2019-2020年高考英語(yǔ) 語(yǔ)法知識(shí)匯總 第9章 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài).doc

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2019-2020年高考英語(yǔ) 語(yǔ)法知識(shí)匯總 第9章 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài) 第一節(jié)考點(diǎn)歸納 一、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài) 用來(lái)表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生時(shí)間的各種動(dòng)作形式成為動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。英語(yǔ)中共有16種時(shí)態(tài)。時(shí)態(tài)的考查是歷年高考熱點(diǎn)，每年都有2―4道單選題，短文改錯(cuò)中也?？紩r(shí)態(tài)。《xx年全國(guó)考試說(shuō)明》附錄 語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目表列了八項(xiàng)：1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)3）一般將來(lái)時(shí)4）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)5）過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)6）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)7）過(guò)去完成時(shí)8）過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。時(shí)態(tài)題主要考查者的8種時(shí)態(tài)的形式及用法，有時(shí)也靠查現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)等其他幾種時(shí)態(tài)。 時(shí)態(tài)與每一種類型相結(jié)合，組成了英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的整個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)體系?，F(xiàn)以write為例列表如下： 一般式 完成式 進(jìn)行式 完成進(jìn)行式 現(xiàn) 在 Write writes have written has am is writing are have been writing has 過(guò) 去 wrote had written was ｝ writing were had been writing 將 來(lái) shall ｝write will shall ｝have written will shall ｝be writing will shall ｝have been writing will 過(guò) 去 將 來(lái) should ｝write would should ｝have written would should ｝be writing would should ｝have been writing would （一）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)常以動(dòng)詞原形表示，但當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞的單數(shù)第三人稱形式。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主要有以下幾種用法： 1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常發(fā)生或習(xí)慣性的行為或狀態(tài)，常與usually, always, every day, twice a week, seldom, sometimes等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 He always sleeps with the windows open.他總是開著窗子睡覺。 2、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示主語(yǔ)的性格、特征、能力等。 He works hard .他工作很努力 Does he like sports? 他愛好運(yùn)動(dòng)嗎？ 3、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理，也用在格言中。 The sun rises in the east.太陽(yáng)從東方升起。 4、在時(shí)間、條件、比較等狀語(yǔ)從句中表將來(lái)的動(dòng)作 在由when, if, after, before, as, as soon as, the minute, the next time, in case, though, till, until, unless, so long as, where, whatever, whenever等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中，常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)，但應(yīng)注意，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。 The volleyball match will be put off if it rains. 如果下雨，排球賽將推遲。 When they leave school, they will go to college.中學(xué)畢業(yè)后，他們?nèi)ド洗髮W(xué)。 5、表示安排或計(jì)劃好的將來(lái)動(dòng)作，通常限于表示"運(yùn)動(dòng)"的動(dòng)詞，如：go, e, leave, start等。 The train starts at 10 o clock in the morning.火車在上午10點(diǎn)發(fā)車。 Ill e to see you before you go.你走之前我來(lái)看你。動(dòng)詞原形變第三人稱單數(shù)的規(guī)則與發(fā)音規(guī)律同名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)大致相同，請(qǐng)認(rèn)真觀察。 1、大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞在詞尾加“S”在清輔音后發(fā)音為[s]，在濁輔音及元音后發(fā)音為 [z]。如： ①stop－stops [s] ; make－makes [s] ②read－reads [z] ; play－plays [z] 2、以輔音字母加“y”結(jié)尾的，要先將“y”變?yōu)椤癷”，然后在加“es”讀[iz] 如： fly－flies [z]； carry－carries [z] study－studies [z]; worry－worries 3、以“s, x, ch, sh”結(jié)尾的，在詞尾加“es”，發(fā)音為[iz] 如： teach－teaches [iz]; watch－watches [iz] 4、以“o”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，加“es”，讀[z] 如： go－goes [z] do－does [z 下面幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)閱螖?shù)時(shí)，原詞的元音部分的發(fā)音發(fā)生了較大的變化，請(qǐng)注意記憶。 如： 1、do [du:]－does [dz] 2、say [sei]－says [sez] 以不發(fā)音字母“e”結(jié)尾的開音節(jié)詞，如果尾音是[s]，[z]時(shí)，加“s”后字母“e”發(fā)音， 與所加“s” 一起讀做[iz]。 如： close－closes [iz] be動(dòng)詞包括：am， is， are。第三人稱單數(shù)用 is；過(guò)去式為 was；復(fù)數(shù)用are，過(guò)去式為were. 除上述規(guī)律外，還應(yīng)注意下面三點(diǎn)： 1. 動(dòng)詞 have ，遇到主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，要用 has； 動(dòng)詞 be 的第三人稱單數(shù)形式是is。 2. 含有動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)形式的句子變否定句時(shí)，要用 doesnt + 動(dòng)詞原形，如： He goes to school at six in the morning. (變否定句)→ He doesnt go to school at six in the morning. 3. 對(duì)含有動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)形式的句子提問(wèn)時(shí)，要用助動(dòng)詞 does，如： She goes home at five every day. (對(duì)劃線部分提問(wèn))→ When / What time does she go home every day? （二）一般過(guò)去時(shí) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間連用，yesterday, last night, in 1990, two days ago等。也表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常和often, always等表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 1、表示過(guò)去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常有明確的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如yesterday，last night, some years ago，in1890等，以及由when等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。 Tom didnt e to class yesterday.湯姆昨天沒來(lái)上課。 We went to dance last night.昨晚我們?nèi)ヌ枇恕? 2、表示過(guò)去某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作常與often，usually，seldom等表示頻度的副詞連用。 When I was in the countryside, I often called on my old friends there.我在鄉(xiāng)村里，經(jīng)常去拜訪那里的朋友。 3、在條件、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。 They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him.他們說(shuō)如果聽到什么關(guān)于他的消息，就通知我們。 4、表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣 這一用法只適用于某些特定的句型，表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的非真實(shí)、主觀意圖或愿望。 If only I had a better memory.要是我的記憶力好一點(diǎn)就好了。 If it rained tomorrow, the match would be put off.要是明天下雨，比賽就會(huì)延期舉行。 （三）一般將來(lái)時(shí) 1、一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如tomorrow, in the future, next year等。一般將來(lái)時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。 He will e to see you the day after tomorrow.后天他要來(lái)看你。 We wont be free this afternoon.今天下午我們沒空。 2、一般將來(lái)時(shí)的其他表達(dá)法 （1）“be going to+動(dòng)詞原形”表將來(lái) ① 這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示打算、計(jì)劃、決定要做的事或肯定要發(fā)生的事。 They are going to meet outside the school gate.他們打算在校門口見面。 ② 還可表示說(shuō)話人根據(jù)已有的事實(shí)或跡象，認(rèn)為某事即將發(fā)生、肯定會(huì)發(fā)生或可能出現(xiàn)的情況。 I think Im going to die. 我想我要死了。(現(xiàn)在生命垂危) Look at the cloud. It’s going to rain.瞧那烏云，天要下雨了。(烏云密布，使我斷定天要下雨) ③這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示“肯定、預(yù)測(cè)，注定會(huì)”。在這種情況下可以和“think, hope, want, believe, like”等表示靜態(tài)的動(dòng)詞連用。 He failed in the exam; he knew he was going to when he looked at the test paper.他沒考及格，他一看試卷就知道考不及格。 The voters aren’t going to like him.選民們不會(huì)喜歡他的。 “be about to+動(dòng)詞原形”表將來(lái) （2）“be about to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示打算或據(jù)安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。它不與表示時(shí)間的副詞或其他時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 The English evening is about to start.英語(yǔ)晚會(huì)即將開始。 （3）“be to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示約定的、計(jì)劃中的或按職責(zé)、義務(wù)要求要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，這種動(dòng)作通常是人的意志所能控制的，或用于征求意見。 Theres to be a slide show this afternoon.今天下午要放幻燈。 You are to hand in your papers by 10 oclock.到10點(diǎn)你得交上試卷。 （4）用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)來(lái)表示將來(lái) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，這一結(jié)構(gòu)常用于表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞，如e , go , leave, start ,move, arrive等，還有join, play, eat, work, return, take, wear, stay, sleep, meet等。常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 Im leaving for Tibet on Sunday.星期天我要去西藏。 When are you going back to your factory? 你什么時(shí)候回工廠？ He is not ing.他不來(lái)了。 They are arriving tomorrow afternoon.他們明天下午到達(dá)。 （5）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái) 用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示根據(jù)規(guī)定預(yù)計(jì)要發(fā)生、安排或計(jì)劃好的將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。這一結(jié)構(gòu)常用于表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞，如e, go, leave, start, begin, sail, return, stop, end, open, stay等。 The plane starts at 8 oclock in the morning.飛機(jī)上午8點(diǎn)起飛。 When does the show begin?展覽什么時(shí)候開始？ （四）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞be（is/am/are）+ v-ing”構(gòu)成。它的用法如下： 1、表示說(shuō)話人說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，它不涉及該動(dòng)作的發(fā)生和結(jié)果，譯成漢語(yǔ)“正在”，這一用法常和表示此刻的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如now, at this time, at present，at the moment等。 Im doing my homework now. 我現(xiàn)在正在做作業(yè)。 Its raining hard.天正在下雨。 2、表示現(xiàn)階段但并非眼下正在進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作，這種動(dòng)作常與表示一段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如these days , this week等。 He is writing a novel now.目前他在寫一本小說(shuō)。 He is learning English at college.他在大學(xué)學(xué)英語(yǔ)。 I’m sleeping in the sofa because my parents have e for the weekend.我睡沙發(fā)是因?yàn)槲腋改竵?lái)度周末。 3、表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作 表示某個(gè)按最近的計(jì)劃或安排將要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，或即將開始或進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常用的這類詞go, e, leave, stay, start, arrive, land, meet, move, return, stay, stop, do, dine等，通常要與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，以區(qū)別此刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 He is ing to see you tomorrow.他明天要來(lái)看你。 His sister is leaving for Hong Kong tomorrow.他姐姐明天動(dòng)身去香港。 4、表達(dá)褒貶等感情色彩 和always ,forever, continually, constantly, instantly, continuously等頻度副詞連用，表示經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行性。表達(dá)厭煩、憤怒、抱怨、贊揚(yáng)等情感。 He is constantly leaving his things about.他時(shí)常亂丟東西。（表責(zé)怪） She is always changing her clothes.她老是換衣服。（表責(zé)怪） He is always working hard.他總是學(xué)習(xí)很用功。（表贊賞） They’re forever quarrelling about something.他們老是為某件事爭(zhēng)吵。(不滿) 5、wonder, hope, think 等表示心理的動(dòng)詞用于進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示婉轉(zhuǎn)的語(yǔ)氣 I’m wondering if I may e a little late.我在想我能不能晚來(lái)一會(huì)兒。 I’m hoping you’ll give us some suggestions.我很希望你給我們一些建議。 （五）過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。構(gòu)成過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)常由“助動(dòng)詞be的過(guò)去時(shí)was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。用法如下： 1、表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正在或過(guò)去某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。動(dòng)作發(fā)生的特定時(shí)間常用一個(gè)短語(yǔ)或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表明。 It was raining at 6 oclock this morning.今早六點(diǎn)鐘時(shí)正在下雨。 I was living in my teachers house when I was in middle school.上中學(xué)時(shí)，我住在老師家里。 注意：在含有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中，延續(xù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)作用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，另一個(gè)動(dòng)作用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如果表示兩個(gè)延續(xù)動(dòng)作在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻同時(shí)進(jìn)行，而不考慮動(dòng)作的先后長(zhǎng)短，則主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。 When I entered the room, she was sitting at her desk.我進(jìn)屋的時(shí)候，她正坐在書桌前面。 The students were reading while the teacher was grading their homework.學(xué)生們?cè)诳磿蠋熢谂乃麄兊募彝プ鳂I(yè)。 2、用來(lái)描寫故事發(fā)生的背景 在口語(yǔ)或記敘文中，可以用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示的持續(xù)動(dòng)作作為背景，以此引出由一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的新動(dòng)作。 It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A young woman suddenly appeared on the river bank.一個(gè)漆黑的夜晚，狂風(fēng)大作，大雨傾盆，一位年輕的婦女突然出現(xiàn)在河岸上。 He was just falling asleep when there was a loud knock at the door.他剛要人睡，這時(shí)突然有人很響地敲門。 3、代替過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) 用于e, go ,leave, start, stay, arrive等表位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞，以表示過(guò)去將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 They wanted to know when we were leaving for Shanghai.他們想知道我們什么時(shí)候去上海。 She asked me whether he was starting the next day.她問(wèn)我他是否第二天就走。 4、表達(dá)褒貶等感情色彩 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)也可以和always，constantly，continually，forever等連用，表示說(shuō)話人的主觀感情，如贊揚(yáng)、不滿、厭煩等。 He was always trying out new ideas.他總是試驗(yàn)一些新的設(shè)想。 He was forever plaining about something.他老是怨這怨那。 5、wonder, hope, think，want 等表示心理的動(dòng)詞用于進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示婉轉(zhuǎn)的語(yǔ)氣 ---Excuse me, sir. Would you do me a favor? --打擾了,先生。你能幫我個(gè)忙嗎？ ---Of course. What is it? --當(dāng)然。什么事？ ---I was wondering if you could tell me how to fill out this form. --我一直在想你是否能告訴我怎樣填這張表。 -What were you wanting?你要什么？ - I was hoping you would help me with the work.我希望你能幫我做這項(xiàng)工作。 （六）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞have/has+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法如下： 1、表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)到說(shuō)話時(shí)剛剛完成或結(jié)束，通常使用不具有延續(xù)意義的動(dòng)詞，arrive, bee, begin, break等。這種用法可帶有迄今意義的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如up to now, so far, already, not...yet等。也可帶有包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如now, recently, in the past few years, just等。 I have already posted the photoes.我已經(jīng)把照片寄出了。 I have just finished my work.我剛剛完成工作。 2、表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，也許還將繼續(xù)下去。這種用法通常用于具有延續(xù)意義的動(dòng)詞，如live, stay, work等，并帶有表示時(shí)間段的狀語(yǔ)或迄今意義的時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，如for, since等。 They have lived in Beijing since xx.他們自從xx年以來(lái)就住在北京。 My brother has been ill for two days. 我弟弟病了兩天了。 注意：表示短暫的動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能用于這種用法，如arrive, e, go, leave等。如，不能說(shuō)：She has e to our school for 2 years. 3、表示到現(xiàn)在為止的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。常與often, always 等連用。 He has been late for class every morning this week.這個(gè)星期他每天早晨都遲到。 My father has always gone to work by bike.我爸爸一向騎車上班。 4、用于時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，表示將來(lái)要完成的動(dòng)作或一個(gè)動(dòng)作先于另一個(gè)動(dòng)作。 He will be back before I have finished my work.我完成工作之前他會(huì)回來(lái)的。 Don’t get off the bus before it has stopped.車未停穩(wěn)請(qǐng)勿下車。 5、用在“It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that從句”中 在這種從句中，當(dāng)主句動(dòng)詞為is/will be時(shí)，that-從句的動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，that 可以省略。主句中的主語(yǔ)還可用this, this evening等; 這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的first也可用其他序數(shù)詞；time也可由其他名詞替代。 This is the first time I have been here.這是我第一次來(lái)這里。 Itll be the first time Ive spoken in public.這將是我第一次當(dāng)眾講話。 6、 “It (This)is the best( worst, most interesting等) + 名詞+從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句要求用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) This is the best film I’ve ever seen.這是我所看過(guò)得最好的一部電影。 This is the most interesting novel he has ever written.這是他寫得最好的一部小說(shuō)。 7、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以表示反問(wèn)的語(yǔ)氣（與when連用）或感情色彩 - Who is Jerry Cooper? 杰利庫(kù)珀是誰(shuí)呀？ - Havent you met him yet? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting. 你還沒見過(guò)他？我看見你和他在開會(huì)時(shí)握手了。 Now you’ve done it.你這下可闖禍了。 When have I been treated like this?我什么時(shí)候吃這一套？ 8、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)都表示完成的動(dòng)作，但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的情況，所以它不能和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如yesterday, last night, three weeks ago, in1990等。而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生關(guān)系，它可以和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 I have seen the film.我看過(guò)這部電影。（我了解這部電影的內(nèi)容） I saw the film last week.我上星期看了這個(gè)電影。（只說(shuō)明上星期看了這個(gè)電影，不涉及現(xiàn)在的情況） He has lived here since 1972.1972年以來(lái)他一直住在這里。（他現(xiàn)在還住在這里） He lived here in 1972.1972年他們住在這里。（不涉及到現(xiàn)在是否還住在這里） 9、使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾點(diǎn) （1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能和明確表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如yesterday, last week, in 1976, two days ago, just now等)連用，但可以和下列不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如never, ever, always, yet, already, before, just, lately, so far, recently等。 She has already e.她已經(jīng)來(lái)了。 I have met him before.我以前曾見過(guò)他。 So far , no man has travelled farther than the moon.至今尚未有人到過(guò)比月球更遠(yuǎn)的地方。 （2）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可以和表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在 (包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi))的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如today，this year，these days，this morning等。 It has been hot this summer. 今年夏天一直很熱。(說(shuō)話時(shí)仍是夏天) I have written two letters this morning. 今天上午我寫了兩封信。(說(shuō)話時(shí)仍是上午) （3）表示短暫意義的動(dòng)詞，如open，go，e，die，leave，arrive，begin， return，stop等，不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如要表達(dá)"他離開這兒已經(jīng)3年了"這一意思時(shí)，不能說(shuō)" He has left here for three years. "而要把其中的動(dòng)詞換為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或用其他表達(dá)法。如上句可用下列方式表達(dá): He has been away from here for three years. He left here three years ago. It is three years since he left here. （4）have/has been to表示到過(guò)某個(gè)地方，而have/has gone to表示已經(jīng)去了某處。 He has been to the Great Wall.他到過(guò)長(zhǎng)城。(現(xiàn)在他已不在長(zhǎng)城) He has gone to the Great Wall.他去長(zhǎng)城了。(現(xiàn)在他不在此地) （七）過(guò)去完成時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞had+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。用法如下： 1、過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作。它表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間可用by, before等構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)，也可用when, before，after，until等引導(dǎo)的從句或通過(guò)上下文表示。 By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself.12歲時(shí)，愛迪生就開始自己謀生。 When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.當(dāng)我們到達(dá)電影院時(shí)，電影已經(jīng)開始了。 2、表示動(dòng)作在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之前開始，一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去的這一時(shí)間，而且還可能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作，常和for, since構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)或引導(dǎo)的從句連用。 The news came as no surprise to me. I had known for some time that the factory was going to shut down. 聽到這個(gè)消息我并不感到吃驚。工廠要倒閉這件事我早就知道了。 By the time I left the school, he had taught the class for 3 years.到我畢業(yè)時(shí)，他已經(jīng)教那個(gè)班三年了。 3、用于表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件從句或as if從句中表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反 If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.假如他昨天看到你，他就會(huì)問(wèn)你這件事了。 Had I known that you wanted the book , I would have sent it.如果我知道你要這本書，我會(huì)送來(lái)的。 4、放在像said，told，asked，thought，wondered等過(guò)去時(shí)動(dòng)詞的后面，表示在這些動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生了的事情。 My friend told me that he had passed the exam.我的朋友告訴我，他已通過(guò)了考試。 He asked me whether I had seen the film the night before.他問(wèn)我頭一天晚上是否看過(guò)那部電影。 She wondered who had left the door open.她想知道誰(shuí)讓門敞著的。 5、用在 "It was the first/second/third…time that…”句型中，that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。 This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years. 這是39年里他們第一次見面。 It was the first time we had spoken together. 這是我們第一次在一起說(shuō)話。 6、intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)，表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的設(shè)想、意圖或希望等，含有某種惋惜。 I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.我本來(lái)昨天打算要去看你，但我來(lái)了個(gè)不速之客。 We had meant to tell her the news but found that she wasn’t in.我們本想把這個(gè)消息告訴她的，但發(fā)現(xiàn)她不在家。 7、過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用結(jié)構(gòu)有“hardly, scarcely, barely … when, no sooner… than等副詞的句子里。 She hardly had gone to bed when the bell rang.他剛睡下鈴就響了。 No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.他們剛剛離開大樓，一顆炸彈就爆炸了。 （八）過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)一般由 “助動(dòng)詞would(第二、三人稱)/should(第一人稱)+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。不論什么人稱，美國(guó)英語(yǔ)皆可用would。用法如下： 1、表示對(duì)過(guò)去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)而言將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。常用于賓語(yǔ)從句中。 I thought they would e to help me.我認(rèn)為他們會(huì)來(lái)幫我的。 He said he would wait for us at the bus stop.他說(shuō)他要在車站等我們。 2、表示過(guò)去的某種習(xí)慣行為 He would sit for hours doing nothing.過(guò)去他常常坐幾個(gè)鐘頭什么事也不做。 He would e to see us on Sundays.過(guò)去星期天他經(jīng)常來(lái)看望我們。 3、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的其它表達(dá)法 （1）was/were going to ①表示過(guò)去的打算和意圖 He was going to start work the following week.他打算下星期開始工作。（打算） ②表示沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的打算和意圖 He was going to e last night, but it rained.他打算昨晚來(lái)，但下雨了。(沒實(shí)現(xiàn)) I thought the film was going to be interesting.我想這部電影會(huì)很有趣的。（結(jié)果不是） I was going to, but I had an unexpected visitor.我打算來(lái)的，但我家來(lái)了個(gè)不速之客。 （2）was/were to+動(dòng)詞原形 這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常指過(guò)去的計(jì)劃安排或注定要發(fā)生的事情。如果計(jì)劃的動(dòng)作沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)，要用動(dòng)詞的完成式。 At that time he did not know that quitting the job was to bee the turning point in his life.( 注定要發(fā)生的事情)那時(shí)他不知道辭職將會(huì)成為他生活的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。 She said she was to take up the position.(表示打算)他說(shuō)他打算上任。 She said she was to have taken up the position.( 計(jì)劃但未能實(shí)現(xiàn)) 他說(shuō)他本打算上任。 （3）was/were about to＋動(dòng)詞原形 was/were about to＋動(dòng)詞原形，表示過(guò)去即將發(fā)生的事。 The meeting was about to be held the following day.會(huì)議打算第二天開。 （4）表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞 (如go，e，leave，start等)的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示按照過(guò)去的計(jì)劃安排將在過(guò)去將來(lái)發(fā)生的事情。 I didnt know you were ing.我不知道你會(huì)來(lái)。 （九）其他時(shí)態(tài) 以上為考試大綱附錄里要求的八種基本時(shí)態(tài)，新課標(biāo)要求的除上述八種外還有：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)等其他幾種時(shí)態(tài)。高考中曾涉及到將來(lái)完成時(shí)和過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，下列作簡(jiǎn)要介紹： 1、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞have/hasbeen+ -ing形式”構(gòu)成。用法如下： （1）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并有可能延續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。常和for，since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 -Hi, Tracy, you look tired. 你好，特蕾西！你看上去很疲勞。 -I am tired. I have been painting the living room all day.我很累。我刷了一整天房子。 They have been living here for 10 years. 他們住在這里十年了。 （2）表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某時(shí)開始，一直延續(xù)到說(shuō)話時(shí)候剛結(jié)束。 I have been waiting you for about one hour.我等你大約一個(gè)小時(shí)了。(說(shuō)話時(shí)"等"的動(dòng)作剛結(jié)束) She has been working all night long.她工作了一夜。 （3）表示重復(fù)（只斷斷續(xù)續(xù)，而非一直不停） We’ve been discussing the matter several times this year.我們今年已數(shù)次討論那件事。 I have been saying goodbye to some friends today.我今天同好幾個(gè)朋友告了別。 （4）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較 A. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成，或者在過(guò)去曾經(jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)的動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往表示仍將繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。 I have written an article.我寫了一篇文章。（已完成） I have been writing an article.我一直在寫一篇文章。（還在寫） B.當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示剛剛結(jié)束時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在不久以前持續(xù)進(jìn)行的情景，并帶有感色彩。 Now we have cleaned the room; we can move the things in .現(xiàn)在房子打掃好了，我們可以往里搬東西了。（強(qiáng)調(diào)打掃完了的結(jié)果） —You look so tired. What have you been doing?你看起來(lái)很累，你干什么了？ —Ive been playing football.我踢足球了。（強(qiáng)調(diào)不久前踢球的情景） 2、將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí) 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞shall/will+be+v-ing”構(gòu)成，用法如下: （1）表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常與this time tomorrow, at 4 o’clock tomorrow afternoon等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 Ill be visiting professor Li at 2 this afternoon.今天下午2點(diǎn)我將拜訪李教授。 At this time tomorrow we’ll be flying over the Atlantic. 明天此時(shí)我們正在飛越大西洋的上空。 （2）表示一種已經(jīng)決定或肯定的動(dòng)作或情況，或表示某動(dòng)作將在按計(jì)劃發(fā)生而未完成。 We shall be having a meeting in a minute.我們一會(huì)兒就要開會(huì)。 Will you be seeing Mr.Wang this evening? 今晚你會(huì)見王先生嗎？ 3、將來(lái)完成時(shí) 將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。將來(lái)完成時(shí)由“shall /will +have +v-ed”構(gòu)成。用法如下： （1）將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，通常與before或by連用。 Before long, he will have forgotten all about it.不久他就會(huì)全忘記的。 By the end of this month , well have studied 10 units.到這月末，我們將學(xué)完10單元。 （2）表示持續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),這動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)也可能將繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去。 When they move here next month, well have lived in the city for 5 years.下月他們搬到這里時(shí)，我們已住在該市五年了。 By the end of this month we shall have been here for two years.到這個(gè)月底，我們就已經(jīng)來(lái)這里兩年了。 （3）表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)可能完成動(dòng)作的推測(cè) She will have arrived by now.她這是可能已經(jīng)到了。 It is seven. He will have got up.現(xiàn)在7點(diǎn)，他可能已經(jīng)起床了 4、過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞had+ been+ v-ing”構(gòu)成。 （1）過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之前開始并延續(xù)到過(guò)去這一時(shí)間。這一動(dòng)作可能己經(jīng)停止也可能還在進(jìn)行。 She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years.她告訴我她己經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)法語(yǔ)5年了。（仍繼續(xù)） She told me that she had been waiting for me for an hour.她告訴我她己經(jīng)等我一個(gè)鐘頭了。（不再繼續(xù)） He had been studying English before entering the college.他在上大學(xué)之前一直在學(xué)英語(yǔ)。 （2）表示反復(fù)的動(dòng)作、企圖、情緒、最近的情況 You had been giving me everything.你對(duì)我真是有求必應(yīng)。（感激） I had been studying the meaning of the poem.我一直在研究這首詩(shī)。（我還沒懂） （十）確定時(shí)態(tài)的技巧 1、從句子本身附帶的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來(lái)確定時(shí)態(tài)。 時(shí)態(tài)與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)一般遵循以下幾條原則： （1）句中若有every day, every Friday afternoon, twice a week, often, always, usually等類似的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，句子多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 ⑴They usually_______ TV in the evening. A. watch B. will watch C. are watching D. watches ⑵Miss Gao ______English on the radio every morning. A. had studied B. studies C. study 答案：⑴A ⑵B。 （2）句中若有yesterday, last month, in xx, two years ago, before liberation等類似的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，句子多用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 ⑴I _____her to bring my book to school yesterday. A. told B. tell C. am telling D. have told ⑵My sister _______middle school half a year ago. A. will finish B. finishes C. finished 答案：⑴A ⑵C。 （3）句中若有tomorrow, next week, when spring es, if we have time等類似的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(或從句)時(shí)，句子(或主句)多用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。 ⑴If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we________(visit)the Great Wall. ⑵There_______(be)a film in our school tomorrow evening. 答案：⑴shall(will)visit ⑵will be。 （4）句中若有for two years, in the past ten years, since 1990, already, just, yet等類似的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(或從句)時(shí)，句子(或主句)多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 ⑴Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years. A. was/studying B. will/study C. has/studied D. are/studying ⑵The two old men ______each other since 1970. A. didn’t see B. don’t see C. haven’t seen D. won’t see 答案：⑴C ⑵C。 （5）句中若有at ten last night, the whole evening, this time yesterday, when he came in等類似的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(或從句)時(shí)，10 句子(或主句)多用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。 ⑴They_______(have)a meeting at ten yesterday morning. ⑵We________(talk)about the film when he came in. 答案：⑴were having ⑵were talking。 （6）句中若有by xx, by the end of last term, two weeks before, before he came here等類似的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(或從句)時(shí)，句子(或主句)多用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。 ⑴By the end of the match, they_______(kick)four goals. ⑵He_______(learn)two thousand Chinese words before he came to the school. 答案：⑴had kicked ⑵had learnt。 （7）句中若有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)now或提示詞 Look!, Listen!, Be quiet!, Hurry!等時(shí)，句子多用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。 ⑴Be quiet! The child__________. A. sleeps B. slept C. is sleeping ⑵Look!The children______kites over there. A. flew B. fly C. are flying ⑶ Listen, please. Who_____noises in the next room. A. is making B. makes C. making 答案：⑴C (2)C (3)A。 2、從時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)規(guī)則來(lái)確定時(shí)態(tài)。 ⑴Do you know where__________now? A. he lives B. does he live C. he lived D. did he live ⑵I______an old friend of mine when I______in the street yesterday afternoon? A. met/was walking B. was meeting/walked C. was meeting/was walking D. met/walked ⑶She says that she _______to Beijing next week. A. has gone B. will go C. goes 答案：⑴A (2)A(3)B。 二、動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài) 語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的關(guān)系。英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞可分為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(active voice)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(passive voice)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)可以相互轉(zhuǎn)化?！秞x年全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試大綱》語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目表中列出的是對(duì)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)考查，考查范圍：1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)3）一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)4）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)5）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)6）帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 （一）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示句子的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，也就是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，一般說(shuō)來(lái)只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。其構(gòu)成為“be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”。助動(dòng)詞be有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化，其變化規(guī)則與be作為連系動(dòng)詞時(shí)完全一樣?，F(xiàn)以動(dòng)詞see為例列表如下： 式 時(shí) 一般式 進(jìn)行式 完成式 現(xiàn)在時(shí) am is seen are am is being seen are has been seen have 過(guò)去時(shí) was seen were was being seen were had been seen 將來(lái)時(shí) shall seen will shall have been seen will 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) should be seen would 注意：含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的謂語(yǔ)變化為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（can, may must, have to等）+be +動(dòng)詞的-ed形式。含有“be going to , be to, used to, be about to”等結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，其構(gòu)成為“be going to （be to, used to, be about to）+ be +動(dòng)詞的-ed形式”構(gòu)成。 （二）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的適用范圍 1、當(dāng)我們不知道誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，或者沒有必要指出誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)。這時(shí)不用by短語(yǔ)。 This jacket is made of cotton. 這件上衣是棉料的。 2、為了強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí) Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.