。國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展以及我國(guó)的城市化水平不斷加快,使得城市交通擁擠的矛盾日益突出。車(chē)輛的不斷增多,城市道路設(shè)施跟不上經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的步伐,造成了動(dòng)態(tài)交通的嚴(yán)重阻塞,同時(shí)停車(chē)場(chǎng)地設(shè)置的不合理,出現(xiàn)了嚴(yán)重的占道停車(chē),占用居住區(qū)綠地,造成靜態(tài)交通混亂現(xiàn)象,從而進(jìn)一步加劇了交通擁擠,破壞了城市的居住環(huán)境和城市形象。動(dòng)態(tài)交通和靜態(tài)交通的關(guān)系形成了惡性循環(huán)。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),公安部交管局日前發(fā)布信息,截至2010年9月底,我國(guó)機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)保有量達(dá)1.99億輛,其中汽車(chē)8500多萬(wàn)輛。然而,目前我國(guó)城市機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的保有量與停車(chē)位之比大約為5:1,也就是說(shuō)停車(chē)位的滿(mǎn)足率只有20%左右。停車(chē)位嚴(yán)重不足,造成機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)非法停放、占道停放現(xiàn)象日益嚴(yán)重,上海市中心占道停放占總停放車(chē)輛的64% 。根據(jù)上海目前160萬(wàn)輛的汽車(chē)保有量計(jì)算,理想停車(chē)位應(yīng)該有208萬(wàn)個(gè),然而目前上海開(kāi)放的社會(huì)車(chē)庫(kù)僅有3萬(wàn)個(gè)車(chē)位,這就造成了許多車(chē)輛無(wú)家可歸。從國(guó)際城市建設(shè)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)看,要保證交通不擁堵,不僅要滿(mǎn)足100%的基本停車(chē)位,還要能滿(mǎn)足公共停車(chē)位。近幾年新增轎車(chē)每年在200萬(wàn)輛左右,按停車(chē)位與轎車(chē)數(shù)之比為1:1.2 計(jì)算,每年需新增停車(chē)位290萬(wàn)個(gè),才能滿(mǎn)足停車(chē)位的需求。
立體停車(chē)最大的好處就是可以充分利用小面積向高空發(fā)展,盡量多存車(chē)輛,是土地資源緊缺、車(chē)輛容量大的場(chǎng)所最佳停車(chē)方式。例如,在空間有限的居民小區(qū)地面上最適合使用“垂直循環(huán)”式立體車(chē)庫(kù)。這種車(chē)庫(kù)每組H 層,也就是說(shuō),在原來(lái)只可停放一輛車(chē)的面積上建起的立體車(chē)庫(kù)可以停放H 輛車(chē)。立體車(chē)庫(kù)建設(shè)成本大大低于傳統(tǒng)停車(chē)場(chǎng)。據(jù)了解,傳統(tǒng)停車(chē)場(chǎng)的占地和建設(shè)成本相當(dāng)高昂。一般說(shuō)來(lái),普通地上停車(chē)位每個(gè)占地在15平方米左右,地下停車(chē)場(chǎng)每個(gè)車(chē)位的占地面積則至少在25平方米以上。如果使用立體停車(chē)庫(kù),在30平方米 的空地上就可以停放一組H 車(chē)位立體停車(chē)庫(kù),平均每個(gè)車(chē)位占地面積不到4平方米。就建設(shè)成本而言,目前小區(qū)房產(chǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)商建一個(gè)地下車(chē)位需投資6-8萬(wàn)元,某些高檔寫(xiě)字樓地下停車(chē)位的建設(shè)成本更是高達(dá)十幾萬(wàn)元。如果安裝立體車(chē)庫(kù),在空間面積 不變的情況下盡量增加停車(chē)位,可以將每個(gè)停車(chē)位的建設(shè)成本攤薄5-6萬(wàn)元
2.立體停車(chē)的研究現(xiàn)狀
日本從20世紀(jì)50年代中期開(kāi)始停車(chē)場(chǎng)問(wèn)題研究,1960 年建成了一座四個(gè)車(chē)位的二段式立體停車(chē)場(chǎng),60 年代末,僅東京市就引進(jìn)西歐技術(shù)建成了各種形式的立體停車(chē)場(chǎng)40座,1971年開(kāi)始發(fā)展裝配自行式立體停車(chē)場(chǎng)。據(jù)日本建設(shè)廳調(diào)查統(tǒng)計(jì),在日本從事立體停車(chē)庫(kù)及其設(shè)備開(kāi)發(fā)、制造的公司約有200多家。目前日本已經(jīng)投入使用立體停車(chē)位超過(guò)300萬(wàn)個(gè),其中以升降橫移式停車(chē)設(shè)備為主。對(duì)于日本,優(yōu)勢(shì)在多層升降橫移類(lèi)、垂直升降類(lèi)、水平循環(huán)類(lèi)、垂直循環(huán)類(lèi)、簡(jiǎn)易升降類(lèi)等產(chǎn)品上。韓國(guó)立體停車(chē)設(shè)備技術(shù)是日本技術(shù)的派生。產(chǎn)業(yè)從20世紀(jì)70年代中期開(kāi)始起步,80 年代開(kāi)始引進(jìn)日本技術(shù),經(jīng)過(guò)消化生產(chǎn)和本土化,90 年代開(kāi)始為推廣使用階段。由于得到政府的高度重視,各種立體停車(chē)設(shè)備得到普遍開(kāi)發(fā)和利用,韓國(guó)近幾年增長(zhǎng)速度都在30% 左右。德國(guó)和意大利等歐洲國(guó)家從事停車(chē)設(shè)備開(kāi)發(fā)和生產(chǎn)比較早。較好的公司有意大利Sotefin、Interpark、德國(guó)Palis等。由于歐洲國(guó)家土地資源比較富余,停車(chē)問(wèn)題表現(xiàn)不很突出,停車(chē)設(shè)備應(yīng)用量不是很大。多數(shù)為巷道堆垛式產(chǎn)品。
我國(guó)在20世紀(jì)80年代初開(kāi)始研制和使用立體停車(chē)場(chǎng)。90 年代以來(lái),隨著汽車(chē)工業(yè)和建筑業(yè)的發(fā)展,尤其是轎車(chē)進(jìn)入家庭后,立體停車(chē)場(chǎng)的應(yīng)用逐步推廣。到2003 年底,我國(guó)已有31個(gè)省份的56 個(gè)城市,興建了879 個(gè)立體停車(chē)庫(kù),車(chē)位8 萬(wàn)多個(gè),其中有一半是用于住宅小區(qū)配套設(shè)施。而且,這些停車(chē)庫(kù)更多地集中在北京、上海、江 蘇、浙江和廣東等地。目前我國(guó)已經(jīng)形成了新興的停車(chē)行業(yè),步入了引進(jìn)、開(kāi)發(fā)、制造、使用相結(jié)合的初步發(fā)展階段?,F(xiàn)在從事立體停車(chē)設(shè)備制造企業(yè)已有30 余家。產(chǎn)品經(jīng)引進(jìn)技術(shù)和自我研制開(kāi)發(fā),生產(chǎn)技術(shù)水平有了很大的提高。
3.立體停車(chē)目前研究存在的問(wèn)題
目前是平面停車(chē)位和立體停車(chē)場(chǎng)并存的一種狀態(tài)? ,但是立體停車(chē)場(chǎng)由于各種原因在全國(guó)一線城市二線城市中還是沒(méi)有得到充分的使用,但是立體停車(chē)場(chǎng)在國(guó)外的發(fā)展還是蠻好的,國(guó)外因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力方面都不用擔(dān)心,再就是國(guó)外的科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展,立體停車(chē)庫(kù)的技術(shù)先進(jìn),自然而然就能夠得到消費(fèi)者和投資者的青睞。但是在國(guó)內(nèi)立體停車(chē)庫(kù)的普及還需要時(shí)間,立體停車(chē)庫(kù)在現(xiàn)在城市中運(yùn)用還是有的,只是沒(méi)有那么多而已,那么當(dāng)前立體停車(chē)庫(kù)面臨的問(wèn)題需要解決,才能讓立體停車(chē)庫(kù)逐漸走進(jìn)千家萬(wàn)戶(hù)中,讓立體停車(chē)庫(kù)流行起來(lái)。 建立前的成本問(wèn)題,立體停車(chē)庫(kù)的投資巨大,通常是幾百萬(wàn)才能建一個(gè),因此資金問(wèn)題不好解決。 目前我國(guó)已建成的立體停車(chē)庫(kù)都面臨有生存艱難的問(wèn)題,如何讓立體停車(chē)庫(kù)正常盈利也是一個(gè)問(wèn)題。國(guó)人習(xí)慣了路面免費(fèi)停車(chē),如何讓他們轉(zhuǎn)變觀念。叫好不叫座的立體停車(chē)庫(kù)需要政策扶持或補(bǔ)貼。
雖然機(jī)械式智能立體停車(chē)設(shè)施在我國(guó)作為一個(gè)新興的產(chǎn)業(yè),具有不可估量的發(fā)展前景,但是現(xiàn)在還沒(méi)有進(jìn)入一個(gè)快速的發(fā)展階段,主要是因?yàn)槲覈?guó)在智能立體停車(chē)設(shè)備行業(yè)當(dāng)中的發(fā)展還存在著許多不足之處:首先,雖然這個(gè)行業(yè)的企業(yè)已經(jīng)具備一定的規(guī)模,但是他們的發(fā)展不平衡,大中型企業(yè)較少,僅20家左右,剩下的則是一些中小企業(yè),中小企業(yè)技術(shù)力量相對(duì)比較薄弱,缺乏企業(yè)的自主開(kāi)發(fā)能力;其次,智能立體車(chē)庫(kù)對(duì)于安全方面的要求很高,然而有的企業(yè)自主研發(fā)的設(shè)施沒(méi)有進(jìn)行更加深入的研究,不能保障產(chǎn)品的安全性、可靠性和耐久性;第三,市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)雜亂,目前國(guó)內(nèi)總體生產(chǎn)能力過(guò)剩,價(jià)格比較低,政府在對(duì)待智能立體停車(chē)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展方面的政策嚴(yán)重滯后;此外,平面停車(chē)場(chǎng)收費(fèi)便宜,加上人們的意識(shí)還沒(méi)有完全轉(zhuǎn)變,都將成為智能立體停車(chē)設(shè)施難以普及的攔路虎。由此看來(lái),想要加快我國(guó)智能停車(chē)設(shè)備產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展,我們需要在政策、市場(chǎng)、管理和技術(shù)等多方面進(jìn)行努力。
機(jī)械式智能立體車(chē)庫(kù)的出現(xiàn),很好地解決了世界各國(guó)停車(chē)難的問(wèn)題,歐美國(guó)家是最早開(kāi)始使用立體車(chē)庫(kù)的國(guó)家。世界上第一個(gè)機(jī)械升降車(chē)庫(kù)是1920年在美國(guó)修建成功的。并且,隨著科技的發(fā)展,在隨后的二三十年間,汽車(chē)日漸趨于大眾化,其他的國(guó)家都開(kāi)始進(jìn)行一些立體車(chē)庫(kù)的研究,并且也都取得了不錯(cuò)的成果。尤其是亞洲的一些國(guó)家,因?yàn)樗麄兊耐恋刭Y源稀缺,故而對(duì)于立體車(chē)庫(kù)的使用就相對(duì)的比較廣泛。在亞洲,最先使用立體車(chē)庫(kù)的是日本,從日本開(kāi)始進(jìn)行機(jī)械停車(chē)設(shè)備的研究開(kāi)始,已經(jīng)有50年的歷史了,他們每年間所生產(chǎn)的機(jī)械停車(chē)位就有十幾萬(wàn)了,并且是以升降橫移類(lèi)作為主要目標(biāo)的。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] 吳興陸. 對(duì)當(dāng)前住宅小區(qū)“停車(chē)難”問(wèn)題的剖析[ J ]. 綜述, 2007
[2] 張東輝,張少峰. 居住小區(qū)停車(chē)問(wèn)題研究[ J ]. 中外建筑, 2004
[3] 莫曼春,鄧明. 住宅小區(qū)內(nèi)停車(chē)方式的思考[ J ]. 山西建筑, 2000
[4] 豆丁網(wǎng).立體停車(chē)庫(kù)市場(chǎng)研究與投資前景分析報(bào)告 http://www.docin.com/p-1004100727.html
[5] 新聞資訊.立體停車(chē)設(shè)備的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀. http://www.liticheku.net[1]/NewsDetail/258.html
[6] 張啟君.立體車(chē)庫(kù)的主要形式及技術(shù)特點(diǎn).機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2004
[7] 楊智.淺談立體車(chē)庫(kù)自動(dòng)化控制系統(tǒng)及運(yùn)用.科技情報(bào)開(kāi)發(fā)與經(jīng)濟(jì),2008
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[10] 王瑞剛,吳成東.立體停車(chē)場(chǎng)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與趨勢(shì).交通與運(yùn)輸,2005,2
[11] RJ.Schilling,Fundamentals of robotics,Analysis and control,Prentice Hall, Englewoods,1990
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)文 獻(xiàn) 綜 述
指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn)
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本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) (論文)
外 文 翻 譯
原 文 標(biāo) 題
Management of parking lot
譯 文 標(biāo) 題
停車(chē)場(chǎng)的管理
作者所在系別
機(jī)電工程學(xué)院
作者所在專(zhuān)業(yè)
車(chē)輛工程
作者所在班級(jí)
B13141
作 者 姓 名
邸寶龍
作 者 學(xué) 號(hào)
201322244
指導(dǎo)教師姓名
孟立新
指導(dǎo)教師職稱(chēng)
副教授
完 成 時(shí) 間
2017
年
3
月
北華航天工業(yè)學(xué)院教務(wù)處制
譯文標(biāo)題
停車(chē)場(chǎng)的管理
原文標(biāo)題
Management of parking lot
作 者
譯 名
國(guó) 籍
原文出處
譯文:
停車(chē)場(chǎng)的管理
摘要:停車(chē)場(chǎng)設(shè)計(jì)用于以無(wú)組織的方式停放機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛。 用于管理停車(chē)場(chǎng)的方法包括以下步驟:確定停車(chē)場(chǎng)能夠被停放的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)占據(jù)的區(qū)域P,確定停放的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)當(dāng)前占用的停車(chē)場(chǎng)的面積K,以及確定 基于關(guān)系Z =(1-K / P)* M,可以在停車(chē)場(chǎng)中額外停放的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的數(shù)量Z,其中M包括可以停放在停車(chē)場(chǎng)中的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的最大數(shù)量 很多。
關(guān)鍵詞:停車(chē)場(chǎng);管理;機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)
背景信息
停車(chē)場(chǎng)設(shè)計(jì)成容納可停放在其中的多個(gè)機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛。在這種情況下,沒(méi)有關(guān)于機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛停放在停車(chē)場(chǎng)中的方式或順序的具體規(guī)定。因此,機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛在停車(chē)場(chǎng)中的布置可以改變。
與有組織的停車(chē)場(chǎng)相反,在有組織的停車(chē)場(chǎng)中識(shí)別可能分別由機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)占據(jù)的停車(chē)位,難以管理無(wú)組織的停車(chē)場(chǎng)。特別地,可能難以確定在給定時(shí)間可能另外停放在停車(chē)場(chǎng)中的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的數(shù)量。
發(fā)明內(nèi)容本發(fā)明的目的是提供一種用于管理停車(chē)場(chǎng)的技術(shù),該技術(shù)被設(shè)計(jì)用于停放機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛。
概要
停車(chē)場(chǎng)設(shè)計(jì)用于停放機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛。用于管理停車(chē)場(chǎng)的方法包括以下步驟:確定停車(chē)場(chǎng)能夠被停放的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)占據(jù)的區(qū)域P,確定停放的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)當(dāng)前占用的停車(chē)場(chǎng)的面積K,以及確定基于關(guān)系Z =(1-K / P)* M,可以在停車(chē)場(chǎng)中額外停放的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的數(shù)量Z,其中M包括可以停放在停車(chē)場(chǎng)中的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的最大數(shù)量很多。
因此,可以以簡(jiǎn)單且魯棒的方式確定停車(chē)場(chǎng)的剩余容納空間有多大。該特定值可以例如在停車(chē)場(chǎng)外的顯示板上指示。
特別優(yōu)選的是,停車(chē)場(chǎng)被設(shè)計(jì)用于以非組織的方式停放機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛。在這種情況下,通常不為單個(gè)機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛提供停車(chē)位的劃分。駕駛員可以以實(shí)際上任何方式將其機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛停放在停車(chē)場(chǎng)中,優(yōu)選地假設(shè)他們自己將注意不會(huì)妨礙其他機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛。
優(yōu)選地,基于停泊在完全占用的停車(chē)場(chǎng)中的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的計(jì)數(shù),以規(guī)則的間隔驗(yàn)證M。計(jì)數(shù)可以特別手動(dòng)地進(jìn)行。為了這個(gè)目的,沒(méi)有必要一個(gè)人通過(guò)停車(chē)場(chǎng)來(lái)計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛;而是可以基于圖像形式的掃描結(jié)果來(lái)執(zhí)行計(jì)數(shù)。因此可以以簡(jiǎn)單和成本有效的方式驗(yàn)證或校準(zhǔn)該方法。
M可以基于以間隔執(zhí)行的多個(gè)計(jì)數(shù)的平均值來(lái)確定。因此可以提高該方法的魯棒性或精度。
在一個(gè)具體實(shí)施例中,以規(guī)則的間隔重新確定P.這使得可以考慮使得停車(chē)場(chǎng)的一部分不可用的影響,例如由于天氣原因而被阻擋的建筑工地或區(qū)段。
當(dāng)確定P時(shí),可以排除通過(guò)停車(chē)場(chǎng)的不可用于停放機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的交通路徑的面積。為此目的,可以基于可用作圖像的掃描結(jié)果來(lái)自動(dòng)檢測(cè)或假設(shè)交通路徑。因此,可以考慮否則難以預(yù)測(cè)的停車(chē)場(chǎng)中的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的組織結(jié)構(gòu)。
可以額外地停放的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的具體數(shù)量Z可以實(shí)時(shí)公布。具體地,可以使得數(shù)字Z在云或web服務(wù)中可訪問(wèn)。在一個(gè)具體實(shí)施例中,還可以公布停車(chē)場(chǎng)的占用圖。占用圖可以基于掃描結(jié)果確定或者可以對(duì)應(yīng)于掃描結(jié)果。
此外,可以確定可以另外停放的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的數(shù)量的確定的可靠性。所確定的可靠性可以與所確定的數(shù)Z一起公布,以便為正在為他的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛尋找免費(fèi)停車(chē)位的駕駛員提供改進(jìn)的決定基礎(chǔ)。
一種計(jì)算機(jī)程序產(chǎn)品包括用于當(dāng)計(jì)算機(jī)程序產(chǎn)品在處理設(shè)備上運(yùn)行或存儲(chǔ)在計(jì)算機(jī)可讀數(shù)據(jù)載體上時(shí)執(zhí)行上述方法的程序代碼裝置。
用于管理上述停車(chē)場(chǎng)的裝置包括用于確定停泊的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛當(dāng)前占用的停車(chē)場(chǎng)的面積K的掃描裝置以及被設(shè)計(jì)為確定機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的額外數(shù)量Z的處理裝置,基于關(guān)系Z =(1-K / P)* M。在這種情況下,P包括可被停放的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛占據(jù)的停車(chē)場(chǎng)的區(qū)域P,M包括可停放在停車(chē)場(chǎng)中的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的最大數(shù)量。掃描裝置優(yōu)選地包括成像傳感器。使得可以容易地由機(jī)器以及人來(lái)檢測(cè)或評(píng)估掃描結(jié)果。對(duì)于機(jī)器處理,已知用于圖像檢測(cè)的算法。在另一個(gè)具體實(shí)施例中,也可以使用其他傳感器,例如雷達(dá)或激光雷達(dá),其可以是成像或非成像。還可以使用一個(gè)或多個(gè)成像傳感器和一個(gè)或多個(gè)非成像傳感器的組合。附圖說(shuō)明參考附圖更詳細(xì)地描述本發(fā)明。具體實(shí)施方式圖示出了具有管理裝置的停車(chē)場(chǎng)。具體實(shí)施方式圖示出了具有管理裝置的停車(chē)場(chǎng).停車(chē)場(chǎng)設(shè)計(jì)用于無(wú)組織的停車(chē)場(chǎng),也就是說(shuō),沒(méi)有或者沒(méi)有精確地規(guī)定可以停放在停車(chē)場(chǎng)中的單個(gè)機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛,將布置機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛。特別地,機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛可以占據(jù)的停車(chē)位的寬度或長(zhǎng)度可能是未定義的。此外,還可以自由地選擇在停車(chē)場(chǎng)中形成機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的行或其它布置的模式。在這種情況下,機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的每個(gè)駕駛員可以有助于形成組織結(jié)構(gòu)。停車(chē)場(chǎng)可以包括入口和出口.在本表示中,兩者在物理上一致;但是它們也可以彼此分離地設(shè)置。此外,可以提供多個(gè)入口或多個(gè)出口.管理裝置被設(shè)計(jì)為確定在給定時(shí)間點(diǎn)可以在停車(chē)場(chǎng)中額外停放的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的數(shù)量。為此,管理裝置包括處理設(shè)備,其連接到掃描設(shè)備.掃描設(shè)備可以例如使用雷達(dá),激光雷達(dá),超聲波,可見(jiàn)光或不可見(jiàn)光來(lái)操作。掃描設(shè)備優(yōu)選地是成像,即,或三維表示。該表示包括多個(gè)圖像元素,其值表示停車(chē)場(chǎng)或機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的部分。優(yōu)選地,掃描裝置安裝在停車(chē)場(chǎng)上方的高度以便從鳥(niǎo)瞰圖執(zhí)行掃描。例如,掃描裝置可以安裝在建筑物的高架部分,柱子或柱子上。這是一個(gè)很好的選擇,特別是在停車(chē)場(chǎng)處于開(kāi)啟狀態(tài)的情況下,但是所描述的技術(shù)原則上也可以在被覆蓋的停車(chē)場(chǎng)的情況下使用,并且是停車(chē)場(chǎng)或地下停車(chē)設(shè)施。在一個(gè)具體實(shí)施例中,可以提供多個(gè)掃描裝置,其數(shù)據(jù)可以由處理裝置組合以便提供停放在其中的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的停車(chē)場(chǎng)的完整圖片。在圖像的基礎(chǔ)上或由處理裝置提供的具有停泊的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的停車(chē)場(chǎng)的表示,可以確定當(dāng)前由機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛占據(jù)的停車(chē)場(chǎng)的面積K.通過(guò)知道停車(chē)場(chǎng)的總面積P ,可以確定停車(chē)場(chǎng)被填充的程度為Q = K / P。如果這個(gè)商Q乘以可以停放在停車(chē)場(chǎng)中的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的最大數(shù)量M,則這產(chǎn)生當(dāng)前仍然可以停放的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的數(shù)量Z.作為公式,這可以表示如下:Z =(1-Q)* M =(1-K / P)* M。能夠被停放的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛占用的停車(chē)場(chǎng)的區(qū)域P優(yōu)選地不包括不可用于停放機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的交通路徑.通常需要交通路徑,以便允許每個(gè)停放的電動(dòng)機(jī)優(yōu)選地,還提供了足夠的交通路徑,以便機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛從入口開(kāi)始到達(dá)可用作機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的停車(chē)位的停車(chē)場(chǎng)的空閑區(qū)域。停車(chē)場(chǎng)中的交通路徑的位置可以隨著時(shí)間改變,例如當(dāng)機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的組織原理改變時(shí)。如圖所示,機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛通過(guò)示例的方式布置成列;盡管在另一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)上例如也可以出現(xiàn)排列。然后,交通路徑必須與表示中不同,即水平而不是垂直地定向??捎糜谕7艡C(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的停車(chē)場(chǎng)的區(qū)域P可以改變。例如如果停車(chē)場(chǎng)的一部分不能由機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛從入口到達(dá),例如如果在冬天停車(chē)場(chǎng)的一段被一堆雪占據(jù)或者如果停車(chē)場(chǎng)的一段不能用于在強(qiáng)降雨中由于水的積累。優(yōu)選地,區(qū)域P由處理裝置基于由掃描裝置提供的表示來(lái)確定。確定的頻率可以等于或低于Z的確定頻率,即機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的頻率其可以在停車(chē)場(chǎng)中額外停放。優(yōu)選地,對(duì)于Z的每次確定,由掃描裝置執(zhí)行至少一次掃描??梢灾芷谛缘卮_定Z,例如每月或每四分之一小時(shí)。該確定還可以是事件驅(qū)動(dòng)的,例如如果從正在為他的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛尋找停車(chē)位的駕駛員接收到請(qǐng)求。該請(qǐng)求可以從智能電話或從安裝在機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛中的計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)送,例如,為此目的優(yōu)選無(wú)線數(shù)據(jù)傳輸。可以在停車(chē)場(chǎng)中額外停放的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的具體數(shù)量Z可以通過(guò)顯示板以圖形或數(shù)字方式表示。替代地或附加地, Z還可以數(shù)字地公開(kāi),例如作為web服務(wù)或在云中??梢栽谕\?chē)場(chǎng)中額外停放的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的確定數(shù)量與仍然可以停放在停車(chē)場(chǎng)中的實(shí)際機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛配通常取決于停車(chē)場(chǎng)被填充的程度。該使用度對(duì)應(yīng)于上述商Q。在圖的示例性表示中,在圖中,確定兩個(gè)額外的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛其能夠在停車(chē)場(chǎng)中找到房間。在圖1的停車(chē)場(chǎng)的左側(cè)區(qū)域中的停放的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛行中,在圖1中,存在可由另一機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛110占據(jù)的相應(yīng)空間。相反,在右側(cè),沒(méi)有形成空間,因?yàn)樵撆诺南噜彊C(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛彼此間隔得太遠(yuǎn)。因此,確定的數(shù)量Z從仍然可以容納在停車(chē)場(chǎng)中的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的實(shí)際數(shù)量偏離1。這對(duì)應(yīng)于絕對(duì)誤差僅為1,但對(duì)應(yīng)于50%的相對(duì)誤差。停車(chē)場(chǎng)被填充的程度Q越低,就越可能仍然找到足夠小的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛,能夠利用小于機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛所需的平均面積的剩余面積。然而,如果停車(chē)場(chǎng)被填充的程度接近100%,則緊急停車(chē)的可能性幾乎被耗盡??赡艿氖牵_定可能仍然停放在停車(chē)場(chǎng)中的所確定數(shù)量的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛是正確的可靠性或置信度。在另一個(gè)具體實(shí)施例中,還可以確定所確定的數(shù)字的適用性的概率。該值可以與可以附加地停放的機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的確定數(shù)量一起提供。圖1的表示。圖1在右側(cè)的顯示板上示出了示例性交通燈狀結(jié)構(gòu),其指示所確定的顯示值的可靠性程度。作為符號(hào)表示的替代,也可以使用圖形表示。
原文:
Management of parking lot
Abstract: A parking lot is designed for parking motor vehicles in a non-organized manner. A method for managing the parking lot includes steps of determining an area P of the parking lot that is able to be occupied by parked motor vehicles, of determining an area K of the parking lot that is currently occupied by parked motor vehicles, and of determining a number Z of motor vehicles that may be parked additionally in the parking lot, on the basis of the relationship Z=(1?K/P)*M, where M comprises a maximum number of motor vehicles that may be parked in the parking lot.
Keywords: parking lot, management, motor vehicle
backgroung information
A parking lot is designed to accommodate a number of motor vehicles that may be parked within it. In this instance, there is no concrete prescription as to the manner or the order in which the motor vehicles are to be parked in the parking lot. An arrangement of motor vehicles in the parking lot may therefore change.
In contrast to an organized parking lot, in which parking spaces are identified that may be respectively occupied by a motor vehicle, it is difficult to manage a non-organized parking lot. In particular, it may be difficult to determine a number of the motor vehicles that at a given time may be additionally parked in the parking lot.
The present invention is based on the objective of providing a technology for managing a parking lot that is designed for parking motor vehicles.
SUMMARY
A parking lot is designed for parking motor vehicles. A method for managing the parking lot includes steps of determining an area P of the parking lot that is able to be occupied by parked motor vehicles, of determining an area K of the parking lot that is currently occupied by parked motor vehicles, and of determining a number Z of motor vehicles that may be parked additionally in the parking lot, on the basis of the relationship Z=(1?K/P)*M, where M comprises a maximum number of motor vehicles that may be parked in the parking lot.
Thus it is possible to determine in a simple and robust manner how large the remaining accommodation capacity of the parking lot is. The specific value may be indicated for example on a display board outside of the parking lot.
It is in particular preferred that the parking lot is designed for parking motor vehicles in a non-organized manner. In this context, usually no demarcations of parking spaces are provided for individual motor vehicles. Drivers may park their motor vehicles in practically any manner in the parking lot, it being preferably assumed that they themselves will take care that no other motor vehicle is thereby impeded.
M is preferably verified at regular intervals on the basis of a count of the motor vehicles parked in the fully occupied parking lot. The count may be carried out in particular manually. For this purpose, it is not necessary that a person walk through the parking lot in order to count the motor vehicles; rather, the count may be performed on the basis of a scanning result in the form of an image. It is thus possible to verify or calibrate the method in a simple and cost-effective manner.
M may be determined on the basis of an average value of multiple counts performed at intervals. The robustness or precision of the method may thus be increased.
In one specific embodiment, P is determined anew at regular intervals. This makes it possible to take influences into account that make a part of the parking lot unusable such as for example a construction site or a section that is blocked off for weather-related reasons.
When determining P, the area of traffic paths through the parking lot, which are not available for parking motor vehicles, may be excluded. For this purpose, the traffic paths may be detected or assumed automatically on the basis of a scanning result that is available as an image. It is thus possible nevertheless to take into account the organizational structure of motor vehicles in the parking lot that is otherwise difficult to predict.
The specific number Z of motor vehicle that may be parked additionally may be published in real time. In particular, the number Z may be made accessible in a cloud or a web service. In one specific embodiment, it is also possible to publish an occupancy map of the parking lot. The occupancy map may be determined on the basis of the scanning result or may correspond to it.
Moreover, it is possible to determine a reliability of the determination of the number of motor vehicles that may be parked additionally. The determined reliability may be published together with the determined number Z in order to offer a driver, who is looking for a free parking space for his motor vehicle, an improved basis for a decision.
A computer program product includes program code means for carrying out the method described above when the computer program product is run on a processing device or is stored on a computer-readable data carrier.
A device for managing the above-described parking lot includes a scanning device for determining an area K of the parking lot that is currently occupied by parked motor vehicles and a processing device that is designed to determine a number Z of motor vehicles that may be additionally parke in the parking lot, on the basis of the relationship Z=(1?K/P)*M. In this instance, P comprises the area P of the parking lot that may be occupied by parked motor vehicles, and M comprises a maximum number of motor vehicles that may be parked in the parking lot.The scanning device preferably includes an imaging sensor.This makes it possible to detect or evaluate the scanning result easily both by a machine as well as by a person. For machine-processing, algorithms for image detection are known. In another specific embodiment, other sensors may be used as well, for example radar or lidar, which alternatively may be imaging or non-imaging. It is also possible to use a combination of one or multiple imaging sensors and one or multiple non-imaging sensors.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSThe present invention is described in more detail with reference to the FIGURE.FIG. 1 shows a parking lot having a management device.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTSFIG. 1 shows a parking lot 100 having a management device 105. Parking lot 100 is designed for non-organized parking, that is, it is not or is not precisely prescribed for individual motor vehicles 110, which may be parked in parking lot 100, how the motor vehicles 110 are to be arranged. In particular, the width or length of a parking space that a motor vehicle 110 may occupy may be undefined. Also a pattern, according to which rows or other arrangements of motor vehicles 110 are formed in the parking lot 100, may be freely selectable as well. In this context, each driver of a motor vehicle 110 may contribute toward forming an organizational structure.Parking lot 100 may include an entrance 115 and an exit 120. In the present representation, both coincide physically; but they may also be provided as separate of each other. Furthermore, multiple entrances 115 or multiple exits 120 may be provided.Management device 105 is designed to determine a number of motor vehicles that at a given point in time may be parked additionally in parking lot 100. For this purpose, management device 105 includes a processing device 125, which is connected to a scanning device 130. Scanning device 130 may operate for example using radar, lidar, ultrasound, visible or invisible light.Scanning device 130 is preferably imaging, that is, it is designed to provide a two- or three-dimensional representation of parking lot 100. The representation comprises a plurality of image elements, whose values represent portions of parking lot 100 or of a motor vehicle 110. It is preferred that scanning device 130 is mounted at an elevation above parking lot 100 in order to perform the scan from the bird's eye view. Scanning device 130 may be mounted on an elevated part of a building, a post or a pillar, for example. This is a good option particularly in the case a parking lot 100 that is in the open, but the technology described may in principle also be used in the case of a parking lot that is covered and that is part of a parking garage or an underground parking facility, for example. In one specific embodiment, multiple scanning devices 130 may be provided, the data of which may be combined by processing device 125 in order to provide a complete picture of parking lot 100 with the motor vehicles 110 parked in it.On the basis of the image or the representation of parking lot 100 with parked motor vehicles 110 provided by processing device 125, it is possible to determine an area K of the parking lot that is currently occupied by motor vehicles 110. With the knowledge of the total area P of parking lot 100, it is possible to determine the degree to which parking lot 100 is filled as Q=K/P. If this quotient Q is multiplied by the maximum number M of motor vehicles 110 that may be parked in parking lot 100, then this yields the number Z of motor vehicles 110 that may currently still be parked. As a formula, this may be represented as follows:Z=(1?Q)*M=(1?K/P)*M. The area P of parking lot 100, which is able to be occupied by parked motor vehicles 110, preferably does not include traffic paths 135 that are not available for parking motor vehicles 110. Traffic paths 135 are generally required in order to allow every parked motor vehicle to reach exit 120. Preferably, sufficient traffic paths 135 are also provided in order for a motor vehicle 110, starting from the entrance, to reach a free area of parking lot 100 that is usable as a parking space for a motor vehicle 110.The location of a traffic path 135 in parking lot 100 may change over time, for example when the organizational principle of motor vehicles 110 changes. In FIG. 1, motor vehicles 110 are arranged in columns by way of example; although at another point in time an arrangement in rows may come about as well for example. Traffic paths 135 would then have to be oriented differently than in the representation, namely, horizontally instead of vertically.The area P of the parking lot usable for parking motor vehicles 110 may change over time, for example if a section of parking lot 100 cannot be reached by a motor vehicle 110 from entrance 115, for example if in winter a section of parking lot 100 is occupied by a pile of snow or if a section of parking lot 100 cannot be used in a strong rain fall due to water accumulation. It is preferred that the area P is determined by processing device 125 on the basis of the representation provided by scanning device 130. The frequency of the determination may be equal to or lower than the frequency of determination of Z, i.e., of motor vehicles 110 that may be parked additionally in parking lot 100. Preferably, for each determination of Z, at least one scan is performed by scanning device 130. Z may be determined periodically, for example monthly or every quarter of an hour. The determination may also be event-driven, for example if a request is received from a driver who is looking for a parking space for his motor vehicle 110. The request may be sent from a smart phone or from a computer installed in motor vehicle 110, for example, a wireless data transmission being preferred for this purpose.The specific number Z of motor vehicles 110 that may be parked additionally in parking lot 110 may be represented graphically or numerically via a display board 140. Alternatively or additionally, the specific number Z may also be published digitally, for example as a web service or in a cloud.How well the determined number of motor vehicles 110 that may be parked additionally in parking lot 100 matches the actual motor vehicles 110 that may still be parked in parking lot 100 usually depends on a degree to which parking lot 100 is filled. This degree of usage corresponds to the quotient Q mentioned above. In the exemplary representation of FIG. 1, two additional motor vehicles 110 were determined that are able to find room in parking lot 100. In the row of parked motor vehicles 110 in the left area of parking lot 100 of FIG. 1, there is a corresponding space that could be occupied by another motor vehicle 110. On the right side, by contrast, no space is formed since adjacent motor vehicles 110 of this row are spaced too far apart from one another. The determined number Z therefore deviates by 1 from the actual number of motor vehicles 110 that may still be accommodated in the parking lot. This corresponds to an absolute error of only 1, but to a relative error of 50%.The lower the degree Q to which parking lot 100 is filled, the more probable it is that a sufficiently small motor vehicle 110 may still be found that is able to utilize a remaining area that is smaller than the average area required by a motor vehicle 110. If the degree to which parking lot 100 is filled approaches 100%, however, then the possibilities of tight parking are nearly exhausted.It is possible to determine a reliability or confidence with which the determined number of motor vehicles 110 that may still be parked in parking lot 100 is correct. In another specific embodiment, it is also possible to determine a probability of the applicability of the determined number. This value may be provided together with the determined number of motor vehicles 110 that may be additionally parked. The representation of FIG. 1 shows on display board 140 on the right side an exemplary traffic light-like structure that indicates degree of reliability of the determined displayed value. As an alternative to the symbolic representation, a graphic representation may also be used.
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