高考英語總復(fù)習(xí) 語法強(qiáng)攻 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)課件.ppt

動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài),知識(shí)梳理,常用時(shí)態(tài)歸納,1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法 (1) 表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作和現(xiàn)在的狀 態(tài)、特征, 句中常用often, usually, every day等時(shí)間狀語。 e.g. He goes to school every day. (經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作) He is very happy. (現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)),時(shí)態(tài)的基本用法,(2) 表示按計(jì)劃、規(guī)定要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作, (句中都 帶有時(shí)間狀語) 但限于少數(shù)動(dòng)詞。如begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close等。 e.g. The train starts at nine in the morning.,(3) 書報(bào)的標(biāo)題, 小說等情節(jié)介紹常用一般現(xiàn) 在時(shí)。 e.g. Xi meets journalists. (4) 在時(shí)間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中, 用現(xiàn) 在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。 e.g. If you come this afternoon, well have a meeting.,2. 一般過去時(shí)的用法 (1) 表示過去某時(shí)間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀 態(tài)或過去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 e.g. He saw Mr. Wang yesterday. He worked in a factory in 1986.,(2) 表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作(也可用“used to”或“would動(dòng)詞原形”代替)。 e.g. During the vacation I often swam/would swim in the sea. I used to smoke. 注意: used to表示過去常發(fā)生而現(xiàn)在不再發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。,3. 一般將來時(shí)的用法 一般將來時(shí)表示將來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài), 其表達(dá)形式除了“will或shall動(dòng)詞原形”外, 還有以下幾種。 (1) “be going to動(dòng)詞原形”, 表示即將發(fā)生的 或最近打算進(jìn)行的事。 e.g. It is going to rain. We are going to have a meeting today.,(2) go, come, start, move, sail, leave等可用 進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 e.g. Im coming. (3) “be to動(dòng)詞原形”表示按計(jì)劃要發(fā)生 的事或征求對(duì)方意見, 也可以表示命令、 禁止等。 e.g. Are we to go on with this work?,(4) “be about to動(dòng)詞原形”表示即將發(fā)生 的動(dòng)作。 e.g. The plane is about to leave. (5) 某些表示位移、停留等的動(dòng)詞其現(xiàn)在 進(jìn)行時(shí)可表示按計(jì)劃或不久之后肯定 發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或?qū)⒁龅氖?。這類動(dòng)詞 有g(shù)o, come, stay, leave, start等。,4. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 (1) 表示此時(shí)此刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作, 由“be現(xiàn) 在分詞”構(gòu)成。 e.g. What are you doing？ (2) 與always, constantly等連用, 表示感情色 彩。 e.g. He is always helping others.,另外“系動(dòng)詞介詞或副詞”也表示進(jìn)行時(shí)的意義。 e.g. The bridge is under construction.,注意：下列動(dòng)詞不宜用進(jìn)行時(shí) 感覺類：look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear等； 感情類：like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear等； 所有類：have, contain, own, hold, belong to等。,5. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 (1) 表示過去某一時(shí)刻、某一階段正進(jìn)行的動(dòng) 作, 由“was (were)現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。 e.g. He was reading a novel when I came in. (2) 與always, forever, constantly連用, 表示贊 成或厭惡的感情色彩。 e.g. He was always thinking of others, never thinking of himself.,6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“have過去分詞”構(gòu)成。其使用有兩種情況： (1) 表示的動(dòng)作在說話之前已完成, 而對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響, 句中沒有具體時(shí)間狀語。 e.g. He has gone to Fuzhou. (說話人認(rèn)為他 不在此地) He has been to Fuzhou. (說話人認(rèn)為他 在此地),(2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作開始于過去, 持 續(xù)到現(xiàn)在, 也許還會(huì)持續(xù)下去。常與for. 和since.等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語或so far 等表示包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的狀語連用。 e.g. He has studied English for 5 years. He has studied English since 1985. 注意: 表示短暫時(shí)間動(dòng)作的詞, 如come, go, die, marry, buy等的完成時(shí)不能與for, since等表示一段時(shí)間的詞連用。,(3) 還可用在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中, 表示將來 某時(shí)完成的動(dòng)作, 強(qiáng)調(diào)此動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)作 發(fā)生。 e.g. Ill go to your home when I have finished my homework. Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.,7. 過去完成時(shí)的用法 (1) 表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前完成 的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。句中常用by, before, until, when等詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語。 e.g. By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself. I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.,(2) 表示過去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或 狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過去某個(gè)時(shí)間或持續(xù)下去。 e.g. Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.,8. 過去將來時(shí)的用法 表示從過去的某時(shí)間看來將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。由“should或would動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。第一人稱用should, 其他人稱用would。 e.g. They were sure that they would succeed.,時(shí)態(tài)的比較 1. 一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 一般過去時(shí)只表示過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，不涉及對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的狀況。如： We stayed there two weeks. The ship has sailed for two weeks. 一般過去時(shí)和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常和一些不明確的或包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語或表示從過去某一時(shí)刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的“一段時(shí)間”的狀語連用，而不與明確的、具體,的過去時(shí)間狀語連用。如： Tom suddenly fell ill yesterday. It has been freezing cold since last week. 2. 過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí) 過去完成時(shí)以過去某時(shí)間為起點(diǎn)，表示過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)；一般過去時(shí)以現(xiàn)在時(shí)間為起點(diǎn)，表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。如： He told me that he had seen the film the day before. He died three years ago.,表示某事繼續(xù)到過去某時(shí)已有一段時(shí)間時(shí)，用過去完成時(shí)；表示兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的動(dòng)作，用and (then), then或but等連接，按照動(dòng)作發(fā)生的順序表達(dá)時(shí)，用一般過去時(shí)。如： He said he had worked in that factory since 1984. He had lunch and then continued his work. 3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 在表示“未完成”且與“一段時(shí)間”連用時(shí)，兩者可互換。如： We have lived / have been living here for two years.,在沒有表示“一段時(shí)間”的狀語時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行，表示“未完成”，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果，表示完成。如： I have been reading. He has turned off the light.,英語的語態(tài)分為主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者, 被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者。只有及物動(dòng)詞或含及物意義的短語動(dòng)詞才能轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語態(tài)。,動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài),一、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法： 當(dāng)我們不知道誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，或者沒有必要指出誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，或者只需強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 e.g. Such books are written for middle school students. English is spoken in many countries.,二、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成： 被動(dòng)語態(tài)是由“助動(dòng)詞be +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成，be隨主語的人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化而變化。被動(dòng)語態(tài)可以用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。,1. 幾種形式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)(以動(dòng)詞give為例) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am/is/are +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 一般過去時(shí)was/were +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 一般將來時(shí)shall/will/ be going to + be +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 一般過去將來時(shí)should/would be +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/are being +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were being +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)has/have been +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 過去完成時(shí)had been +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 將來完成時(shí)shall/will have been +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 過去將來完成時(shí)should/would have been +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞,2. 特殊結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)形式 (1) 雙賓動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu) 雙賓動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí), 一般將主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語, 直接賓語不變。如將主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語, 間接賓語之前則應(yīng)加介詞to或for。 (2) 帶復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu) 帶復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí), 一般將主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語, 而將賓語補(bǔ)足語保留不動(dòng)(這時(shí)的賓語補(bǔ)足語為主語補(bǔ)足語)。,(3) 帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 +be +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。 e.g. The problem may be solved in a number of different ways. In our school, library books must be returned in two weeks.,(4)“be過去分詞不定式”式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu) e.g. He is reported to have broken a world record. She is said to know three languages.,(5) “itbe過去分詞從句”式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu) e.g. Its said that she has some supernatural powers. Its reported that they have discovered a new star. 常見的結(jié)構(gòu)還有： It is known that.眾所周知 It is suggested that.有人建議 It is believed that.人們相信,(6) “getdone”構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài) 此種形式用來表示狀態(tài)或情況, 常考的形式如下： get married 結(jié)婚；get engaged 訂婚； get hurt/wounded 受傷；get lost 迷路； get drunk 喝醉了； get caught/stuck/trapped 被困； get dressed 穿好衣服； get run over 被(車)軋等。,3. 主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義 一些感官動(dòng)詞，如feel, sound, smell, look, taste等用作系動(dòng)詞時(shí)。如： It tastes strongly of mint. 說明主語的性質(zhì)、特點(diǎn)的動(dòng)詞，如read, write, cut, sell, wash, wear, lock等，其主語往 往是物。如： The pen he bought yesterday writes smoothly. 在“be +形容詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式與句 子的主語有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)。用于此結(jié) 構(gòu)的形容詞常見的有：difficult, hard, easy, light, heavy, expensive, cheap, pleasant,interesting, fit, comfortable等。如： The man is very easy to get along with. 當(dāng)want, need, require表示“需要”時(shí)，其賓語 用動(dòng)詞-ing形式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。 如： The house his grandmother lives in needs repairing. 在be (well) worth doing, be to blame中。如： The book he borrowed from the library yesterday is well worth reading.,在have, find, lend, give等動(dòng)詞后的賓語有不 定式作定語，不定式與賓語是邏輯上的動(dòng)賓 關(guān)系，但是在句子中又有不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行 者時(shí)。如： He has found nothing to eat since he left home and came into the forest.,4. 不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)的情況 謂語是及物動(dòng)詞leave, enter, reach, suit, benefit, lack等。 謂語是不可拆開的take place, consist of, lose heart, belong to等短語動(dòng)詞。 賓語是無實(shí)意的代詞it。 賓語是表示身體的某一部分的名詞。 賓語是某些抽象名詞。 have不論在什么情況下都不能用于被動(dòng)語 態(tài)。,一般來說，當(dāng)動(dòng)詞的賓語是動(dòng)詞-ing形式或 者是不定式時(shí)不能變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 如果遇到這種情況時(shí)，可以用一般將來時(shí) 和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)來代替。,考點(diǎn)歸納,高考中對(duì)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的考查經(jīng)常集多個(gè)考點(diǎn)于一題，如把動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)、主謂一致等結(jié)合起來考查。常見考點(diǎn)主要有以下幾種情況： 一、題干中用了標(biāo)志性的時(shí)間狀語或某種句式 時(shí)間狀語代表動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間點(diǎn)或時(shí)間段，不同類型的時(shí)間狀語分別對(duì)應(yīng)不同的時(shí)態(tài)。其次，注意一些常用句式中要用固定的時(shí)態(tài)。,二、題干所用時(shí)間狀語或特殊句式有較強(qiáng)迷 惑性 雖然題干中用了某個(gè)時(shí)間狀語或某種特殊句式, 但這些線索不足以構(gòu)成判斷動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的依據(jù)。這時(shí), 考生需要通過分析題意及其它邏輯關(guān)系, 并挖掘隱含的時(shí)間信息, 最后得出正確的選項(xiàng)。,三、時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)的組合考查 四、時(shí)態(tài)與倒裝結(jié)合考查 五、一些特殊動(dòng)詞或短語不用被動(dòng)語態(tài) 有些及物動(dòng)詞或短語動(dòng)詞不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，如：cost, fit, have, wash, belong to, come true, consist of, come into being, date back to, take place, turn out, run out, break out等。 六、主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義,鞏固練習(xí),I. 用括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞或短語的正確形式填空。 1. This mountainous area in my hometown _ (name) a national wildlife reserve several years ago. 2. The meat didn't taste very good. It _ (cook) too long. 3. He will stop showing off, if no notice _ (take) of him. 4. In some of the museums, visitors _ (request) not to take photos there.,was named,had been cooked,is taken,are requested,5. You've failed to do what you _ (expect) to again and Im afraid your mother will blame you. 6. By the time you graduate from college, great changes _ (take place) in your hometown. 7. The dumplings were so delicious that they _ (sell) in no time. 8. All the drivers _ (make) to drive more carefully after the new Highway Code takes effect.,were expected,were expected,will have taken place,were sold,will be made,9. All the preparations for the trip to Beijing _ (complete), and we're ready to start off. 10. A boy on a bike _ (catch) my attention. He was riding beside the bus and waving his arms.,have been completed,caught,II. 根據(jù)括號(hào)內(nèi)的漢語提示補(bǔ)全下列句子。 1. The father _ _ (一直在告訴他兒子 如何正確書寫) since 9 am. 2. I think you must be mistaken about seeing our teacher at the theatre; I'm sure he _ (整個(gè)星期都在國(guó)外). 3. The thief tried to break away from _ (正抓著他的警察), but failed.,has been telling his son how to write properly,has been abroad all week,the policeman who was holding him,4. They won't buy any new clothes because they _ (正在攢 錢買新車). 5. _ (你帶客人參觀我們的村子了嗎？) Yes. We had a great time there and enjoyed the fresh air.,are saving money to buy a new car,Have you shown the guest around our village yet?,6. During my stay in Beijing, I visited almost all the places of interest _ (朋友們推薦的). 7. The moment I got home, I realized I _ (把錢 包落在電影院了). 8. Young people _ (在 損害他們的健康) because they spend too much time playing computer games.,my friends had recommended,had left my purse in the cinema,are damaging their health,9. Mary will pass the final exam for she _ (一直在準(zhǔn)備) for it for months. 10. She _ (定期打 排球) for many years when she was young. 11. My mobile phone _ (一直在響), but by the time I found it, it had stopped. 12. When he realized he _ (走進(jìn)一個(gè)深谷), he was too frightened to know what to do.,has been preparing,played volleyball regularly,was ringing / had been ringing,had walked into a deep valley,13. If the weather had been better, we could have gone to the country. But _ (整天 都在下雨). 14. I _ (在等比賽結(jié)果). 15. We have so many problems to deal with but time _ (快用完了).,it rained / was raining all day,am waiting for the result of the competition,is running out,III. 用括號(hào)內(nèi)動(dòng)詞的正確時(shí)態(tài)填空。 John has always travelled a lot. In fact, when he was only two years old he first 1. _ (fly) to the US. His mother is Italian and his father is American. John was born in France, but his parents 2. _ (meet) in Cologne, Germany after they had been living there for five years. They met one day while John's father 3. _ (read) a book in the library and his mother 4. _ (sit) down beside him. Anyway, John 5. _ (travel) a lot because his parents also travel a lot.,flew,had met,was reading,sat,travels,As a matter of fact, John 6. _ (visit) his parents in France at the moment. He lives in New York now, but 7. _ (stay) with his parents for the past few weeks. He really enjoys living in New York, but he also loves coming to visit his parents at least once a year. This year he 8. _ (fly) over 50,000 miles for his job. He has been working for Jackson & Co. for almost two years now. He's pretty sure that he 9. _ (work) for them next year as well.,is visiting,has been staying,has flown,will be working,His job requires a lot of travel. In fact, by the end of this year, he 10. _ (travel) over 120,000 miles! His next journey 11. _ (be) to Australia. He really doesn't like going to Australia because it is so far. This time he 12. _ (fly) from Paris after a meeting with the company's French partner. He 13. _ (sit) for over 18 hours by the time he arrives!,will have travelled,will be / is going to be,is going to fly,will have been sitting,John 14. _ (talk) with his parents earlier this evening when his girlfriend from New York telephoned to let him know that Jackson & Co. 15. _ (decide) to merge (合并) with a company in Australia. The two companies 16. _ (negotiate) for the past month, so it really wasn't much of a surprise. Of course, this 17. _ (mean) that John will have to catch the next plane back to New York. He'll be meeting with his boss at this time tomorrow.,was talking,had decided,had been negotiating,means,1. Since the time humankind started gardening, we _ to make our environment more beautiful. A. try B. have been trying C. are trying D. will try 2. Tony, why are your eyes red? I _ up peppers for the last five minutes. A. cut B. was cutting C. had cut D. have been cutting,真題再現(xiàn),3. How much do you know about the Youth Olympic Games to be held in Nanjing? Well, the media _ it in a variety of forms. A. cover B. will cover C. have covered D. covered 4. What time is it? I have no idea. But just a minute, I _ it for you. A. check B. checked C. will check D. would check,5. Whenever you _ a present, you should think about it from the receiver's point of view. A. bought B. have bought C. will buy D. buy 6. Hi, let's go skating. Sorry, I'm busy right now. I _ in an application form for a new job. A. fill B. have filled C. am filling D. will fill,7. I found the lecture hard to follow because it _ when I arrived. A. started B. was starting C. would start D. had started 8. They made up their mind that they _ a new house once Larry changed jobs. A. bought B. would buy C. have bought D. had bought,9. Haven't seen you for ages! Where have you been? I went to Ningxia and _ there for one year, teaching as a volunteer. A. stayed B. stay C. had stayed D. am staying 10. She _ someone, so I nodded to her and went away. A. phoned B. had phoned C. was phoning D. has phoned,11. James has just arrived, but I didn't know he _ until yesterday. A. will come B. was coming C. had come D. came,