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果蔬大棚電動(dòng)卷簾機(jī) 摘 要 果蔬大棚卷簾機(jī)是今后大棚種植必需的機(jī)械裝備和發(fā)展方向,它改變了傳統(tǒng) 人工卷簾操作的方法,比人工操作提高效率十幾倍以上,解決了每天卷放草簾的 勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,改善了嚴(yán)冬露天操作的環(huán)境,重要的是縮短了卷、放草簾所消耗的時(shí) 間,延長(zhǎng)了光照時(shí)間.大大提高了勞動(dòng)效率和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益. 現(xiàn)今市場(chǎng)上主要供應(yīng)的是一種是走動(dòng)式卷簾機(jī)這種卷簾機(jī)利用卷簾機(jī)的動(dòng)力上 下自由卷放草簾子,不必受大棚坡度大小的限制。但這種卷簾機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,穩(wěn)定 性差,壽命低,且不適合長(zhǎng)度過(guò)大的大棚。 本課題所設(shè)計(jì)的是一種固定式卷簾機(jī),它模擬人工操作,通過(guò)纏繞在繩上的繩 子的拉緊和放松,實(shí)現(xiàn)草簾的卷收和鋪放。 其主要機(jī)構(gòu)包括電動(dòng)機(jī)、減速機(jī)、卷簾裝置等。本課題著重對(duì)卷簾機(jī)的減速 機(jī)及卷簾裝置進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì),使其在壓低成本的前提下滿足普通斜坡式大棚的要求。 關(guān)鍵詞:卷簾機(jī),減速機(jī),傳動(dòng)比,抗彎強(qiáng)度 FRUITS AND VEGETABLES BIG AWNING ELECTRICALLY OPERATED VOLUME CURTAIN MACHINE Abstract:The fruits and vegetables big awning volume curtain machine will be the next big awning planter essential machinery equipment and the development direction, it changed the traditional artificial volume curtain operation method, will enhance above efficiency several times compared to the manual control, solved the daily volume to graze animals the curtain the labor intensity, improved the severe winter open-air operation environment, more importantly reduced the volume, has grazed animals the time which the curtain consumed,Lengthened the illumination time.Enhanced the labor efficiency and the economic efficiency greatly. Nowadays in the market the main supply is one kind is takes a walk about the type volume curtain machine this kind of volume curtain machine use volume curtain machine power the free volume to graze animals the curtain screen, does not need to receive the big awning slope size the limit. But this kind of volume curtain machine structure is complex, the stability is bad, the life is low, also does not suit the length oversized big awning. What this topic designs is one kind of stationary volume curtain machine, it simulates the manual control,Through winding on rope string tautness and relaxation,The realization grass curtain volume receives and sets. Its main organization including electric motor, speed reducer, volume curtain installment and so on. This topic emphatically carries on the design to the volume curtain machine speed reducer and the volume curtain installment, causes it in to reduce the cost under the premise to satisfy the ordinary pitch type big awning the request. Key word Volume curtain machine,Speed reducer,Velocity ratio,Bending strength. 第 I 頁(yè) 共 II 頁(yè) 目 錄 1 緒論 .1 1.1 本課題研究意義 .1 1.2 本課題的研究現(xiàn)狀 .1 1.3 設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)與要求 .3 1.4 擬解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題 .3 1.5 擬采用的研究手段 .4 2 傳動(dòng)裝置的總體設(shè)計(jì) .4 2.1 確定傳動(dòng)方案 .4 2.2 電動(dòng)機(jī)的選擇 .4 2.3 計(jì)算總傳動(dòng)比和分配各級(jí)傳動(dòng)比 .5 2.4 計(jì)算傳動(dòng)裝置的運(yùn)動(dòng)和動(dòng)力參數(shù) .5 3 傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)及零件的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 .6 3.1 帶傳動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 .6 3.2 減速器的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 .7 3.2.1 蝸輪蝸桿的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 .7 3.2.2 蝸桿的設(shè)計(jì) 10 3.2.3 齒輪的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 17 3.2.4 傳動(dòng)軸的設(shè)計(jì) 22 3.2.5 輸出軸的設(shè)計(jì) 29 3.2.6 箱體的設(shè)計(jì) 36 3.3 卷動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì) 38 3.3.1 卷繩管的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 38 3.3.2 絞盤的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 41 3.3.3 滑動(dòng)軸承的設(shè)計(jì) 43 3.3.4 法蘭連接的設(shè)計(jì) 43 4 結(jié)論 46 參考文獻(xiàn) .47 第 II 頁(yè) 共 II 頁(yè) 致謝 .49 外文文獻(xiàn)原文 譯文 第 1 頁(yè) 共 49 頁(yè) 1 緒論 1.1 本課題研究意義 隨著城鄉(xiāng)人民生活水平的提高,冬季栽培鮮菜、鮮果的溫室大棚蓬勃發(fā)展, 其規(guī)模越來(lái)越大。但是,在溫室大棚作業(yè)中,卷鋪草簾是最費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)工的主要作業(yè) 環(huán)節(jié)之一,尤其在嚴(yán)寒冬季的凌晨和傍晚,在寒風(fēng)刺骨的惡劣條件下,農(nóng)民站在 大棚頂上從事著艱苦笨重的草簾卷鋪勞動(dòng),情況可想而知。對(duì)于一個(gè)長(zhǎng) 80 米大棚 來(lái)說(shuō),每天都要在早上拉啟、傍晚放下,各要用大約 40 分鐘左右。嚴(yán)格的來(lái)說(shuō), 冬天里的陽(yáng)光和溫度是“ 果蔬大棚 ”中作物正常生長(zhǎng)所依賴的珍貴資源。農(nóng)民要爭(zhēng) 分奪秒,辛苦是可想而知的 [1]。但這仍然解決不了問(wèn)題, 由于“果蔬大棚” 保溫簾 開啟和關(guān)閉時(shí)間相對(duì)集中,引起的勞力不足和耗用時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng),已經(jīng)嚴(yán)重制約了“果 蔬大棚”的產(chǎn)量效益和發(fā)展空間。 電動(dòng)卷簾機(jī)的出現(xiàn)則徹底解決了人工卷鋪簾子帶來(lái)的一系列不便。使用電動(dòng) 卷簾機(jī),可隨時(shí)啟動(dòng),延長(zhǎng)了光照時(shí)間,增加了光合作用,更重要的是節(jié)省勞動(dòng) 時(shí)間,減輕了勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度。日光溫室在深冬生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中,每一千平方米溫室人工控 簾約需 1.5 小時(shí),而卷簾機(jī)只需 5 分鐘左右,太陽(yáng)落山前,人工放簾需用約 1 小 時(shí)左右,由此看來(lái),每天若用卷簾機(jī)起放簾子,比人工節(jié)約近 2 小時(shí)的時(shí)間。同 時(shí)延長(zhǎng)了室內(nèi)寶貴的光照時(shí)間,增加了光合作用時(shí)間 。另外,使用電動(dòng)卷簾機(jī)對(duì) 草簾、棉簾保護(hù)性好,延長(zhǎng)了草簾、棉簾的使用壽命,既降低生產(chǎn)成本,同時(shí)因 其整體起放,其抗風(fēng)能力也大大增強(qiáng)??傮w上可使農(nóng)民能比較輕松地用更多的精 力提高對(duì)蔬菜進(jìn)行管理,提高品質(zhì)、擴(kuò)大規(guī)模 [2]。 因此,開發(fā)經(jīng)濟(jì)、實(shí)用的電動(dòng)卷簾機(jī)是一項(xiàng)很好的研究課題。 1.2 本課題的研究現(xiàn)狀 目前國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的卷簾機(jī)主要有兩種工作方式 [3]:一種是固定式,卷簾機(jī)固定 在大棚后墻的磚垛上,它模擬人工操作,通過(guò)纏繞在軸上的繩子的拉緊和放松。 利用機(jī)械動(dòng)力把草簾子卷上去,利用大棚的坡度和草簾子的重量往下滾放草簾子。 該種型號(hào)的卷簾機(jī)造價(jià)較高,大棚要有一定的坡度,如果棚面坡度太平,草簾子 滾不下來(lái),當(dāng)風(fēng)大時(shí)容易亂繩并影響工作,且安裝復(fù)雜。另一種是走動(dòng)式,這種 卷簾機(jī)由懸臂桿、支撐桿、電機(jī)、減速機(jī)構(gòu)和卷簾軸等組成。其工作方式是采用 第 2 頁(yè) 共 49 頁(yè) 機(jī)械手的原理,利用卷簾機(jī)的動(dòng)力上下自由卷放草簾子,不必受大棚坡度大小的 限制。但存在以下不足,懸臂桿和支撐桿穩(wěn)定性差,對(duì)草簾整體彎度要求較高, 不易滿足長(zhǎng)度較大的大棚,且其卷簾軸被焊接成整體構(gòu)件,拆裝不方便。 對(duì)于較常見(jiàn)的 80 米長(zhǎng)的果蔬大棚,通過(guò)文獻(xiàn)檢索,有一些滿足要求的卷簾機(jī) 械,現(xiàn)將代表性的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)分析如下。 圖 1[4]是一種卷簾機(jī)的使用狀態(tài)示意圖,該卷簾機(jī)采用固定式結(jié)構(gòu),主要由工 作電機(jī)及固定機(jī)構(gòu),減速機(jī),卷繩管,卷簾繩,螺栓,軸承等組成。其工作原理 為電機(jī)通過(guò)減速箱減速,使輸出軸與卷繩管連接,帶動(dòng)卷繩管轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),卷繩管與卷 簾繩一端固定,電機(jī)工作,卷繩管帶動(dòng)卷簾繩卷起,卷簾繩帶動(dòng)草簾卷起,完成 卷的過(guò)程。電動(dòng)反轉(zhuǎn),卷簾在自身重力作用下沿繩放下,完成放的過(guò)程。其中卷 簾機(jī)的電機(jī)和減速機(jī)分別固定在一電機(jī)支桿上,電機(jī)支桿的下端固定在溫室的墻 上。大棚卷簾機(jī)包括多個(gè)卷繩管支承機(jī)構(gòu),卷繩管直接與減速箱的輸出軸相連。 卷繩管通過(guò)支架固定。支架通過(guò)螺栓固定在大棚的頂墻上。卷簾繩一端套在卷繩 軸上,另一端繞過(guò)卷軸大棚頂端。其中電機(jī)通過(guò)減速機(jī)予以減速,帶動(dòng)整體。優(yōu) 點(diǎn):結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,以電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng),卷簾卷起速度快,省工省力,適合大面積作業(yè)。 圖 1.1 一種卷簾機(jī)的使用狀態(tài)示意圖 大棚頂端三角支架的結(jié)構(gòu)圖如圖 2 所示,卷繩軸頂端支承機(jī)構(gòu)的豎支桿的下 端固定在橫支板上,斜支桿的兩端分別與豎支桿和橫支桿連接,橫支桿可固定在 溫室大棚的墻體上,如此三個(gè)支板形成三角形支承,大大加強(qiáng)了支板的支承能力 和安全性。 第 3 頁(yè) 共 49 頁(yè) 圖 1.2 卷繩軸頂端三角支架的結(jié)構(gòu)圖 經(jīng)過(guò)上述分析,為了適應(yīng)農(nóng)業(yè)上的需要,本課題要設(shè)計(jì)一種操作簡(jiǎn)單,經(jīng)濟(jì) 實(shí)用的卷簾機(jī)。此款卷簾機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)要合理,維修要方便,能在北方惡劣的環(huán)境下長(zhǎng) 期工作。此款卷簾機(jī)依靠電力采用電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)。經(jīng)過(guò)減速機(jī)降速,將扭矩傳輸給卷 動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)。卷動(dòng)通則帶動(dòng)草簾完成卷簾,放簾作業(yè)。卷簾機(jī)通過(guò)控制電機(jī)正反轉(zhuǎn), 完成卷簾,放簾作業(yè)。其操作方式為固定式,可降低對(duì)大棚結(jié)構(gòu)的要求,適應(yīng)絕 大多數(shù)農(nóng)民的需要,具有廣闊的市場(chǎng)。 1.3 設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)與要求 1)利用電機(jī)作動(dòng)力,經(jīng)減速機(jī)降速,通過(guò)控制電機(jī)正反轉(zhuǎn),完成卷簾、放簾 作業(yè)。 2)用于長(zhǎng)度在 80 米以內(nèi)的常用形狀的溫室大棚。 3)需在 5 分鐘內(nèi)完成卷、放簾作業(yè)。結(jié)構(gòu)合理、成本較低。 4)電動(dòng)機(jī)功率為 1.1KW,經(jīng)減速機(jī)減速后降為 1.6e/min。 1.4 擬解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題 1.電機(jī)與減速箱的固定及穩(wěn)定性問(wèn)題 由于卷簾機(jī)要在露天的狀態(tài)下作業(yè),因此電機(jī)和減速機(jī)一定要固定好。經(jīng)過(guò) 分析可將電機(jī)和減速機(jī)分別固定在一個(gè)電機(jī)支桿上。電機(jī)支桿則固定在溫室的后 墻上。另外減速機(jī)的兩端輸出軸分別和一個(gè)與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的卷繩管相連接。卷繩管 可通過(guò)多哥支架固定。支架則固定在溫室后墻的頂部。 2.減速箱內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)及配合 根據(jù)課題需要采用的電動(dòng)機(jī)功率為 1.1 千瓦,減速機(jī)降速后速度為 1.6r/min。要在五分鐘內(nèi)完成作業(yè)。考慮到所需扭矩的大小,又要盡可能減小減 第 4 頁(yè) 共 49 頁(yè) 速機(jī)的尺寸和自重。所以本款卷簾機(jī)擬采用兩級(jí)傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),第一級(jí)是蝸輪蝸桿傳 動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),轉(zhuǎn)速高、受力小、效率損毫小,第二級(jí)是齒輪傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。并且減速機(jī)有 二個(gè)輸出軸,二個(gè)輸出軸分別和與二個(gè)輸出軸相對(duì)應(yīng)的卷繩管的一端連接。 3.卷繩管與支架之間的嵌套 支架上端固定有卷繩管支承環(huán),支架與支承環(huán)之間可通過(guò)螺栓連接或焊接。 另外支承環(huán)內(nèi)嵌有軸承,卷繩管可嵌套在軸承內(nèi)。通過(guò)螺栓可減少滾動(dòng)摩擦。 1.5 擬采用的研究手段 首先通過(guò)查找和收集資料,對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)有一個(gè)初步的了解,然后運(yùn)用力學(xué),機(jī)械 原理,機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)與數(shù)學(xué)等知識(shí)確定箱體的位置,計(jì)算出減速箱的傳動(dòng)關(guān)系。根據(jù) 切削加工的知識(shí)及材料的力學(xué)性能確定卷繩管的長(zhǎng)度直徑及機(jī)構(gòu)的材料構(gòu)成。通 過(guò)實(shí)際考察草簾的大小重量及尺寸,繩的長(zhǎng)度及扭矩。用 CAD 制圖,并分析圖紙 總結(jié)出現(xiàn)的情況和結(jié)果。 第 5 頁(yè) 共 49 頁(yè) 2 傳動(dòng)裝置的總體設(shè)計(jì) 2.1 確定傳動(dòng)方案 卷簾機(jī)是在戶外作業(yè)根據(jù)課題需要采用的電動(dòng)機(jī)功率為 1.1 千瓦,減速機(jī)降 速后速度為 1.6 轉(zhuǎn)/分。要在五分鐘內(nèi)完成作業(yè)??紤]到所需扭矩的大小,又要盡 可能減小減速機(jī)的尺寸和自重。所以本款卷簾機(jī)擬采用兩級(jí)傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),第一級(jí)是 蝸輪蝸桿傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),轉(zhuǎn)速高、受力小、效率損毫小.第二級(jí)是齒輪傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)傳動(dòng)平 穩(wěn),效率高.并且減速機(jī)有二個(gè)輸出軸,二個(gè)輸出軸分別和與二個(gè)輸出軸相對(duì)應(yīng)的 卷繩管相連接,這樣可以減小負(fù)載,增大轉(zhuǎn)矩.卷簾機(jī)的傳動(dòng)方案見(jiàn)下圖 2.1。 圖 2.1 卷簾機(jī)傳動(dòng)方案簡(jiǎn)圖 1—電動(dòng)機(jī) 2—V 帶輪 3—減速機(jī) 4—卷繩管 2.2 電動(dòng)機(jī)的選擇 卷簾機(jī)每天的工作時(shí)間是在早上和傍晚,且工作時(shí)間不到十分鐘,工作時(shí)間 相比較很短。因此不用考慮電動(dòng)機(jī)的發(fā)熱與升溫。其負(fù)載是均勻增大的且轉(zhuǎn)速穩(wěn) 定,故可忽略電動(dòng)機(jī)的震動(dòng)與變速。 主要影響電動(dòng)機(jī)壽命的因素是功率、轉(zhuǎn)速及環(huán)境因素。應(yīng)技術(shù)要求電動(dòng)機(jī)的 輸出功率為 1.1KW,減速機(jī)降速后速度為 1.6r/min.因此盡量選擇要具有較底轉(zhuǎn)速 的電動(dòng)機(jī).此外考慮到電動(dòng)機(jī)式戶外作業(yè),它還要具有防雨,防塵等功能 [5]。 第 6 頁(yè) 共 49 頁(yè) 綜合考慮各種因素,所選擇的電動(dòng)機(jī)為一款齒輪減速電動(dòng)機(jī)型號(hào) YCJ71 配用 電機(jī) 90SF1-4 輸出功率 1.1KW,輸出轉(zhuǎn)速 240r/min,輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩 42N/m ,極數(shù) 4,電 動(dòng)機(jī)的安裝型式為 B3 基本安裝型 [5]. 2.3 計(jì)算總傳動(dòng)比和分配各級(jí)傳動(dòng)比 傳動(dòng)裝置的總傳動(dòng)比為 (2.1)1506. 24??wmni 分配結(jié)果為第一級(jí)蝸輪蝸桿傳動(dòng)比為 30。第二級(jí)齒輪傳動(dòng)比為 5。 2.4 計(jì)算傳動(dòng)裝置的運(yùn)動(dòng)和動(dòng)力參數(shù) 1.各軸轉(zhuǎn)速 (2.2)min/2401rnw? (2.3)i/8312i (2.4)in/6.523rin? 2.各軸功率 依次為電動(dòng)機(jī)與蝸桿,蝸桿與傳動(dòng)軸,傳動(dòng)軸與輸出軸之間的傳動(dòng)效12,w? 率。根據(jù)手冊(cè)取 [5] =0.97, =0.7, =0.99。 , , 依次為蝸桿,傳動(dòng)w1?21P23 軸和輸出軸上的輸入功率 = =1.067KW (2.5)1Pw = =1.067×0.7=0.7469KW (2.6)2? = 0.7469×0.99=0.7394KW (2.7) 3w1?2 3.各軸轉(zhuǎn)矩 =9550000 =9550000× =43770 N·mm (2.8)1T1np.06742 =9550000× =9550000× N·mm=919187N·m (2.9)22P.9/3 第 7 頁(yè) 共 49 頁(yè) =9550000 =9550000× =4549978 N·mm (3.0)3T3np0.739416 3 傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)及零件的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 3.1 帶傳動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 已知電動(dòng)機(jī)功率 1.1KW,轉(zhuǎn)速 240r/min,傳動(dòng)比 i=1 1.確定計(jì)算功率 caP 查得工作情況系數(shù) =1.0,故 = =1.1KWAKcaAP 2.選取 V 帶帶型 [6] 根據(jù) ,n 確定選取 SPZ 型。caP 3.確定帶輪基準(zhǔn)直徑 查表取主動(dòng)輪直徑 mda631? 則從動(dòng)輪直徑 =63 mm2i 驗(yàn)算帶得速度 =0.79 (3.1)106??ndva?sm//35? 帶得速度合適 4.確定 V 帶的基準(zhǔn)長(zhǎng)度和傳動(dòng)中心距根據(jù) (3.2))(2)(7.021021 aadd??? 初步確定中心距 ma? 計(jì)算帶所需要的基準(zhǔn)長(zhǎng)度 =2 (3.3)1DLmda598)(2210??? 圓整厚取帶的基準(zhǔn)長(zhǎng)度 d63? 計(jì)算實(shí)際中心距 (3.4)mLad2160?? 第 8 頁(yè) 共 49 頁(yè) 5.計(jì)算 V 帶的根數(shù) (3.5)LcaKPz?)(0??? 由 , .得 min/2401rn?mda6311iW35.0?0??P 查表得 , .則aK820?L =3.8 (3.6)LcaKPz?)(0?? 取 Z=4 根 6.計(jì)算預(yù)緊力 0F (3.7)NqvKvzPca261)5.2(0 ????? 7.計(jì)算作用在軸上的壓軸力 (3.8)ZFP208sin210??? 至此帶輪的計(jì)算設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)完成,其具體結(jié)構(gòu)見(jiàn)零件圖。 3.2 減速器的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 3.2.1 蝸輪蝸桿的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 1.選擇蝸桿傳動(dòng) 根據(jù) GB/T 10085-1988 的推薦,采用漸開線蝸桿(ZI). 2.選擇材料 考慮到蝸桿傳動(dòng)傳遞的功率不大,速度只是中等,故蝸桿采用 45 鋼;因希望 效率高些,耐磨性好些,故蝸桿螺旋齒面要求淬火,硬度為 45~55HRC。蝸輪用 鑄錫磷青銅 ZCuSn10P1,金屬模鑄造。為了節(jié)約貴重的有色金屬降低成本,僅齒 圈用青銅制造,而輪芯用灰鑄鐵 HT100 制造 [7]。 3.按齒面接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì) [8] 根據(jù)閉式蝸桿傳動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則,先按齒面接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì),再校核齒 根彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度。傳動(dòng)中心距 第 9 頁(yè) 共 49 頁(yè) (3.9)3 22)][(HE ZKT???? 1)確定作用在蝸輪上的轉(zhuǎn)矩 ,根據(jù)式 2.9 得2 =919187N·mm2T 2)確定載荷系數(shù) K 因工作載荷均勻增加,故取載荷分布不均系數(shù) =1.1,由手冊(cè)選取使用系?K 數(shù) =1.15;由于轉(zhuǎn)速不高,沖擊不大,可取動(dòng)載荷 =1.05;則AK V = =1.1×1.05×1.15 1.32 (3.10)?KVA? 3)確定彈性影響系數(shù) EZ 因選用的是鑄錫磷青銅蝸輪和鋼蝸桿相配,故 =160MPaEZ2/1 4)確定接觸系數(shù) ? 先假設(shè)蝸桿分度圓直徑 和傳動(dòng)中心距 的比值 / =0.35,可查得 =2.91d?1d?Z 5)確定許用接觸應(yīng)力 ][H? 根據(jù)蝸輪的材料為鑄錫磷青銅,金屬模制造,蝸桿螺旋齒面硬度>45HRC,可 查的蝸輪的基本許用應(yīng)力 1=268MPa][H 應(yīng)力循環(huán)次數(shù) =60×1×5×365=109500 (3.11)hLjnN260? 壽命系數(shù) =1.75 (3.12)871095/HNK 則 = × 1=279MPa (3.13)][?N][H 6)計(jì)算中心距 mm=149.7mm (3.14)3 2)79.160(982.1???? 第 10 頁(yè) 共 49 頁(yè) 取中心距 =160mm,因 i=30,故查表取模數(shù) =8mm,蝸桿的分度圓直徑 =80mm.?m1d 這時(shí) / =0.5 則可查得接觸系數(shù) =2.3,因?yàn)?? 可知絞盤的扭轉(zhuǎn)強(qiáng)度是合理的。因?yàn)榻g盤不受軸向力的作用,故略去強(qiáng)度校 核。至此絞盤的設(shè)計(jì)即將結(jié)束。 其具體機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)見(jiàn)零件圖。 第 43 頁(yè) 共 49 頁(yè) 3.3.3 滑動(dòng)軸承的設(shè)計(jì) 1.確定軸承的設(shè)計(jì)方案 卷簾機(jī)要長(zhǎng)年在戶外作業(yè),外界環(huán)境對(duì)滑動(dòng)軸承的影響巨大,為了方便安裝, 維護(hù)以及更換滑動(dòng)軸承。故選擇無(wú)潤(rùn)滑的對(duì)開式徑向滑動(dòng)軸承。 2.選擇軸承寬徑比 根據(jù)無(wú)潤(rùn)滑軸承的寬徑比范圍,取寬徑比為 0.5。 3.計(jì)算軸承寬度 45mm (3.68)(/)Bd?? 4.計(jì)算軸頸圓周速度 (3.69)smnv /0754.1609.??? 5.計(jì)算軸承工作壓力 (3.70)MPadBFp38.59.02? 6.選擇軸瓦材料 查手冊(cè)在保證 、 、 的條件下,選定][p?][v][pv? 軸承材料為適合無(wú)潤(rùn)滑的碳—石墨。 7.主要參數(shù)設(shè)計(jì) 直徑間隙 , 取軸瓦壁厚為 。為了減小軸承md45.0.?? md910/? 的磨損率,軸瓦工作表面的粗糙度值盡量低些,取 。Ra?2. 3.3.4 法蘭連接的設(shè)計(jì) 1.選取法蘭的材料為 HT200,鑄造成型。 2.因?yàn)楦鱾€(gè)單元卷繩之間無(wú)軸向力作用,因此法蘭只起傳遞轉(zhuǎn)矩的左用。又 因?yàn)榉ㄌm之間依靠螺栓連接,因此首先設(shè)計(jì)螺栓的連接。 1)螺栓組結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 取螺栓數(shù) Z=4。對(duì)稱布置。 2)螺栓受力分析 螺栓在靜止時(shí)只受橫向力的作用 NF62501? 螺栓在轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)只受轉(zhuǎn)矩的作用 根據(jù)公式求螺栓所受的工作剪力 第 44 頁(yè) 共 49 頁(yè) 取 r=75mm , 則 7583N??ZiirTF122 由于 故取 進(jìn)行計(jì)算,在橫向剪力的作用下,接合面可能產(chǎn)生滑移,12F?2 根據(jù)接合面不滑移的條件 (3.71)TKrfS zii?0 查手冊(cè)得接合面得摩擦系數(shù) =0.16,取防滑系數(shù) =1.2,則各螺栓所需要f SK 的預(yù)緊力為 56875N???ZIiSrfTF0 3)確定螺栓直徑 選擇螺栓材料為 Q235,性能等級(jí)為 4.6 的螺栓,查的材料屈服極限 =240MPa,安全系數(shù) S=1.5,故螺栓材料的許用應(yīng)力 = /S=160MPa。S? ][?S 求的螺栓危險(xiǎn)截面的直徑為 23.8mm (3.72)???][3.1421?Fd 為了增大安全系數(shù),按粗牙普通螺紋標(biāo)準(zhǔn),選取螺紋公稱直徑 d=24mm 4)按擠壓及剪切進(jìn)行校核 查手冊(cè)得 =100MPa , =60MPa][p?][? 擠壓強(qiáng)度條件為 =25.4 (3.73)min0ldFP?MPa][p? (3.74)29.140??][? 故螺栓滿足要求 5)確定法蘭的幾何參數(shù) 第 45 頁(yè) 共 49 頁(yè) 在已知螺栓直徑的基礎(chǔ)上取法蘭的直徑 D=184mm,厚度 B=30mm. 因?yàn)榉ㄌm的材料強(qiáng)度與螺栓接近,而且材料用量遠(yuǎn)大于螺栓,因此法蘭的強(qiáng) 度校核可以省略,則法蘭連接的設(shè)計(jì)已基本結(jié)束。 至此,卷動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)全部完成,其具體參數(shù)及配合關(guān)系可見(jiàn)零件圖及 裝配圖所示。 第 46 頁(yè) 共 49 頁(yè) 4 結(jié)論 在三個(gè)多月的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中,查閱了大量的資料,請(qǐng)教了不少的老師和同學(xué), 并且對(duì)卷簾機(jī)在農(nóng)業(yè)中的具體應(yīng)用進(jìn)行了實(shí)地的考察,進(jìn)一步拉近了學(xué)校與社會(huì) 的距離。四年才有一次的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),是對(duì)所學(xué)專業(yè)知識(shí)的一次大的綜合運(yùn)用,為 我們將來(lái)步入社會(huì)參加工作打下了基礎(chǔ)。通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì),掌握了不少東西,進(jìn)一步學(xué) 學(xué)會(huì)了對(duì)知識(shí)的融會(huì)貫通,提高了自己分析,設(shè)計(jì)的能力。在設(shè)計(jì)的時(shí)間里,甚 至覺(jué)得比自己在以前三年半的時(shí)間里所學(xué)的所有知識(shí)的總和還要多,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)雖 然是大學(xué)生離開學(xué)校,步入社會(huì)的最后一課,但是,蘊(yùn)涵在這最后一課里的東西 是巨大的,只要我們認(rèn)真把握,認(rèn)真對(duì)待了,我們一定會(huì)有很大的收獲。 由于能力有限,本設(shè)計(jì)中仍舊有許多不甚完善的地方,但經(jīng)過(guò)這次設(shè)計(jì),我的 基礎(chǔ)理論知識(shí)得到了很大的豐富和鞏固, 設(shè)計(jì)能力得到了鍛煉和提高,并熟練掌 握了 AutoCA 等繪圖軟件,最重要的是鍛煉了我的意志和完成較復(fù)雜任務(wù)的計(jì)劃思 維,使我懂得了如何在困難中繼續(xù)前進(jìn),這些東西都會(huì)對(duì)我在以后的人生道路中 繼續(xù)前進(jìn)有很大的幫助。 第 47 頁(yè) 共 49 頁(yè) 參 考 文 獻(xiàn) [1] 張福墁.農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化與我國(guó)設(shè)施園藝工程[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2002,18(增刊): 123 [2] 《寶鋼減速器圖冊(cè)》編委會(huì)編.寶鋼減速器圖冊(cè).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 1995﹒76. [3] 潘文維,羅慶熙,李 軍.我國(guó)溫室產(chǎn)業(yè)現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展建議[J].北京園藝,2002,(3): 425 [4] 周長(zhǎng)吉. 日光溫室的結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),1996,12(增刊):27229 [5] 崔保苗,王占文,趙聰,慧張靜.JL250 型日光溫室卷簾機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)研究.山西農(nóng) 業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2003,23(3):261-264 [6] 李永春.溫室大棚卷簾機(jī).中國(guó)專利:00210621.3,2000-10-7 [7] 樸義浩.蔬菜大棚卷簾機(jī).中國(guó)專利:97205153.8,1998-4-22. [8] 杜根鎖.大棚卷簾機(jī).中國(guó)專利:00258689.4,2001-8-22 [9] 黃彗春,沈永鶴.溫室草簾自爬式卷簾機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)和受力分析.機(jī)械制造, 2004, 42(481): 35~37 [10] 濮良貴,紀(jì)名剛.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì).北京:高等教育出版社,2001﹒235 [11] 葛中民,機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ).北京:高等教育出版社,1999.132 [12] 孟兆范,張秀彬.電動(dòng)雙制式草簾卷放機(jī)的安裝.農(nóng)機(jī)使用與維修,2002, (3): 3 [13] 梁光啟、林子為,工程材料學(xué) , 上??茖W(xué)技術(shù)出版社,1987 [14] 吳宗澤、羅圣國(guó)主編,機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè),高等教育出版社,1992 [15] 機(jī)械工程手冊(cè)編輯委員會(huì)編機(jī)械,機(jī)械工程程手冊(cè),第 1~6 卷機(jī)械工業(yè)出 版社,1982 [16] 周明衡,常德功主編.機(jī)械傳動(dòng)基礎(chǔ)部件 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)聯(lián)軸器手冊(cè).沈陽(yáng):遼寧科技 出版社,1995 [17] 王步瀛 機(jī)械零件強(qiáng)度計(jì)算的理論和方法.北京:高等教育出版社,1986 第 48 頁(yè) 共 49 頁(yè) [18] 邱宣懷主編.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì).北京:高等教育出版社,1997 [19] 章日晉等編.機(jī)械零件的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1987 [20] 齒輪手冊(cè)委員會(huì).齒輪手冊(cè).北京:高等教育出版社,1990 [21] 減速器實(shí)用技術(shù)手冊(cè)編委會(huì)編.減速器實(shí)用技術(shù)手冊(cè).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版 社,1992 [22] 齒輪國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)匯編.北京:中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出版社,1992 [23] 洛陽(yáng)軸承研究所編.滾動(dòng)軸承產(chǎn)品樣品.1989 [24] 黃貴根,黃俞.鑲嵌自潤(rùn)滑軸承的應(yīng)用.潤(rùn)滑與密封,1996 [25] 卜炎編.螺紋聯(lián)接設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)算.北京:高等教育出版社,1987 [26] Andrzej.M.Trzynadlowski 著.李鶴軒,李揚(yáng)譯.異步電動(dòng)機(jī).北京.機(jī)械工 業(yè)出版社,2002 [27] Jonathan Wickert 著. An introduction to mechanical engineerin . Xi'an Jiaotong University . 2003 [28] M.F Spotts, T.E. Shoup . Design of machine elements. 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版 社.2003 [29] Devdas Shetty, Richard A. olk. Mechatronics system design . China Machine Press . 2004 第 49 頁(yè) 共 49 頁(yè) 致 謝 本文是在導(dǎo)師武文革老師的親切關(guān)懷和悉心指導(dǎo)下完成的。我首先衷心地感 謝我的導(dǎo)師武文革老師。感謝武老師對(duì)我在學(xué)習(xí)、選題、收集資料以及論文寫作 上的指導(dǎo);感謝武老師在百忙之中抽出寶貴的時(shí)間閱讀并修改本論文,并提出寶 貴的意見(jiàn)。使我在本次設(shè)計(jì)中學(xué)到了許多新的知識(shí)。他嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)闹螌W(xué)態(tài)度和忘我的 工作精神更是給我留下了深刻的印象,極大地開闊了我的視野,是我受益終身的 財(cái)富。在此,衷心感謝我的導(dǎo)師這學(xué)期對(duì)我的關(guān)心和培養(yǎng)! 此外,本論文在編寫的過(guò)程中參考了大量大師論著中的精華,均列于參考文 獻(xiàn)之中,在此謹(jǐn)向各位大師作者表示衷心的感謝。在這一學(xué)期學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中,也請(qǐng) 教了不少其他的老師,得到了學(xué)校各位老師和許多同學(xué)的熱心支持和幫助,也在 此向他們致以真誠(chéng)的謝意! 中 北 大 學(xué) 2006 屆 本 科 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 說(shuō) 明 書 第 1 頁(yè) 共 12 頁(yè) 外文文獻(xiàn)原文 Helical,Worm and Bevel Gears In the force analysis of spur gars, the forces are assumed to act in a single plain. In this lesson we shall study gears in which the forces have three dimensions. The reason for this, in the case of helical gears, is that the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation. And in the case of bevel gears, the rotational axes are not parallel to each other. There are other reasons, as we shall learn. Helical gears are used to transmit motion between parallel shafts. The helix angle is the same on each gear, but one gear must have a right—hand helix and the other a left— hand helix. The shape of the tooth is an involute helicoids. If a piece of paper cut in the shape of a parallclogram is wrapped around a cylinder, the angular edge of the paper becomes a helix. If we unwind this paper, each point on the angular edge generates an involute curve. The surface obtained when every point on the edge generates an involute is called an involute helicoids. The initial contact of spur—gear teeth is a line extending all the way across the face of the tooth. The initial contact of helical gear teeth is a point,which changes into a line as the teeth come into more engagement. In spur gears the line of contact is parallel to the axis of the rotation; in helical gears, the line is diagonal across the face of the tooth.It is this gradual engagement of the teeth and the smooth transfer of load from one tooth to another ,which give helical gears the ability to transmit heavy loads at high speeds. Helical gears subject the shaft bearings to both radial and thrust loads. When the thrust loads become high or are objectionable for other reasons, it may be desirable to use double helical gears. A double helical gear(herringbone)is equivalent to two helical gears of opposite hand, mounted side by side on the same shaft. They develop opposite thrust reaction and thus cancel out the thrust load. When two or more single helical gears are mounted on the same shaft, the hand of the gears should be selected so as to produce the minimum thrust load. Crossed—helical, or spiral, gears are those in which the shaft centerlines are neither 中 北 大 學(xué) 2006 屆 本 科 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 說(shuō) 明 書 第 2 頁(yè) 共 12 頁(yè) parallel nor intersecting. The teeth of crossed-helical gears have point contact with each other, which changes to line contact as the gears wear in. For this reason they will carry out very small loads and are mainly for instrumental applications, and are definitely not recommended for use in the transmission of power. There is no difference between a crossed helical gear and a helical gear until they are mounted in mesh with each other. They are manufactured in the same way. A pair of meshed crossed helical gears usually have the same hand; that is, a right-hand driver goes with a right hand driven. In the design of crossed-helical gears, the minimum sliding velocity is obtained when the helix angle are equal. However, when the helix angle are not equal, the gear with the larger helix angle should he used as the driver if both gears have the same hand. Worm gears are similar to crossed helical gears. The pinion or worm has a small number of teeth, usually one to four, and since they completely wrap around the pitch cylinder they are called threads. Its mating gear is called a worm gear, which is not a true helical gear. A worm and worm gear are used to provide a high angular-velocity reduction between nonintersecting shafts which are usually at right angle. The worm gear is not a helical gear because its face is made concave to fit the curvature, nature of the worm in order to provide line contact instead of point contact. However, a disadvantage of worm gearing is the high sliding velocities across the teeth, the same as with crossed helical gears. Worn gearing are either single or double enveloping. A single enveloping gearing is one in which the gear wraps around or partially encloses the worm, A gearing in which each element partially encloses the other is, of course, a double enveloping worm gearing. The important difference between the two is that area contact exists between the teeth of double enveloping gears while only line contact between those of single- enveloping gears. The worm and worm gear of a set have the same hand of helix as for crossed helical gears, but the helix angles are usually quite different. The helix angle on the worm is generally quite large, and that on the gear very small. Because of this, it is usual to specify the lead angle on the worm, which is the complement of the worm helix angle, and the helix angle on the gear; the two angles are equal for a 9O deg. shaft angle. 中 北 大 學(xué) 2006 屆 本 科 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 說(shuō) 明 書 第 3 頁(yè) 共 12 頁(yè) When gears are to be used to transmit motion between intersecting shafts, some form of bevel gear is required. Although bevel gears are usually made for a shaft angle of 9O deg., they may be produced for almost any shaft angle. The teeth may be east, milled, or generated. Only the generated teeth may be classed as accurate. In a typical bevel gear mounting, one of the gear is often mounted outboard of the bearing. This means that shaft deflection can be more pronounced and have a greater effect on the contact of the teeth. Another difficulty, which occurs in predicting the stress in bevel gear teeth, is the fact that the teeth are tapered. Straight bevel gears are easy to design and simple to manufacture and give very good results in service if they are mounted accurately and positively. As in the case of spur gears, however, they become noisy at higher values of the pitch-line velocity. In these eases it is often good design practice to go to ~he spiral bevel gear, which is the bevel counterpart of the helical gear, as in the case of helical gears, spiral bevel gears give a much smoother tooth action than straight bevel gears, and hence are useful where high speed are encountered. It is frequently desirable, as in the case of automotive differential applications, to have gearing similar to bevel gears but with the shaft offset. Such gears are called hypoid gears because their pitch surfaces are hyperboloids of revolution. The tooth action between such gears is a combination of rolling and sliding along a straight line and has much in common with that of worm gears SAND CASTING Most metal casting are made by pouring molten metal into a prepared cavity and allowing it to solidify. The process dates from antiquity. The largest bronze statue in existence to-day is the great Sun Buddha in Nara, Japan. Cast in the eighth century, it weighs 551 tons(500 metric tons) and is more than 71 ft (21m) high. Artisans of the Shang Dynasty in China ( 1766 - 1222B. C. ) created art works of bronze with delicate filigree as sophisticated as anything that is designed and produced today. There are many casting processes available today, mid selecting the best one to produced particular part depends on several basic factors, such as cost, size. production rate. finish, tolerance, section thickness, physical-mechanical properties, intricacy of design mach inability, and weld ability. 中 北 大 學(xué) 2006 屆 本 科 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 說(shuō) 明 書 第 4 頁(yè) 共 12 頁(yè) Sand casting. the oldest and still the most widely used casting process. will be presented in more detail than the other processes since many of the concepts carry over into those processes as well. Green Sand Green sand generally consists of silica sand and additives coated by rubbing the sand grains together with clay uniformly wetted with water. More stable and refractory sands have been developed, such as fused silica, zircon, and mullets, which replace lower-cost silica and have only 2% linear expansion at ferrous metal temperatures. Also, relatively un-stable water and clay bonds are being replaced with synthetic resins, which are much mores table at elevated temperatures. Green sand molding is used to produce a wide variety of castings in sizes of less than around to as large as several tons. This versatile process is applicable to both ferrous and nonferrous materials. Green sand can be used to produce intricate molds since it provides for rapid collapsibility: that is, the mold is much less resistant to the contraction of the casting as it solidifies than are other molding processes. This results in less stress and strain in the casting. The sand is rammed or compacted around the pattern high a variety
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