Relative Clause語(yǔ)法講解 1

The Relative ClauseI. Some examples of attributive1. an interesting film = a film which / that is interesting2. a boy standing there = a boy who is standing there3. a novel written by a famous writer = a book which was written by a famous writer4. a book on the table = a book which / that is on the table5. something important = something that is important6. people present = people who are present7. I have nothing to do. = I have nothing that I can do.II. 定語(yǔ)從句的概念：在復(fù)合句中用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞的從句?？煞譃橄薅ㄐ耘c非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。被從句修飾的詞叫做先行詞（antecedent）。從句需放在先行詞之后。III. 關(guān)系代詞的用法 關(guān)系代詞that, which, who, whom, whose, as起到聯(lián)系先行詞和從句的作用， 同時(shí)在從句中擔(dān)任成分。that: 修飾人或物，可作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)which: 修飾物，可作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)who/ whom: 修飾人, who 在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)whom充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)whose： (所有格，作定語(yǔ)), as： ( 常與 the same, such, as連用)一、 關(guān)系代詞在從句中擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)或及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)1. which(1) A chemists shop is a shop which / that sells medicine.(2) The film (which / that) we saw last nigh is wonderful.(3) The book (which/ that) you want is on the desk.(4) This is the school (which /that) he visited the day before yesterday.(5) Is this the book (which/that) you are looking for?2. that(1) A plane is a machine that / which can fly.(2) Who is the man that is standing over there?(3) Which is the book that you are looking for?(4) The letter ( that / which) I received yesterday was from my sister.3. who, whom(1) The man who/ that visited our school yesterday is a headmaster.(2) The man (whom / that) you spoke to just now is our maths teacher.(3) Whos the comrade ( whom ) you shook hands with?4. whose修飾人或物均可, 在從句中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)(1) Wang Fang is the student whose house caught fire last night.(2) The book whose cover is red is mine.5. as(1) I need such books as are useful to me.(2) Such books as we talked about yesterday are very useful.(3) Ill buy the same dress as you bought yesterday.(4) This is the same key that I lost yesterday.Note: 1、當(dāng)先行詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可省略。2、which, that 在一般情況下可以替換。3、當(dāng)先行詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)， 應(yīng)該注意從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其保持一致。（1）The child who is reading there is the monitor.（2）The children who are reading there are from class Four（3）He is one of the students who know money matters.（4）He is the one of the students who knows money matters.一些特殊情況1. 只用that 的場(chǎng)合(1) 先行詞為all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much等不定代詞時(shí)a. He told me all that he knew.b. They had done everything that they could.c. He saw much that was bad.(2)先行詞被 all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修飾時(shí)a. Ive read all the books that he lent me.(3) 先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last等修飾時(shí)a. Its the only book that I like.b. Its the very key that Im looking for.c. The last place that we visited was the chemical works.(4)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)a. This is the best film that Ive ever seen.(5)當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上分別表示人和物的名詞時(shí)，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句必須用that，而不用who, whom 或 whicha. They talked for an hour about things and persons that they remembered.(6) 當(dāng)主句是以who或 which開(kāi)頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句要用that，而不用 who，whom或 whicha. Who is the person that is standing over there?b. Which is the book that interests him most?(7)time作先行詞，前面如有序數(shù)詞或last修飾時(shí)，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句不能用when ，只能用that 或兩個(gè)都不用。但前面如沒(méi)有序數(shù)詞或 last修飾時(shí)，既可用when，也可用that.a. This is the last time ( that ) I shall give you a lesson.b. I dont know the exact time when / that the sports meet will be held.c. The first time I wrote a letter in English, I made a lot of mistakes.2. 只用which的一些場(chǎng)合(1)介詞后只用 whicha. This is the factory in which he worked ten years ago.(2)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中只用whicha. I saw a film, which was about the First World War.b. The sun gives us heat and light, which makes it possible for plants to grow.3. 定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)不宜用that而宜用who 的情況。(1)先行詞為one, ones , anyone等人稱(chēng)代詞時(shí)a. Anyone who wants to go to college must study hard.b. He who laughs last laughs best.(2)先行詞為those時(shí)a. Those who are not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth.(3) 當(dāng)先行詞是人稱(chēng)代詞時(shí)（1）He who helps himself will be helped by God.二、關(guān)系代詞擔(dān)任從句中介詞的賓語(yǔ)（1）The professor ( that / who / whom) we were talking about will give us a lecture on school education.= The professor about whom we were talking will give us a lecture on school education.（2）It is a topic ( that / which ) well take great interest in.= It is a topic in which well take great interest .（3）The tool with which he is working is very heavy.= The tool which he is working with is very heavy.（4）American women usually identify their best friend as someone _D they can talk frequently. （04上海高考）A. who B. as C. about whom D. with whom（5）In the dark street there wasnt a single person to whom he could turn for help. (02上海高考 )Fill in the blanks.1. This is the comrade about whom you were talking.2. He is the comrade from whom we have learned a lot.3. The train on which we were traveling was late.4. This is the way in which / that I did it.5. I couldnt find a single person to whom I could turn for help.6. This is the book (which / that ) Im looking for.Note:像 look for, look after等這些詞組，介詞和動(dòng)詞不能拆開(kāi)。三、由關(guān)系副詞when, where, why引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句1 關(guān)系副詞when, where, why代替先行詞在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)， 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，原因狀語(yǔ)， 有時(shí)可省略2 關(guān)系副詞可轉(zhuǎn)化為介詞+ which的結(jié)構(gòu)3（1）I will remember the day when / on which I entered the college.（2）This is the school where / at which well stay for three years.（3）This is the reason why / for which he was late.4 分清先行詞在從句中的不同功能(1) This is the school where well stay for three years.This is the school which well visit.(2) Ill remember the day when I entered the college.Ill remember the days which we spent together.(3) This is the reason why he was late.This is the reason which he gave me for being late. 四、限定性與非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的用法差異限定性定語(yǔ)從句是句中不可缺少的組成部分， 主句和從句之間不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)主句先行詞的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，沒(méi)有這種從句不影響主句意思的完整。用逗號(hào)把主句和從句分開(kāi)。a. He has a son who serves in the army.He has a son, who serves in the army.b. I was the only person in the office who was invited.c. I have lost my pen, which I like very much.d. The first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens, which was the capital of Greece.e. Last year I visited the United States, where my father is studying.f. Our teacher Jane, who is very patient, wins the hearts of her students. 五、易犯錯(cuò)誤的幾種情況：(1). Its the place that we visited yesterday. Its the place where we once lived.(2) Do you remember the day when we spent our holidays together? Do you remember the day that / which we spent together?3. Is this the museum that you visited yesterday? Is this museum the one which / that you visited yesterday?4. The reason why he was late was that he got up late. I dont believe the reason which / that he gave me.5. This is one of the books that / which are written on it. This is the only one of the books that is written on it.6. Those who study hard will succeed.7. He / anyone who works hard will succeed.8. He told me the news that our football team had won. The news that he told me was not true.9. As is known to all, he is a famous scientist. It is known to all that he is a famous scientist.10. He has three sons, all of whom are doctors. He has three sons and all of them are doctors. Practice: Joining each of the following pairs of sentences into one complete sentence1. Do you know the man? He gave us the talk yesterday. Do you know the man who gave us the talk yesterday?2. A postman is a man. He delivers letters. A postman is a man who delivers letters.3. A sewing machine is a machine. It is used to make clothes. A sewing machine is a machine which / that is used to make clothes.4. The book is very interesting. I bought it yesterday. The book (which / that ) I bought yesterday is very interesting.5. Do you know the girl? The girls eyes are big and bright. Do you know the girl whose eyes are big and bright?6. This is the boy. His sister is a famous singer. This is the boy whose sister is a famous singer.7. The boy studies hard. You met him just now. The boy ( whom ) you met just now studies hard.8. Who is the man? You are looking for the man. Who is the man ( whom )you are looking for?9. There will be a day. People can fly into the moon that day. There will be a day when people can fly into the moon.10. The village has greatly changed. We worked there two years ago The village where we worked two years ago has greatly changed.11. What is the reason? You must study foreign languages. What is the reason why you must learn foreign languages.12. The knife is not mine. You sharpened the pencil with it. The knife with which you sharpened the pencil is not mine.13. I dont know the girl. You are living with the girl. I dont know the girl with whom you are living.As 用法歸納1 在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，常與the same, such, as連用 （1）I have the same trouble as you (have ).（2）I feel just the same as you do.（3）Such books as you read are meaningless.（4）Such English as is spoken here is not British.（5）It is such a modern machine as few workers can operate.(It is such a modern machine that few workers can operate it).2 在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中代替整個(gè)句子，無(wú)明顯的先行詞，可譯為“正如”（1）As is known to all, traffic keeps to the left in Britain.（2）He didnt agree with his friend, as could be expected.詞組：as is said above, as it is, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper, as is mentioned above 3與which在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中的用法差異(1) 含義不同，as可譯為“正如”，而which沒(méi)有此含義a. He was late again, as was often the case.b. He was late again, which made the teacher very angry.(2)位置不同，as可位于句中或句首或句末，而which只能位跟在主句后面(3) 功能不同，as代替整個(gè)句子，而which可代替整個(gè)句子或者某個(gè)先行詞,如：a. I lost my pen, which I like very much.b. He said he was very busy, which was not true.Special examples1. There are some students in the room, some of whom are reading.There are some students in the room. Some of them are reading.2. You spent more money than was intended to be spent.3. There is no one but ( = who / that not ) likes the film.當(dāng)way作先行詞時(shí)a. Thats the way ( in which / that ) I look at it.b. I am looking for a way that nobody has ever used. 在某些句型中不用whenEvery / Each time the phone rings, he feels nervous.Come any time you like.相似句型辨析1. He made a promise _ he would come to see me as soon as possible.2. The promise _ he made was very funny.3. We should go _ working conditions are difficult.We should go to the place _ working conditions are difficult.4. Could it be in the restaurant in _ you had dinner with me yesterday _ you left behind your keys and wallet?5. Its known to all that the earth is round.As is known to all, the earth is round. That與what的替換, 及what 的特殊用法1. Thank you for the gift. This is exactly what I wanted.= Thank you for the gift. This is exactly the thing that I wanted.2. He isnt what he used to be.= He isnt the person that he used to be.3. Parks are to the city what lungs are to the body.4. Virtue is to the soul what health is to the body.帶有插入成分的定語(yǔ)從句1. Jack is a man who I believe is honest.2. Jack is a man whom I believe to be honest.3. He made another important discovery, _ of great importance. (98上海高考) A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it D. I think is4. The girl _ we supposed to be injured in the accident came back safe and sound. A. who B. whom C. that D. with whom典型習(xí)題1.(a) _ has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month. (03上海春考) (b) _ has been announced that we shall have our final exams next month. A. That B. As C. It D. What2.(a) It was for this reason _ her uncle moved out of NewYork. (01上海春考) (b) Lack of courage was the reason _ he failed again and again. A. why B. that C. which D. for which3. (a) He made a promise _ he would never be able to keep. (b) He made a promise _ he would keep the secret. A. that B. which C. what D. as4. (a) You should make it a rule to leave things _ you can find them again. (b) You should make it a rule to leave things in the place _ you can find them again. A. where B. in which C. in where D. which5. (a) This machine is such an advanced one _ no one can operate . (b) This machine is such an advanced one _ no one can operate it. A. as B. that C. which D. soExercises:1. He took all _ was here and left nothing.A. what B. which C. that D. /2. Im one of the boys _ never late for school.A. that is B. who are C. who am D. who is3. Do you know that girl_ wearing a red dress?A. whose B. who C. whom D. whos4. Her sister, _ you met at my home, was a teacher of English.A. whom B. that C. which D. /5. The old man _ yesterday is a scientist.A. I spoke B. I spoke to C. whom I spoke D. that I spoke to him6. The young man _ is an engineer of our factory.A. that you just talked B. you just talked toC. whom you just talked D. you just talked to him7. The house _ roof was damaged has now been repaired.A. whos B. whose C. that D. of which8. These books are for students _ native language is not English.A. of whom B. that C. which D. whose9. The second book _ I want to read is “ Travels in China”.A. which B. what C. that D. as10. The boy handed everything _ he had picked up in the street to the police.A. which B. that C. what D. whatever11. Ive never been to Beijing , but its the place _.A. I most want to visit B. where I like to visitC. in which Id like to visit D. that I want to visit it most12. The only language _ is easy to learn is the mother language.A. that B. which C. of which C. what13. You may borrow any book _.A. that you interest B. which you are interestedC. that interests you D. which interests you14. Guilin is the most beautiful place _ people all over the world want to visit.A. where B. that C. which D. what15. The dictionary _ is on sale in the bookshop.A. you need B. what you need C. which you need it D. that you need it16. Is this the shop _ sells childrens clothing?A. which B. where C. in which D. from which17. The continent _ I visited last year was not the one _ I once worked.A. which; where B. which; which C. where; which D. where; where18. Is this museum _ they visited last month?A. that B. where C. which D. the one19. Is this the museum _ they visited last month?A. when B. where C. which D. the one20. _ cleans the blackboard is to be praised.A. Anyone B. The boy C. The one D. The one who21. I shall be surprised if he does this the same way _ I do.A. as B. like C. which D. that22. _ is known to all, oil and water dont mix up.A. It B. What C. Which D. As23. Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others ,_, of course, made the others unhappy.A. which B. that C. what D. who24. The girl _ injured in the accident came back safe and sound.A. who we supposed B. whom we supposed she wasC. who we supposed was D. whom we supposed25. Thats _ Ive seen and heard.A. what B. all which C. all what D. all of which26. China isnt _ it used to be.A. that B. what C. where D. how27. Einsteins most famous theory is _ we call the Theory of Relativity.A. what B. that C. which D. how28. It wasnt such a good dinner _ she had promised us.A. that B. which C. as D. what29. On the bus I saw a student _ I thought was your brother.A. who B. whom C. which D. he30. All _ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.A. what is needed B. for our needsC. the thing needed D. that is needed31. There is a mountain _ the top is always covered with snow.A. of that B. of which C. whose D. its32. Im sorry I have lost the book _ for me last week.A. you bought it B. which you bought itC. you bought D. what you bought33. She still remembers the days _ she spent I the countryside.A. while B. which C. when D. during which34. The beautiful place _ we spent our holiday lies at the foot of the mountain.A. where B. that C. which D. what35. She had two daughters, _ became doctors.A. all of them B. all of whom C. both of them D. both of whom36. The shop I bought a new dress _ yesterday has been pulled down.A. in B. on C. / D. during37. The reason _ Im writing to you is to tell you about a party on Saturday.A. because B. why C. for D. which38. That is the reason _ he gave us for carrying out the plan.A. because B. why C. how D. which39. Do you remember the day _ I came to you to borrow a dictionary/A. that B. which C. when D. whereMORE DIFFIUCLT ONES1. In my old school album are pictures of some teachers _ cant be found in yours.A. which B. who C. those D. they2. There was a tea pot fashioned like a china duck _ the water was supposed to come.A. from which open mouth B. by the open mouthC. out of whose open mouth D. with its open mouth3._ was known to all that William had broken his promise _ he would give us a rise.A. As ; which B. What ; that C. it ; that D. It ; which4. Henry set up a club for football fans , _ he invited all his friends.A. to which B. to whom C. for whom D. from which5. He regretted the days _ he wasted in the woods and _ he should have studied.A. when ; when B. that ; when C. when ; that D. that ; that6. Was it about three oclock in the afternoon _ we reached the foot of the mountain?A. that B. when C. what D. why7. Fortunately we had a map, without _ we should have got lost.A. which B. it C. that D. what8. It is said that we will move into the new school next term, _ it will be completely finished.A. by the time B. by which time C. by that time D. by this time9. The university _ my father used to study in is one with a long history.A. where B. as C. that D. since10. He is late, _ is often the case.A. as B. which C. that D. it11. hes got himself into a dangerous situation _ he is likely to lose control over the plane.A. where B. which C. while D. why12. Each player of chess is trying to trap the other players king into a position _ escape is impossible.A. when B. that C. in which D. from which13. The back garden of our house contains a lawn _ very pleasant to sit on in summer.A. where it is B. it is C. which it is D. which I think14. It was raining hard, _ prevented us from going to the concert.A. as B. that C. which D. what15. Was it midnight _ you fell asleep while reading?A. when B. then C. th