外文翻譯-機(jī)械工程的發(fā)展歷程

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畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯學(xué)生姓名： 學(xué)號(hào)： 學(xué) 院： 系 名： 專 業(yè)： 指導(dǎo)教師： 機(jī)械工程與自動(dòng)化xi\系機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化Mechanical Engineering Development Mechanical engineering services for a large multifaceted ,any use of machinery,tools,as well as the production of energy and materials sectors,need mechanics engineering service .In summary,the modern mechanical engineering has five service areas: the development and delivery of energy conversion machinery,to provide for the development and production of various products, machinery,engaged in the development and provision of mechanical services,development and delivery of the application of family and personal life machinery,research and provide a variety of mechanical arms.Thousands of years ago, mankind has created for grain shelling and crushing the mortar and a millstone, used to provide water, Jie Gao, and lulu, with the wheels of the car, sailing boat and paddle in rivers, tanks, rudder and so on.Power used, from the pople's own strength,to the use of animal power development,hydro and wind .The materials from natural stone,wood,earth,leather,the development of synthetic materials. The earliest man made materials are ceramics,pottery ceramics manufacturing cars is a power,transmission and work of three parts of the complete machinery.Mankind from the Stone Age into the Bronze Age to the Iron Age and then again to blow the fire blower Wang played an important role in the development. The blower is strong enough ,to make metallurgical furnace to obtain a high enough temperature to get the metal from ore smelting.In China,900years before 1000 BC have been smelting with the blower,and gradually developed from human to animal power and water blast .15 to 16 centuries ago,the slow development of mechanical engineering.However, in the millennia of practice,in the mechanical development or accumulated considerable experience and technical knowledge, became the major potential for the development of mechanical engineering .After the 17th century, capitalism in France and western Europe appear ,commodity production became the central issue of society.The late 18th century, the application of steam from the mining industry to promote the textile,flour, and metallurgical industries The main material production machinery to switch gradually from the timber is more tough, but it is difficult with the manual processing of metals. Machinery manufacturing industry began to take shape, and in the decades to become a major industry.Mechanical engineering by the growing practice, from dispersion, rely mainly on their individual talents and craftsmen craft a craft, have developed into a theoretical guidance, systematic and independent engineering. Mechanical Engineering is to achieve 18 to the 19th century industrial revolution, and the machinery of capitalism the main technical factors mass production.Power is an important factor in the development of production. The late 17th century, with the improvement and development of machinery, coal and metal ores with the requirements of the annual increase, people are not relying on the production of human and animal power to a new stage. In the UK textile mills and other industries will be more and more factories in the river, using water wheels to drive the working machinery. But the then coal, tin, copper and other mines in the ground, still a large number of animal can only be used to enhance and excluded. In this production needs, the 18th century there Newcomen's atmospheric steam engine to drive the mine drainage pump. But the steam engine's fuel consumption is high, basically only for coal mines.1765, Watt invented the separate condenser steam engine, reducing fuel consumption. 1781 Watt has created a steam engine to provide rotary power. Expanded the scope of application of the steam engine. The invention of the steam engine and the development of the mining and industrial production. Rail and shipping are to be of mechanical power. 19th century steam engine is almost the only source of power, but the steam engine and boiler, condenser, cooling water systems, bulky, heavy, application is very convenient.19th century, the power supply system and the motor of development and promotion. Early 20th century, the motor has been replaced by the steam engine of industrial production as the fundamental driving force of various kinds of machinery. Production mechanization has been inseparable from the electrification. The electrification of production through the mechanization of fishes play a role.Early application of steam-powered power stations. The early 10th century, there has been high efficiency, high speed, high-power turbine, also appeared to adapt to a variety of water resources is the turbine, and promoted the rapid development of electric power supply system.The late 19th century after the invention of the internal combustion engine to improve year by year, becoming light and small, high efficiency, easy manipulation, and can start at any time of the original motives, it is first used to drive the work on land without power, machinery, and later for cars, mobile machinery and ships, since the mid-20th century for railway locomotives. Steam turbines and internal combustion engine in the exclusion, has no longer a significant power machinery. After the invention of combustion engines and gas turbine, jet engine development, the aircraft, spacecraft, the foundation technology for the successful development of one of the factors.Before the industrial revolution, machinery mostly wooden structure, made from the wood by hand. Metals (mainly copper, iron) to produce only instruments, locks, clocks, pumps and a small wooden structure on the mechanical parts. Mainly by the metal processing machine maker Seiko secret agents, has reached the required accuracy.The promotion of steam power plant, and the concomitant emergence of mining, metallurgy, ship, locomotive and other large machinery development requires forming and machining metal parts, and more and large, the required accuracy has become increasingly high. Application of metal materials from copper, iron, developed into a steel-based.Early 20th century, Ford created the automobile manufacturing and assembly lines. Mass production technology with Taylor in the 19th century founder of scientific management methods, so that cars and other high-volume production efficiency of mechanical products soon reached previously unimaginable heights.Of the 20th century, the late, mechanical processing of the main features are: increasing the processing speed and accuracy of machine tools to reduce reliance on manual skills; improve the forming process, machining and assembly of the mechanization and automation; use of CNC machine tools, machining centers, of group technology, the development of flexible manufacturing system that allows small and medium-volume, multi-variety production of production efficiency to nearly the level of mass production; research and improvement is difficult to process a new type of metal and nonmetal materials, forming and machining technology. 18th century, mechanical craftsmen matter of experience, intuition and craft of mechanical production, almost no contact in science. To 18 to the 19th century, in the emerging capitalist economy under the facilitation of people began to grasp the attention of scientific knowledge production, and direct the production of craftsmen are starting to learn scientific and cultural knowledge.Back in BC, China has the car in the guide application of complex gear system being applied can remain censer in the horizontal position of the cross and other parts. Ancient Greece has cylindrical gears, bevel gear and worm records. However, the instantaneous gear ratio on the relationship between the tooth and the tooth profile curve of choice, after the parties have until the 17th century theoretical explanation. Hand the structure and the pedal crank machine with bar organizations in the form of the exact movement and dynamic analysis and synthesis, it is the achievements of modern science institutions. Of mechanism as a special subject, no later than the early 19th century was the first time included in the Higher Institute (Paris Institute of Technology) course. Through theoretical study, one can only accurately analyze various agencies, including the complex spatial organization of the movement with the bar, and thus can be integrated according to demand a new body. Mechanical engineering mechanical work object is dynamic, and its work will change dramatically, this change is sometimes random and unpredictable, the practical application of the material is not entirely uniform, there may be a variety of defects, machining accuracy have a certain bias, and so on.From 18 practical, the new theory have been born, and the development of mathematical methods to make design calculations to continuously improve the accuracy. Into 20 practice, the emergence of various experimental stress analysis, people have been able to test out the model experiments and in-kind on the part of the stress.Half of the 20th century, the finite element method and the extensive use of computer makes the complex machinery and parts, components for power, torque, stress analysis and calculation of such a possibility. For the master has full practice or machinery or the original experimental data, they can already using statistical techniques, in accordance with the requirements of reliability, scientific mechanical design.Mechanical engineering to increase production and improve labor productivity, improve the economics of production as the goal to research and develop new mechanical products in the coming era, new product development will reduce resource consumption, the development of clean renewable energy, governance, reducing elimination of environmental pollution as well as the objectives and tasks over the economy.Machinery can be done with both hands and eyes of people, as well as feet, ears, and can not be directly done directly to complete the work, and finished faster and better. Modern mechanical engineering to create a more sophisticated and increasingly complex machinery and mechanical devices, so many fantasies become a reality over the past.To the upper reaches of human space now and the universe, dive the deep ocean, far glimpse of billions of light years, close to the cellular and molecular investigation. New computer hardware and software that humans began to strengthen science, and part of the scientific method instead of the human brain, this is artificial intelligence. This new development has shown an enormous impact, in future years it will continue to create a miracle that people can not imagine.Does not reduce the growth of human wisdom the role of hands, the opposite hand is required to do more. More sophisticated, more complex, thus more to promote hand function. Hand turn, promote the practice of the wisdom of the human brain. The whole of human evolution, and in the growth of each person works, the brain and the hands are parallel to each other for the promotion and evolution.Artificial Intelligence and the relationship between mechanical engineering at the hands similar to the relationship between the brain, the only difference is that the hardware also need to use artificial intelligence machinery out. In the past, people can not do without the operation of machinery and control. The reaction speed and operating precision by very slow evolution of the human brain and nervous system control, artificial intelligence will eliminate the restriction. Between computer science and mechanical engineering to promote each other, parallel to the forward, will mechanical engineering at a higher level to start a new round of great development.機(jī)械工程的發(fā)展歷程機(jī)械工程的服務(wù)領(lǐng)域廣闊而多面，凡是使用機(jī)械、工具，以及能源和材料生產(chǎn)的部門，都需要機(jī)械工程的服務(wù)，概括來說，現(xiàn)代機(jī)械工程有五大服務(wù)領(lǐng)域，研制和提供能量轉(zhuǎn)換機(jī)械、研制和提供用以生產(chǎn)各種產(chǎn)品的機(jī)械、研制和提供從事各種服務(wù)的機(jī)械、研制和提供家庭和個(gè)人生活中應(yīng)用的機(jī)械、研制和提供各種機(jī)械武器。 幾千年前，人類已經(jīng)創(chuàng)制了用于谷物脫殼和粉碎的臼和魔石，提水的桔槔和轆轤，裝有輪子的車，航行于江河的船及槳、槽、舵等。所用的動(dòng)力，從人自身的體力，發(fā)展到利用畜力、水力和風(fēng)力。所用材料從天然的石、土、皮革，發(fā)展到人造材料。最早的人造材料是陶瓷，制造陶瓷器皿的陶車，已是具有動(dòng)力，傳動(dòng)和工作三個(gè)部分的完整機(jī)械。人類從石器時(shí)代進(jìn)入青銅時(shí)代，再進(jìn)而到鐵器時(shí)代，用以吹旺爐火的鼓風(fēng)器的發(fā)展起了重要作用。有足夠強(qiáng)大的鼓風(fēng)器，才能使冶金爐獲得足夠高的爐溫，才能從礦石中煉得金屬，在中國(guó)，公元前 1000~前 900 年就有了冶鑄用的鼓風(fēng)器，并逐漸從人力鼓風(fēng)發(fā)展到畜力和水力鼓風(fēng)。15~16 以前，機(jī)械工程發(fā)展緩慢。但在世紀(jì)以千年計(jì)的實(shí)踐中，在機(jī)械發(fā)展方面還是積累了相當(dāng)多的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和技術(shù)知識(shí)，成為后來機(jī)械工程發(fā)展的重要潛力。17 世紀(jì)以后，資本主義在英、法和西歐諸國(guó)出現(xiàn)，商品生產(chǎn)開始成為社會(huì)的中心問題。18 世紀(jì)后期，蒸那個(gè)汽機(jī)的應(yīng)用從采礦業(yè)推廣到紡織、面粉、冶金等行業(yè)。制作機(jī)械的主要材料逐漸從木材改用更為堅(jiān)韌，但難以用手工加工的金屬。機(jī)械制造業(yè)開始形成，并在幾十年中成為一個(gè)主要產(chǎn)業(yè)。機(jī)械工程通過不斷擴(kuò)大的實(shí)踐，從分散性的、主要依賴匠師們個(gè)人的才智和手藝的一種技藝，發(fā)展成為一門有理論指導(dǎo)的、系統(tǒng)的和獨(dú)立的工程技術(shù)。機(jī)械工程是促成 18~19世紀(jì)的工業(yè)革命，以及資本主義機(jī)械大生產(chǎn)的主要技術(shù)因素。動(dòng)力是發(fā)展生產(chǎn)的重要因素。17 世紀(jì)后期，隨著各種機(jī)械的改進(jìn)和發(fā)展，隨著煤和金屬礦石的需要量的逐年增加，人們感到依靠人力和畜力不能將生產(chǎn)提高到一個(gè)新的階段。在美國(guó)，紡織磨粉等產(chǎn)業(yè)越來越多地將工廠設(shè)在河邊，利用水輪來驅(qū)動(dòng)工作機(jī)械。但當(dāng)時(shí)的煤礦、錫礦、銅礦等礦井中的地下水，仍只能用大量畜力來提升和排除。在這樣的生產(chǎn)需要下，18 世紀(jì)初出現(xiàn)了紐科門的大氣式蒸汽機(jī)，用以驅(qū)動(dòng)礦井排水泵。但是這種蒸汽機(jī)的燃料消耗很高，基本上只用于煤礦。1765 年，瓦特發(fā)明了有分開的冷凝器的蒸汽機(jī)，降低了燃料消耗率。1781 年瓦特有創(chuàng)制出提供回轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)力的蒸汽機(jī)。擴(kuò)大了蒸汽機(jī)的應(yīng)用范圍。蒸汽機(jī)的發(fā)明和發(fā)展，是礦業(yè)和工業(yè)生產(chǎn)。鐵路和航運(yùn)都得以機(jī)械動(dòng)力化。蒸汽機(jī)幾乎是 19 世紀(jì)唯一的動(dòng)力源，但蒸汽機(jī)及其鍋爐、冷凝器、冷卻水系統(tǒng)等體積龐大、笨重，應(yīng)用很不方便。19 世紀(jì)末，電力供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)和電動(dòng)機(jī)開始發(fā)展和推廣。20 世紀(jì)初，電動(dòng)機(jī)已在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中取代了蒸汽機(jī)，成為驅(qū)動(dòng)各種各種機(jī)械的基本動(dòng)力。生產(chǎn)的機(jī)械化已離不開電氣化。而電氣化則通過機(jī)械化才對(duì)生產(chǎn)發(fā)揮作用。發(fā)電站初期應(yīng)用蒸汽機(jī)為動(dòng)力。10 世紀(jì)初期，出現(xiàn)了高效率、高轉(zhuǎn)速、大功率的汽輪機(jī)，也出現(xiàn)了適應(yīng)各種水力資源是水輪機(jī)，促進(jìn)了電力供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的蓬勃發(fā)展。19 世紀(jì)后期發(fā)明的內(nèi)燃機(jī)經(jīng)過逐年改進(jìn)，成為輕而小、效率高、易于操縱、并可隨時(shí)啟動(dòng)的原動(dòng)機(jī)，它先被用以驅(qū)動(dòng)沒有電力供應(yīng)的陸上工作機(jī)械，以后又用于汽車、移動(dòng)機(jī)械和輪船，到 20 世紀(jì)中期開始用于鐵路機(jī)車。蒸汽機(jī)在汽輪機(jī)和內(nèi)燃機(jī)的排擠下，已不再是重要的動(dòng)力機(jī)械。內(nèi)燃機(jī)和以后發(fā)明的燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)、噴氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的發(fā)展，是飛機(jī)、航天器等成功發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)因素之一。工業(yè)革命以前，機(jī)械大多是木結(jié)構(gòu)的，由木工用手工制成。金屬（主要是銅、鐵）僅用以制造儀器、鎖、鐘表、泵和木結(jié)構(gòu)機(jī)械上的小型零件。金屬加工主要靠機(jī)匠的精工細(xì)作，已達(dá)到需要的精度。蒸汽機(jī)動(dòng)力裝置的推廣，以及隨之出現(xiàn)的礦山、冶金、輪船、機(jī)車等大型機(jī)械的發(fā)展，需要成形加工和切削加工的金屬零件越來越多，越來越大，要求的精度也越來越高。應(yīng)用的金屬材料從銅、鐵發(fā)展到以鋼為主。20 世紀(jì)初期，福特在汽車制造上又創(chuàng)造了流水裝配線。大量生產(chǎn)技術(shù)加上泰勒在 19世紀(jì)末創(chuàng)立的科學(xué)管理方法，使汽車和其它大批量生產(chǎn)的機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)效率很快達(dá)到了過去無法想象的高度。20 世紀(jì)中、后期，機(jī)械加工的主要特點(diǎn)是：不斷提高機(jī)床的加工速度和精度，減少對(duì)手工技藝的依賴；提高成形加工、切削加工和裝配的機(jī)械化和自動(dòng)化程度；利用數(shù)控機(jī)床、加工中心、成組技術(shù)等，發(fā)展柔性加工系統(tǒng)，使中小批量、多品種生產(chǎn)的生產(chǎn)效率提高到近于大量生產(chǎn)的水平；研究和改進(jìn)難加工的新型金屬和非金屬材料的成形和切削加工技術(shù)。18 世紀(jì)以前，機(jī)械匠師全憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)、直覺和手工藝進(jìn)行機(jī)械制作，于科學(xué)幾乎不發(fā)生聯(lián)系。到 18~19 世紀(jì)，在新興的資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)的促進(jìn)下，掌握科學(xué)知識(shí)的人士開始注意生產(chǎn)，而直接進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)的匠師則開始學(xué)習(xí)科學(xué)文化知識(shí)。早在公元前，中國(guó)已在指南車上應(yīng)用復(fù)雜的齒輪系統(tǒng)，在被香爐中應(yīng)用了能永保水平位置的十字架等機(jī)件。古希臘已有圓柱齒輪、圓錐齒輪和蝸桿傳動(dòng)的記載。但是，關(guān)于齒輪傳動(dòng)瞬時(shí)速比齒形的關(guān)系和齒形曲線的選擇，直到 17 世紀(jì)之后方有理論闡述。手搖把和踏板機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)是曲柄連杠機(jī)構(gòu)的形式、運(yùn)動(dòng)和動(dòng)力的確切分析和綜合，則是近代機(jī)構(gòu)學(xué)的成就。機(jī)構(gòu)學(xué)作為一個(gè)專門學(xué)科，遲則 19 世紀(jì)初才首次列入高等工程學(xué)院（巴黎的工藝學(xué)院）的課程。通過理論研究，人們方能精確地分析各種機(jī)構(gòu)，包括復(fù)雜的空間連杠機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)，并進(jìn)而能按需求綜合出新的機(jī)構(gòu)。機(jī)械工程的工作對(duì)象是動(dòng)態(tài)的機(jī)械，它的工作情況會(huì)發(fā)生很大的變化，這種變化有時(shí)是隨機(jī)而不可預(yù)見的，實(shí)際應(yīng)用的材料也不完全均勻，可能存有各種缺陷，加工精度有一定的偏差，等等。從 18 實(shí)際起，新理論的不斷誕生，以及數(shù)學(xué)方法的發(fā)展，使設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算的精確度不斷的提高。進(jìn)入 20 實(shí)際，出現(xiàn)各種實(shí)驗(yàn)應(yīng)力分析方法，人們已能用實(shí)驗(yàn)方法測(cè)出模型和實(shí)物上各部位的應(yīng)力。20 世紀(jì)后半葉，有限元法和電子計(jì)算機(jī)的廣泛應(yīng)用，使得對(duì)復(fù)雜的機(jī)械及其零件、構(gòu)件進(jìn)行力、力矩、應(yīng)力等的分析和計(jì)算成為可能。對(duì)于掌握有充分的實(shí)踐或?qū)嶒?yàn)資料的機(jī)械或其原件，已經(jīng)可以運(yùn)用統(tǒng)計(jì)技術(shù)，按照要求的可靠性，科學(xué)的進(jìn)行機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)。機(jī)械工程以增加生產(chǎn)、提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率、提高生產(chǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)性為目標(biāo)來研制和發(fā)展新的機(jī)械產(chǎn)品，在未來的時(shí)代，新產(chǎn)品的研制將以降低資源消耗，發(fā)展?jié)崈舻脑偕茉矗卫?、減輕以至消除環(huán)境污染作為超經(jīng)濟(jì)的目標(biāo)任務(wù)。機(jī)械可以完成人用雙手和雙目，以及雙足、雙耳直接完成和不能直接完成的工作，而且完成的更快、更好。現(xiàn)代機(jī)械工程創(chuàng)造出越來越精巧和越來越復(fù)雜的機(jī)械和機(jī)械裝置，使過去的許多幻想成為現(xiàn)實(shí)人類現(xiàn)在已能上游太空和宇宙，下潛大洋深層，遠(yuǎn)窺百億光年，近查細(xì)胞和分子。新興的電子計(jì)算機(jī)硬、軟件科學(xué)使人類開始有了加強(qiáng)，并部分代替人腦的科學(xué)手段，這是人工智能。這一新的發(fā)展已經(jīng)顯示出巨大的影響，而在未來年代它還將不斷創(chuàng)造出人們無法想象的奇跡。人類智慧的增長(zhǎng)并不減少雙手的作用，相反的卻要求手做更多。更精巧、更復(fù)雜的工作，從而更促進(jìn)手的功能。手的實(shí)踐反過來又促進(jìn)人腦的智慧。在人類的整個(gè)進(jìn)化過程中，以及在每個(gè)人的成長(zhǎng)工程中，腦與手是互相促進(jìn)和平行進(jìn)化的。人工智能與機(jī)械工程之間的關(guān)系近似于腦于手的關(guān)系，其區(qū)別僅在于人工智能的硬件還需要利用機(jī)械制造出來。過去，各種機(jī)械離不開人的操作和控制。其反應(yīng)速度和操作精度受到進(jìn)化很慢的人腦和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的控制，人工智能將會(huì)消除這個(gè)限制。計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)與機(jī)械工程之間的互相促進(jìn)，平行前進(jìn)，將使機(jī)械工程在更高的層次上開始新的一輪大發(fā)展。