高考英語總復習 語法強攻 動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)課件.ppt

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動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài),知識梳理,常用時態(tài)歸納,1．一般現(xiàn)在時的用法 (1) 表示經(jīng)常性、習慣性的動作和現(xiàn)在的狀 態(tài)、特征, 句中常用often, usually, every day等時間狀語。 e.g. He goes to school every day. (經(jīng)常性動作) He is very happy. (現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)),時態(tài)的基本用法,(2) 表示按計劃、規(guī)定要發(fā)生的動作, (句中都 帶有時間狀語) 但限于少數(shù)動詞。如begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close等。 e.g. The train starts at nine in the morning.,(3) 書報的標題, 小說等情節(jié)介紹常用一般現(xiàn) 在時。 e.g. Xi meets journalists. (4) 在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中, 用現(xiàn) 在時代替將來時。 e.g. If you come this afternoon, we’ll have a meeting.,2. 一般過去時的用法 (1) 表示過去某時間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀 態(tài)或過去反復發(fā)生的動作。 e.g. He saw Mr. Wang yesterday. He worked in a factory in 1986.,(2) 表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作(也可用“used to”或“would＋動詞原形”代替)。 e.g. During the vacation I often swam/would swim in the sea. I used to smoke. 注意: used to表示過去常發(fā)生而現(xiàn)在不再發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。,3. 一般將來時的用法 一般將來時表示將來的動作或狀態(tài), 其表達形式除了“will或shall＋動詞原形”外, 還有以下幾種。 (1) “be going to＋動詞原形”, 表示即將發(fā)生的 或最近打算進行的事。 e.g. It is going to rain. We are going to have a meeting today.,(2) go, come, start, move, sail, leave等可用 進行時態(tài)表示按計劃即將發(fā)生的動作。 e.g. I’m coming. (3) “be to＋動詞原形”表示按計劃要發(fā)生 的事或征求對方意見, 也可以表示命令、 禁止等。 e.g. Are we to go on with this work?,(4) “be about to＋動詞原形”表示即將發(fā)生 的動作。 e.g. The plane is about to leave. (5) 某些表示位移、停留等的動詞其現(xiàn)在 進行時可表示按計劃或不久之后肯定 發(fā)生的動作或將要做的事。這類動詞 有go, come, stay, leave, start等。,4. 現(xiàn)在進行時的用法 (1) 表示此時此刻正在進行的動作, 由“be＋現(xiàn) 在分詞”構成。 e.g. What are you doing？ (2) 與always, constantly等連用, 表示感情色 彩。 e.g. He is always helping others.,另外“系動詞＋介詞或副詞”也表示進行時的意義。 e.g. The bridge is under construction.,注意：下列動詞不宜用進行時 ① 感覺類：look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear等； ② 感情類：like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear等； ③ 所有類：have, contain, own, hold, belong to等。,5. 過去進行時的用法 (1) 表示過去某一時刻、某一階段正進行的動 作, 由“was (were)＋現(xiàn)在分詞”構成。 e.g. He was reading a novel when I came in. (2) 與always, forever, constantly連用, 表示贊 成或厭惡的感情色彩。 e.g. He was always thinking of others, never thinking of himself.,6. 現(xiàn)在完成時的用法 現(xiàn)在完成時由“have＋過去分詞”構成。其使用有兩種情況： (1) 表示的動作在說話之前已完成, 而對現(xiàn)在有影響, 句中沒有具體時間狀語。 e.g. He has gone to Fuzhou. (說話人認為他 不在此地) He has been to Fuzhou. (說話人認為他 在此地),(2) 現(xiàn)在完成時所表示的動作開始于過去, 持 續(xù)到現(xiàn)在, 也許還會持續(xù)下去。常與for. 和since.等表示一段時間的狀語或so far 等表示包括現(xiàn)在時間在內(nèi)的狀語連用。 e.g. He has studied English for 5 years. He has studied English since 1985. 注意: 表示短暫時間動作的詞, 如come, go, die, marry, buy等的完成時不能與for, since等表示一段時間的詞連用。,(3) 還可用在時間和條件狀語從句中, 表示將來 某時完成的動作, 強調此動作先于主句動作 發(fā)生。 e.g. I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework. Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.,7. 過去完成時的用法 (1) 表示過去某一時刻或某一動作之前完成 的動作或狀態(tài)。句中常用by, before, until, when等詞引導的時間狀語。 e.g. By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself. I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.,(2) 表示過去某一時刻之前發(fā)生的動作或 狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過去某個時間或持續(xù)下去。 e.g. Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.,8. 過去將來時的用法 表示從過去的某時間看來將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。由“should或would＋動詞原形”構成。第一人稱用should, 其他人稱用would。 e.g. They were sure that they would succeed.,時態(tài)的比較 1. 一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時 一般過去時只表示過去的動作或狀態(tài)，不涉及對現(xiàn)在的影響；現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結果，強調的是現(xiàn)在的狀況。如： We stayed there two weeks. The ship has sailed for two weeks. 一般過去時和表示過去的時間狀語連用；現(xiàn)在完成時常和一些不明確的或包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)的時間狀語或表示從過去某一時刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的“一段時間”的狀語連用，而不與明確的、具體,的過去時間狀語連用。如： Tom suddenly fell ill yesterday. It has been freezing cold since last week. 2. 過去完成時與一般過去時 過去完成時以過去某時間為起點，表示過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作或存在的狀態(tài)；一般過去時以現(xiàn)在時間為起點，表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。如： He told me that he had seen the film the day before. He died three years ago.,表示某事繼續(xù)到過去某時已有一段時間時，用過去完成時；表示兩個或兩個以上的動作，用and (then), then或but等連接，按照動作發(fā)生的順序表達時，用一般過去時。如： He said he had worked in that factory since 1984. He had lunch and then continued his work. 3. 現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進行時 在表示“未完成”且與“一段時間”連用時，兩者可互換。如： We have lived / have been living here for two years.,在沒有表示“一段時間”的狀語時，現(xiàn)在完成進行時強調繼續(xù)進行，表示“未完成”，而現(xiàn)在完成時強調結果，表示完成。如： I have been reading. He has turned off the light.,英語的語態(tài)分為主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者, 被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。只有及物動詞或含及物意義的短語動詞才能轉換成被動語態(tài)。,動詞的被動語態(tài),一、被動語態(tài)的用法： 當我們不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者，或者沒有必要指出誰是動作的執(zhí)行者，或者只需強調動作的承受者時，要用被動語態(tài)。 e.g. Such books are written for middle school students. English is spoken in many countries.,二、被動語態(tài)的構成： 被動語態(tài)是由“助動詞be +及物動詞的過去分詞”構成，be隨主語的人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化而變化。被動語態(tài)可以用于各種時態(tài)。,1. 幾種形式的被動語態(tài)(以動詞give為例) 一般現(xiàn)在時am/is/are +及物動詞的過去分詞 一般過去時was/were +及物動詞的過去分詞 一般將來時shall/will/ be going to + be +及物動詞的過去分詞 一般過去將來時should/would be +及物動詞的過去分詞 現(xiàn)在進行時am/is/are being +及物動詞的過去分詞 過去進行時was/were being +及物動詞的過去分詞 現(xiàn)在完成時has/have been +及物動詞的過去分詞 過去完成時had been +及物動詞的過去分詞 將來完成時shall/will have been +及物動詞的過去分詞 過去將來完成時should/would have been +及物動詞的過去分詞,2. 特殊結構的被動形式 (1) 雙賓動詞的被動結構 雙賓動詞變?yōu)楸粍咏Y構時, 一般將主動結構中的間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y構中的主語, 直接賓語不變。如將主動結構中的直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y構中的主語, 間接賓語之前則應加介詞to或for。 (2) 帶復合賓語的動詞的被動結構 帶復合賓語的動詞變被動語態(tài)時, 一般將主動結構中的賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y構中的主語, 而將賓語補足語保留不動(這時的賓語補足語為主語補足語)。,(3) 帶情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)，由“情態(tài)動詞 +be +及物動詞的過去分詞”構成。 e.g. The problem may be solved in a number of different ways. In our school, library books must be returned in two weeks.,(4)“be＋過去分詞＋不定式”式的被動結構 e.g. He is reported to have broken a world record. She is said to know three languages.,(5) “it＋be＋過去分詞＋從句”式的被動結構 e.g. It’s said that she has some supernatural powers. It’s reported that they have discovered a new star. 常見的結構還有： It is known that.眾所周知 It is suggested that.有人建議 It is believed that.人們相信,(6) “get＋done”構成被動語態(tài) 此種形式用來表示狀態(tài)或情況, ?？嫉男问饺缦拢?get married 結婚；get engaged 訂婚； get hurt/wounded 受傷；get lost 迷路； get drunk 喝醉了； get caught/stuck/trapped 被困； get dressed 穿好衣服； get run over 被(車)軋等。,3. 主動形式表示被動意義 ★一些感官動詞，如feel, sound, smell, look, taste等用作系動詞時。如： It tastes strongly of mint. ★說明主語的性質、特點的動詞，如read, write, cut, sell, wash, wear, lock等，其主語往 往是物。如： The pen he bought yesterday writes smoothly. ★在“be +形容詞+不定式”結構中，不定式與句 子的主語有邏輯上的動賓關系時。用于此結 構的形容詞常見的有：difficult, hard, easy, light, heavy, expensive, cheap, pleasant,,interesting, fit, comfortable等。如： The man is very easy to get along with. ★當want, need, require表示“需要”時，其賓語 用動詞-ing形式的主動形式表示被動意義。 如： The house his grandmother lives in needs repairing. ★在be (well) worth doing, be to blame中。如： The book he borrowed from the library yesterday is well worth reading.,★在have, find, lend, give等動詞后的賓語有不 定式作定語，不定式與賓語是邏輯上的動賓 關系，但是在句子中又有不定式動作的執(zhí)行 者時。如： He has found nothing to eat since he left home and came into the forest.,4. 不能用于被動語態(tài)的情況 ★謂語是及物動詞leave, enter, reach, suit, benefit, lack等。 ★謂語是不可拆開的take place, consist of, lose heart, belong to等短語動詞。 ★賓語是無實意的代詞it。 ★賓語是表示身體的某一部分的名詞。 ★賓語是某些抽象名詞。 ★have不論在什么情況下都不能用于被動語 態(tài)。,★一般來說，當動詞的賓語是動詞-ing形式或 者是不定式時不能變成被動語態(tài)。 ★將來進行時和完成進行時沒有被動語態(tài)。 如果遇到這種情況時，可以用一般將來時 和現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)來代替。,考點歸納,高考中對動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)的考查經(jīng)常集多個考點于一題，如把動詞的時態(tài)與語態(tài)、主謂一致等結合起來考查。常見考點主要有以下幾種情況： 一、題干中用了標志性的時間狀語或某種句式 時間狀語代表動作發(fā)生的時間點或時間段，不同類型的時間狀語分別對應不同的時態(tài)。其次，注意一些常用句式中要用固定的時態(tài)。,二、題干所用時間狀語或特殊句式有較強迷 惑性 雖然題干中用了某個時間狀語或某種特殊句式, 但這些線索不足以構成判斷動詞時態(tài)的依據(jù)。這時, 考生需要通過分析題意及其它邏輯關系, 并挖掘隱含的時間信息, 最后得出正確的選項。,三、時態(tài)與語態(tài)的組合考查 四、時態(tài)與倒裝結合考查 五、一些特殊動詞或短語不用被動語態(tài) 有些及物動詞或短語動詞不能用于被動語態(tài)，如：cost, fit, have, wash, belong to, come true, consist of, come into being, date back to, take place, turn out, run out, break out等。 六、主動形式表示被動意義,鞏固練習,I. 用括號內(nèi)單詞或短語的正確形式填空。 1. This mountainous area in my hometown __________ (name) a national wildlife reserve several years ago. 2. The meat didn't taste very good. It _______________ (cook) too long. 3. He will stop showing off, if no notice ________ (take) of him. 4. In some of the museums, visitors ___________ (request) not to take photos there.,was named,had been cooked,is taken,are requested,5. You've failed to do what you ______________ (expect) to again and I’m afraid your mother will blame you. 6. By the time you graduate from college, great changes ___________________ (take place) in your hometown. 7. The dumplings were so delicious that they ________ (sell) in no time. 8. All the drivers ___________ (make) to drive more carefully after the new Highway Code takes effect.,were expected,were expected,will have taken place,were sold,will be made,9. All the preparations for the trip to Beijing _________________ (complete), and we're ready to start off. 10. A boy on a bike ________ (catch) my attention. He was riding beside the bus and waving his arms.,have been completed,caught,II. 根據(jù)括號內(nèi)的漢語提示補全下列句子。 1. The father ________________________ _________________ (一直在告訴他兒子 如何正確書寫) since 9 am. 2. I think you must be mistaken about seeing our teacher at the theatre; I'm sure he __________________ (整個星期都在國外). 3. The thief tried to break away from ______________________________ (正抓著他的警察), but failed.,has been telling his son how to write properly,has been abroad all week,the policeman who was holding him,4. They won't buy any new clothes because they _____________________________ (正在攢 錢買新車). 5. — _____________________________________ (你帶客人參觀我們的村子了嗎？) —Yes. We had a great time there and enjoyed the fresh air.,are saving money to buy a new car,Have you shown the guest around our village yet?,6. During my stay in Beijing, I visited almost all the places of interest _______________________ (朋友們推薦的). 7. The moment I got home, I realized I ___________________________ (把錢 包落在電影院了). 8. Young people ______________________ (在 損害他們的健康) because they spend too much time playing computer games.,my friends had recommended,had left my purse in the cinema,are damaging their health,9. Mary will pass the final exam for she ___________________ (一直在準備) for it for months. 10. She _________________________ (定期打 排球) for many years when she was young. 11. My mobile phone ______________________ (一直在響), but by the time I found it, it had stopped. 12. When he realized he ________________________ (走進一個深谷), he was too frightened to know what to do.,has been preparing,played volleyball regularly,was ringing / had been ringing,had walked into a deep valley,13. If the weather had been better, we could have gone to the country. But __________________________ (整天 都在下雨). 14. I ___________________________________ (在等比賽結果). 15. We have so many problems to deal with but time _____________ (快用完了).,it rained / was raining all day,am waiting for the result of the competition,is running out,III. 用括號內(nèi)動詞的正確時態(tài)填空。 John has always travelled a lot. In fact, when he was only two years old he first 1. ______ (fly) to the US. His mother is Italian and his father is American. John was born in France, but his parents 2. _______ (meet) in Cologne, Germany after they had been living there for five years. They met one day while John's father 3. ____________ (read) a book in the library and his mother 4. ________ (sit) down beside him. Anyway, John 5. _______ (travel) a lot because his parents also travel a lot.,flew,had met,was reading,sat,travels,As a matter of fact, John 6. __________ (visit) his parents in France at the moment. He lives in New York now, but 7. ________________ (stay) with his parents for the past few weeks. He really enjoys living in New York, but he also loves coming to visit his parents at least once a year. This year he 8. ________ (fly) over 50,000 miles for his job. He has been working for Jackson & Co. for almost two years now. He's pretty sure that he 9. ______________ (work) for them next year as well.,is visiting,has been staying,has flown,will be working,His job requires a lot of travel. In fact, by the end of this year, he 10. _______________ (travel) over 120,000 miles! His next journey 11. __________________ (be) to Australia. He really doesn't like going to Australia because it is so far. This time he 12. ______________ (fly) from Paris after a meeting with the company's French partner. He 13. ____________________ (sit) for over 18 hours by the time he arrives!,will have travelled,will be / is going to be,is going to fly,will have been sitting,John 14. __________ (talk) with his parents earlier this evening when his girlfriend from New York telephoned to let him know that Jackson & Co. 15. ___________ (decide) to merge (合并) with a company in Australia. The two companies 16. ____________________ (negotiate) for the past month, so it really wasn't much of a surprise. Of course, this 17. ________ (mean) that John will have to catch the next plane back to New York. He'll be meeting with his boss at this time tomorrow.,was talking,had decided,had been negotiating,means,1. Since the time humankind started gardening, we _____ to make our environment more beautiful. A. try B. have been trying C. are trying D. will try 2. —Tony, why are your eyes red? — I _____ up peppers for the last five minutes. A. cut B. was cutting C. had cut D. have been cutting,真題再現(xiàn),3. —How much do you know about the Youth Olympic Games to be held in Nanjing? —Well, the media _____ it in a variety of forms. A. cover B. will cover C. have covered D. covered 4. —What time is it? —I have no idea. But just a minute, I _____ it for you. A. check B. checked C. will check D. would check,5. Whenever you _____ a present, you should think about it from the receiver's point of view. A. bought B. have bought C. will buy D. buy 6. —Hi, let's go skating. —Sorry, I'm busy right now. I _____ in an application form for a new job. A. fill B. have filled C. am filling D. will fill,7. I found the lecture hard to follow because it _____ when I arrived. A. started B. was starting C. would start D. had started 8. They made up their mind that they _____ a new house once Larry changed jobs. A. bought B. would buy C. have bought D. had bought,9. —Haven't seen you for ages! Where have you been? —I went to Ningxia and _____ there for one year, teaching as a volunteer. A. stayed B. stay C. had stayed D. am staying 10. She _____ someone, so I nodded to her and went away. A. phoned B. had phoned C. was phoning D. has phoned,11. James has just arrived, but I didn't know he _____ until yesterday. A. will come B. was coming C. had come D. came,