外文翻譯--五種基本機(jī)械加工技術(shù)

五種基本機(jī)械加工技術(shù) 加工金屬的五個基本技術(shù)包括鉆，鏜，車，刨，銑，磨。五項(xiàng)基本技術(shù)的變化是采用以滿足特殊情況。 鉆孔切割旋轉(zhuǎn)另一方面演習(xí)，是指一個圓洞組成，涉及到一個已經(jīng)鉆孔或由一個旋轉(zhuǎn)，偏移，單點(diǎn)工具手段芯孔精加工。在一些無聊的機(jī)器，工具和工作運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)平穩(wěn)，對他人，情況恰恰相反。 車床，車床，是為俗稱，是所有機(jī)床的父親。對被加工金屬片的旋轉(zhuǎn)和刀具是反對的先進(jìn)。我們將討論在本文稍后的段落中的車床的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能。 刨機(jī)床與金屬是一個過程，類似于用一只手刨木機(jī)。本質(zhì)區(qū)別在于一個事實(shí)，即刀具在一個固定的位置，而這項(xiàng) 工作仍然是前后移動的下方。刨床通常是件大型設(shè)備，有時大到足以處理的表面加工 15 至 20 英尺寬的兩倍。一個成型機(jī)不同于在那舉行的固定工件和刀具刨來回旅行。 銑削加工包括通過將接觸到一個旋轉(zhuǎn)的切割工具，它具有多種先進(jìn)的邊緣有一塊金屬。也有各項(xiàng)工作銑削機(jī)種設(shè)計(jì)多種類型。所產(chǎn)生的形狀銑床一些非常簡單，如圓盤鋸槽和生產(chǎn)平面上。其他形狀較為復(fù)雜，可能包括一系列的平面和曲面多種組合，這取決于給予切削工具的邊緣形狀和刀具的移動路徑。 成型磨削包括通過使接觸到它的旋轉(zhuǎn)砂輪的作品。這一過程通常是用于最后的收尾來關(guān)閉一個已經(jīng)熱零件 尺寸處理，使其很辛苦。這是正確的，因?yàn)槟ハ骺赡芤驘崽幚碓斐傻呐で?。近年來，磨也發(fā)現(xiàn)增加了重型金屬切除手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用。 車床：該車床是車間里最有用的和通用的機(jī)器之一，是開展加工業(yè)務(wù)的各種能力。該車床的主要部件是一個車頭和車尾兩端床，一個工具，它們之間的職位，而持有刀具。在跨幻燈片，使它能夠跨越馬鞍或 sidewards 工具員額站以及運(yùn)輸沿線，根據(jù)樣的工作是做什么。普通車床中心可容納上的工具后一次只能有一個工具，而是一種六角車床是持有旋轉(zhuǎn)炮塔五個或更多的工具的能力。車床的床必須非常牢固，防止在壓力下扭曲或彎曲機(jī)。 主軸箱采用了駕駛和齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)，持有和工件主軸并使其旋轉(zhuǎn)的速度在很大程度上取決于它的工件直徑。一個大直徑欄應(yīng)自然旋轉(zhuǎn)速度比一個非常薄的吧 ；工具的切割速度是最重要的。在空心主軸和尾座鼻錐中心舉行工作抓緊他們之間。 供稿從車頭軸驅(qū)動工具員額僅馬鞍，向前或向后，在一個固定的和統(tǒng)一的速度。這使得運(yùn)營商能夠做出準(zhǔn)確的削減，并給予工作的好成績。齒輪之間的主軸和進(jìn)給軸控制軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)速度，因此，向前或向后的工具員額運(yùn)動。齒輪其中運(yùn)營商將選擇取決于他是切割金屬型和金屬量他已經(jīng)切斷。對于一個切深或粗加工的刀具向前運(yùn)動應(yīng)該比一個收尾切 少。 中心不是每對車床工作合適。操作者可以取代各類夾頭，占據(jù)著下巴之間，或由前板的工作，根據(jù)工作和切割操作的特殊形狀。他會用卡盤，例如，舉行一小段的工作，或工作，鉆，鏜孔或螺紋切割。 該工具在整個過程中鞍后橫向運(yùn)動的工具，使貫穿工件的面，給它一個平面上。對于螺紋切削，操作人員從事鉛螺桿，長螺旋軸沿著它在床前并與主軸旋轉(zhuǎn)。領(lǐng)頭的螺桿驅(qū)動器沿運(yùn)輸?shù)墓ぞ吆筠D(zhuǎn)發(fā)在正確的速度，這保證了螺桿上的螺紋的螺距是完全正確的。操作者可以選擇不同的齒輪速度，這將改變主軸和鉛螺桿速度的比例，因此，改變該線程的音調(diào)。作者：車頭 扭轉(zhuǎn)桿使他扭轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)輸運(yùn)動等帶來的工具回到它原來的位置。 Five Basic Machining Techniques 1 The five basic techniques of machining metal include drilling and boring, turning, planing, milling, and grinding. Variations of the five basic techniques are employed to meet special situations. 2 Drilling consists of cutting a round hole by means of rotating drill, on the other hand , involves the finishing of a hole already drilled or cored by means of a rotating, offset, single-point tool. On some boring machines, the tool is stationary and the work revolves； on others, the reverse is true. 3 The lathe, as the turning machine is commonly called, is the father of all machine tools. The piece of metal to be machined is rotated and the cutting tool is advanced against it. We will discuss the structure and functions of lathe in later paragraphs of this article. 4 Planing metal with a machine tool is a process similar to planing wood with a hand plane. The essential difference lies in the fact that the cutting tool remains in a fixed position while the work is moved back and forth beneath it. Planers are usually large pieces of equipment； sometimes large enough to handle the machining of surfaces 15 to 20 feet wide and twice as long. A shaper differs from a planer in that the workpiece is held stationary and the cutting tool travels back and forth. 5 Milling consists of machining a piece of metal by bringing it into contact with a rotating cutting tool which has multiple cutting-edges. There are many types of milling machines designed for various kind of work. Some of the shapes produced by milling machines are extremely simple, like the slots and flat surfaces produced by circular saws. Other shapes are more complex and may consist of a variety of combinations of flat and curved surfaces, depending on the shape given to the cutting-edges of the tool and on the travel path of the tool. 6 Grinding consists of shaping a piece of work by bringing it into contact with a rotating abrasive wheel. The process is often used for the final finishing to close dimensions of a part that has been heat-treated to make it very hard. This is because grinding can correct distortions that may have resulted from heat treatment. In recent years, grinding has also found increased application in heavy-duty metal removal operations. 7 The Lathe： The lathe is one of the most useful and versatile machines in the workshop, and is capable of carrying out a wide variety of machining operations. The main components of the lathe are the headstock and tailstock at opposite ends of a bed, and a tool-post between them which holds the cutting tool. The tool-post stands on a cross-slide which enables it to move sidewards across the saddle or carriage as well as along it, depending on the kind of job it is doing. The ordinary centre lathe can accommodate only one tool at a time on the tool-post, but a turret lathe is capable of holding five or more tools on the revolving turret. The lathe bed must be very solid to prevent the machine from bending or twisting under stress. 8 The headstock incorporates the driving and gear mechanism, and a spindle which holds the workpiece and causes it to rotate at a speed which depends largely on the diameter of the workpiece. A bar of large diameter should naturally rotate more slowly than a very thin bar； the cutting speed of the tool is what matters. Tapered centers in the hollow nose of the spindle and of the tailstock hold the work firmly between them. 9 A feed-shaft from the headstock drives the tool-post alone the saddle, either forwards or backwards, at a fixed and uniform speed. This enables the operator to make accurate cuts and to give the work a good finish. Gears between the spindle and the feed-shaft control the speed of rotation of the shaft, and therefore the forward or backward movement of the tool-post. The gear which the operator will select depends on the type of metal which he is cutting and the amount of metal he has to cut off. For a deep or roughing cut the forwards movement of the tool should be less than for a finishing cut. 10 Centers are not suitable for every job on the lathe. The operator can replace them by various types of chucks, which hold the work between jaws, or by a front-plate, depending on the shape of the work and the particular cutting operation. He will use a chuck, for example, to hold a short piece of work, or work for drilling, boring or screw-cutting. 11 A transverse movement of the tool-post across the saddle enables the tool to cut across the face of the workpiece and give it a flat surface. For screw-cutting, the operator engages the lead-screw, a long screwed shaft which runs along in front of bed and which rotates with the spindle. The lead-screw drives the tool-post forwards along the carriage at the correct speed, and this ensures that the threads on the screw are of exactly the right pitch. The operator can select different gear speeds, and this will alter the ratio of spindle and lead-screw speeds and therefore alter the pitch of the threads. A reversing lever on the headstock enables him to reverse the movement of the carriage and so bring the tool back to its original position.