外研版初中英語各冊(cè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)(外研版).doc

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初一上冊(cè)各模塊知識(shí)點(diǎn)及考試重點(diǎn)名詞所所有格：表示有生命的名詞的所有格其單數(shù)形式是加 s, students rooms, fathers shoes。(2). 如復(fù)數(shù)結(jié)尾不是s的仍加 s，如：Childrens Day。(3). 在表示時(shí)間、距離、長度、重量、價(jià)格、世界、國家等名詞的所有格要用 s，例如：a twenty minutes walk，ten miles journey，a boats length，two pounds weight, ten dollars worth。(4). 無生命名詞的所有格則必須用of結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：a map of China，the end of this term，the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。特殊情況：the key to the door/ the answer to the question the ticket for the concert(5). 雙重所有格，例如：a friend of my fathers?！咀⒁狻咳绻麅蓚€(gè)名詞并列，并且分別有 s，則表示“分別有”，例如：Johns and Marys rooms（約翰和瑪麗各有一間，共兩間）；Toms and Marys bikes（兩人各自的自行車）。兩個(gè)名詞并列，只有一個(gè)s，則表示“共有”，例如：John and Marys room（約翰和瑪麗共有一間）；Tom and Marys mother（即Tom與Mary是兄妹）。名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化 單復(fù)數(shù)通同形：人們說漢語和日語，瑞士人喜歡綿羊、鹿和雨fish 、sheep、deer、people、Chinese、English 不規(guī)則變化：男女孩子的腳，踩住老鼠的牙 Women、 men 、feet、 mice、 teeth1、would的用法Would you like to do sth?你愿意干某事嗎？提出建議邀請(qǐng)，如果同意，用YES，Id love to./all right /A good idea.如果拒絕，也要客氣的回絕。would like sth想要某物 Would like sb to do sth想讓某人做某事 Would like to do 想去做一件事情Would you please do sth?請(qǐng)求2、表示時(shí)間的介詞 At 后接時(shí)間點(diǎn)，周末at the weekend In 用在年、月、季節(jié)或上午、下午、晚上等名詞前 On 后一般跟具體的某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上3、look、see、watch、read Look集中注意力看，強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作，如跟賓語，要用at See 強(qiáng)調(diào)看的結(jié)果，看見，看到 Watch 強(qiáng)調(diào)專注地看，有欣賞的意味，常用語看電視，看球賽 Read 閱讀，看書1、would的用法Would you like to do sth?你愿意干某事嗎？提出建議邀請(qǐng)，如果同意，用YES，Id love to./all right /A good idea.如果拒絕，也要客氣的回絕。would like sth想要某物 Would like sb to do sth想讓某人做某事 Would like to do 想去做一件事情Would you please do sth?請(qǐng)求2、表示時(shí)間的介詞 At 后接時(shí)間點(diǎn)，周末at the weekend In 用在年、月、季節(jié)或上午、下午、晚上等名詞前 On 后一般跟具體的某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上 初一下冊(cè)重點(diǎn)知識(shí)2、形容詞和副詞形容詞比較級(jí)用法：1最明顯的提示詞是than，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“A+比較級(jí)+than+B”。2有表示程度的副詞a little，a bit，a few，a lot，much，even，still，far，rather，any等修飾時(shí)，用形容詞比較級(jí)。3表示兩者之間進(jìn)行選擇“哪一個(gè)更”時(shí)，句型“Which/Who is+形容詞比較級(jí)，A or B?” 4、表示“越來越”，即“比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)”，多音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞時(shí)用“more and more+形容詞原級(jí)”。5、表示“越就越”時(shí)，用“the+比較級(jí)，the+比較級(jí)”結(jié)構(gòu)。形容詞最高級(jí)用法：1表示三者或三者以上的人或物進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，用最高級(jí)形式。最高級(jí)前必須加定冠詞the，句末常跟一個(gè)in/of短語來表示范圍。2表示在三者或三者以上的人或物進(jìn)行選擇時(shí)，用“Which/Who is+the+最高級(jí)，A，B or C?”3、表示“最的之一”時(shí)，用“one of the+形容詞最高級(jí)”結(jié)構(gòu)，4、形容詞最高級(jí)前面可以加序數(shù)詞，表示“第幾最一、 詞匯1、enjoyenjoy sth/doing 喜歡某物/做某件事情enjoy oneself= have a good time玩的愉快派生詞：enjoyable，令人愉快的 enjoyment, 樂趣2、dress,put on, wear,be in dress后常跟人作賓語，給穿衣服,get dressed或dress oneself put on意為穿上，強(qiáng)調(diào)穿的動(dòng)作，賓語通常是衣服、鞋帽 wear穿著，戴著，強(qiáng)調(diào)穿的狀態(tài)，賓語可以是衣帽也可以是飾品be in也表狀態(tài)，后面要加顏色，表示穿著什么顏色的衣服3、 bring, take, carry 和get的用法。bring意思為“拿來”、“帶來”。指將某物或某人從別處“帶來”。Bring me the book, please.take意思是“拿走”，“帶走” It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you.carry 是“帶著、搬運(yùn)、攜帶”的意思， 不表明來去的方向。Do you always carry a handbag?Get 是去某處將某物拿回來。Please go to my office to get some chalk.4、strict adj. be strict with sb.對(duì)某人要求嚴(yán)格 be strict in sb 對(duì)某事要求嚴(yán)格5、spend 人+spend+時(shí)間/金錢+ on sth/ (in) doing sth6、get ready forget ready for sth 為做準(zhǔn)備（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作）get ready to do sth 準(zhǔn)備去做（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作）be ready for sth 準(zhǔn)備好 （強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)）be ready to do sth 準(zhǔn)備好去做（強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)）get sth ready 把sth 準(zhǔn)備好7、look forward to doing 8、be good/bad at do well/badly in9、hope 與wish的區(qū)別：希望去做 hope to do sth/wish to do sth希望sb去做 wish sb to do hope與wish后都可以接that從句. 二、 金牌句型1、It is more difficult for old people to learn English.It is +adj.+(for sb)+to do sth.2、It is the best way to get to school.3、Whats the population of Shanghai? 在詢問有多少人口用“Whats the population of”/ “How large is the population of” 表示“有多少人口”用“have/has a population of” 形容人口的多少用large和small,而不用many,much和few,little4、有關(guān)how的疑問句短語How long 多長時(shí)間或物體長度How soon 過多久，用于將來時(shí)間How often 頻率How far 多遠(yuǎn)，指距離5、What be sb like? 詢問某人什么樣，可以是外貌或性格等；What do/does sb look like? 詢問相貌。初二上冊(cè)考試重點(diǎn)一、語法1、時(shí)態(tài)的考察，對(duì)于各種時(shí)態(tài)主要看時(shí)間標(biāo)志詞，尤其是：just now/just/now; ago/before; five years ago/since five years ago/for five years, 時(shí)態(tài)的考察以現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為重點(diǎn)，注意非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)在完成加時(shí)間的情況下需要變?yōu)檠永m(xù)性狀態(tài)的詞。have been to /have been in/ have gone to 2、反義疑問句祈使句 Let引導(dǎo)的祈使句有兩種情況： 1) Lets go home, shall we/ shant we? 2)Let us/me.， will you或wont you。Let me have a try, will you/wont you? 3）動(dòng)詞原形開頭的祈使句都用will you 或wont you當(dāng)陳述部分含I think (believe, suppose.)that. 結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，其反意疑問句須與從句的主、謂語保持一致，注意主句的主語必須是第一人稱。例如： I dont think he will come, will he? 若是非第一人稱，則與主句的主語相一致He thinks that she will come, doesnt he?當(dāng)陳述部分為從句時(shí)，若主句主語為 I ，反意部分的主語為從句主語;若不為 I ，反義部分的主語為主句主語。I know your father is a worker, isnt he?she knows your father is a worker, doesnt she?當(dāng)陳述部分含有以下這些含有否定意義的詞時(shí)：few, little, seldom，hardly, never, not, no, no one, nobody, nothing, none, neither等，其反意疑問句需用肯定結(jié)構(gòu)。例如： He is never late for school, is he? 陳述部分是there be句型時(shí)，其反意疑問句中要用there。There was a hospital here, wasnt there? 陳述部分的主語是everything, nothing, anything或something 時(shí)，反意疑問句的主語應(yīng)用代詞it。Something is wrong with my radio, isnt it? 我的收音機(jī)出毛病了，是吧？陳述部分的主語是 everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, somebody, someone, nobody, no one, none, neither 時(shí), 其反意疑問句的主語需用復(fù)數(shù)代詞they。例如： Everyone is here, arent they? 大家都到了，是嗎？ 3、to do 不定式1. 不定式作主語時(shí)，常用it作形式主語，而將作主語的不定式放在句子后部。 It is exciting to surf the Internet. Its . of sb. to do sth.與Its. for sb. to do sth. 形容詞形容人的時(shí)候用of,形容事情的時(shí)候用forIts very kind / nice of you to help me。 Its hard for the Chinese students to learn Russian. 中國學(xué)生學(xué)俄語是很難的。 2.動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作賓語，如帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，要先用it作形式賓語，而將該不定式后置。 注意：一些動(dòng)詞之后可以接to和doing作賓語時(shí)，如stop，forget，remember, try,need等I dont think it right to do it in that way.我覺得以那種方式去做是不恰當(dāng)?shù)摹?I find it hard to get along with him. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)與他相處不是件容易的事。 4.作補(bǔ)語有些動(dòng)詞后跟不帶to 的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。 感官動(dòng)詞 使役動(dòng)詞 help sb. do或help sb. to do當(dāng)此類句子改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，要補(bǔ)上to.He is often heard to sing this song.The workers were made to work 12 hours a day.在 think, find, consider, discover等動(dòng)詞后常用to be +adj.結(jié)構(gòu)作賓補(bǔ)，有時(shí)to be 可省略。We all think/ consider/ find/ discover him (to be) kind and honest. 動(dòng)詞不定式的省略1）不定式在使役動(dòng)詞 let, have, make和感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, notice , observe, hear, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，省略to。help 可帶to，也可不帶to help sb (to) do sth。2) Why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式。常用來表建議。Why not have a break?3）but和except：but/except前的部分出現(xiàn)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，其后面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞不定式可以不帶to。比較：He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. Last night I did nothing but (to )watch TV. He does everything except (to) work. 4) 由and, or或than連接的兩個(gè)不定式，第二個(gè)不定式的to 可以省去。例如：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.5）通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后，可以省去to be：He is supposed (to be) an honest man. 4、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must是重點(diǎn)1）表示義務(wù)。意為“必須”（主觀意志）。否定形式是neednt,2）表示揣測(cè)。意為“想必、準(zhǔn)是、一定”等，只用于肯定句。否定形式是cant3）musnt本身表示“禁止”，“不允許”，“不能”二、重點(diǎn)詞匯、句型1、What/how about doing ? Why not/why dont you do.? It is +adj.+for sb to do sth?此句型到第九模塊會(huì)重點(diǎn)講解2、other 系列詞anotheradj./pron泛指多個(gè)中的另一個(gè)otheradj./pron,其他的，別的onethe other一個(gè)另一個(gè)（總共有兩者）oneanother一個(gè)另一個(gè)（總數(shù)三者以上者）other+n.=others其余的一些The other+n.=the others其余的全部3、a little修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞，有點(diǎn)修飾不可數(shù)名詞，一點(diǎn)，一些 a bit 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞，有點(diǎn),=a little加介詞of后可修飾不可數(shù)名詞a few修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式 4、 no one 和noneno one（=nobody）不加ofwho提問沒有人單三動(dòng)詞none可加of how many提問沒有人沒有物單、復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞5、bring, take, carry 和get的用法。bring意思為“拿來”、“帶來”。指將某物或某人從別處“帶來”。Bring me the book, please.take意思是“拿走”，“帶走”，把某物或某人從這里“帶來”或“拿到”某處之意。It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you.carry 是“帶著、搬運(yùn)、攜帶”的意思，指隨身攜帶，有背著、扛著、抱著、提著的含義，不表明來去的方向。Do you always carry a handbag?Get 是去某處將某物拿回來。Please go to my office to get some chalk.6、through/across/overthrough 穿越，指從空間內(nèi)穿越 through the dooracross，橫越穿過，從表面走過，或從一邊到另一邊,across the roadover翻越，跨越 7、provide /offer provide sth for sb / provide sb with sth offer sth to sb / offer sb sth（主動(dòng)提供）8、happen / take place happen指事件偶然發(fā)生，還可以表示“碰巧”之意,不用于被動(dòng)語態(tài) sth happen to sb sb happen to do sth. It happens that+句子take place多指按計(jì)劃或者安排而發(fā)生，不用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)9、comparewith比較compareto. 比喻10、depend on sb 依賴depend on sth 依而定初二下冊(cè)重點(diǎn)知識(shí)一、重點(diǎn)詞匯1、makemake +賓語+動(dòng)詞原形 He made us stay with him.make +賓語+ 形容詞 He tried to make his mother happymake +賓語+名詞- He made me his friend.make +賓語+介詞短語 He asked us to make ourselves at home.make +賓語+過去分詞 What made him so frightened?2、seem Seem+形容詞 English seems a little difficult. Seem to do He doesnt seem to have any friends. =It seems that he doesnt have any friends. It seems as if they were in a dream.3、suggest suggest+名詞、代詞 suggest doing建議做某事 suggest sb do 建議某人做某事4、refuse to do sth拒絕做某事5、beat 打敗，后接運(yùn)動(dòng)員、球隊(duì)、對(duì)手 win 接比賽、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)6、avoid doing sth避免做某事7、depend depend on sb 依賴 depend on sth 依而定8、on ones own獨(dú)自 of ones own 某人自己的9、have problem with 在哪一方面有麻煩 have problem/trouble/difficulty (in)doing，其中trouble/difficulty是不可數(shù)名詞，前面用no/much/some/little any修飾10、come up出現(xiàn)，發(fā)生 1)發(fā)芽，In March, lots of plants begin to come up. 2)太陽升起 3）發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)Ill let him know if anything comes up. 4）被提及A number of questions came up at the meeting.11、in order to、to+動(dòng)詞原形、so as to,sothat.so that，in order that in order to、to+動(dòng)詞原形、so as to引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句，有時(shí)為了表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，也可把in order to，to do放在句首，否定形式是in order not to,so as not to12、as well as并且，還，可與not onlybut also互換，但是as well as強(qiáng)調(diào)前面的內(nèi)容，not onlybut also強(qiáng)調(diào)后面的內(nèi)容1）連接兩個(gè)并列成分He as well as his friends likes going shopping.2）as well as還可以表示“和一樣好”，well是副詞，用于修飾實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。3）as well 可單獨(dú)做副詞，表示“也”，位于句末。 13、such adj. 如此，這樣so +adj.+a/an+單數(shù)名詞such+a/an+adj.+單數(shù)名詞such +adj.+復(fù)數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞，當(dāng)adj.是many/much/few/little時(shí)用so14、倒裝句 So + be/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語“某人或某物也一樣” I will go there tomorrow. So will she.So +主語+be/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 “的確如此”It was very cold yesterday.昨天很冷。 So it was.的確如此。 對(duì)于上述兩種情況，當(dāng)前一句是否定句時(shí)， so須改用neither或nor。15、besides，but，except和except for besides：除了.還包括He has another car besides this. but與except同義，但but多用在every，any，no等和由這些詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞except：除了；例句：Except you, there is no one can help me. 除了你沒人能幫我except for：在一類中除去另一類，Smith is a good man， except for his bad temper二、語法知識(shí)1、賓語從句 賓語從句的語序賓語從句的語序應(yīng)為陳述句的語序。例如：I hear (that) physics isnt easy.I think (that) you will like this school soon.Can you tell me how I can get to zoo?Please tell me when well have the meeting.賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)主句賓語從句一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一切時(shí)態(tài)一般過去時(shí)過去范疇的某一時(shí)態(tài)（一般過去時(shí)；過去進(jìn)行時(shí)；過去完成時(shí)；過去將來時(shí)）如果主句的時(shí)態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，賓語從句該用什麼時(shí)態(tài)就用什麼時(shí)態(tài)。I dont think (that) you are right.Please tell us where he is.Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station?如果主句的時(shí)態(tài)是一般過去時(shí)，賓語從句只能用相應(yīng)的過去時(shí)態(tài)（一般過去時(shí)， 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)， 過去將來時(shí)，過去完成時(shí)）。例如：He asked what time it was.He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet.He asked if you had written to Peter.知識(shí)拓展：賓從的主語與主句的主語（或賓語）相同時(shí)，可把從句替換為“疑問詞 + to do”.I havent decided where I will go =I havent decided where to go.He asked me what I bought = He asked me what to buy.2、狀語從句 時(shí)間狀語從句 1）由 when，as soon as ,before 等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來時(shí)間。2）帶有till或until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句的主從復(fù)合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含義是“一直到時(shí)”，謂語動(dòng)詞只能用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如果主句用否定式，其含義是“直到才”, “在以前不”, 謂語動(dòng)詞可用瞬間動(dòng)詞。例如：The young man read till the light went out. We wont start until Bob comes. 條件狀語從句1）條件狀語從句遵循“主將從現(xiàn)”原則，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來時(shí)間。2）“祈使句 + and (or)+ 陳述句” 在意思上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)帶有條件狀語從句的復(fù)合句。Hurry up, or youll be late. =If you dont hurry up, youll be late. 結(jié)果狀語從句結(jié)果狀語從句由sothat, suchthat, so that此知識(shí)點(diǎn)牽扯到重點(diǎn)詞匯中的 so +adj.+a/an+單數(shù)名詞such+a/an+adj.+單數(shù)名詞such +adj.+復(fù)數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞，當(dāng)adj.是many/much/few/little時(shí)用so3、to do 和doing做賓語?？嫉膭?dòng)詞后加-ing.1.Enjoy doing sth喜歡做某事2.Like doing sth喜歡做某事3.Have fun doing sth玩得開心4.Practice doing sth練習(xí)做某事5.Spend doing sth花費(fèi)時(shí)間做某事（主語是人）6.Keep doing sth 保持一直做某事7. How about doing sth做某事怎么樣（表建議）8. What about doing sth 做某事怎么樣（表建議）9.Have a difficulty doing sth 做某事有困難10.Have a good time doing sth 玩得開心11.Feel like doing sth 想要做某事12.Cant help doing sth禁不住做某事13.start doing sth 開始做某事14.go on doing sth繼續(xù)做某事15.mind doing sth 介意做某事16.finish doing sth 完成做某事17.be busy doing sth忙于做某事18.see/hear sb doing 看到/聽到某人正在做某事19. remember doing sth 記住曾做過某事20. forget doing sth 忘記曾做過某事21. try doing sth 做某事試試看有何效果22. mean doing sth 意味著做某事23. cant help doing sth 禁不住做某事24. stop doing sth. 停止正在做的事初三上冊(cè)考試重點(diǎn)知識(shí)一、 語法知識(shí)1、時(shí)態(tài)名稱時(shí)間狀語用法一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)seldom,often,usuallyevery week,on Sundays,once a week經(jīng)常性習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作、客觀真理、條件或時(shí)間狀語從句中表示將來一般過去時(shí)ago,last week,just nowIn+過去的時(shí)間，the day before過去某個(gè)事件發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)now,at this time,these days,還有其他結(jié)構(gòu)：look，listen現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)at this time yesterday,at that time,When和while引導(dǎo)的狀語從句過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻或某階段正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作一般將來時(shí)tomorrow,next week,soon,in+一段時(shí)間，how soon,from now on將來某時(shí)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作打算要做某事Shall多于第一人稱連用，一般疑問句中表示請(qǐng)求、建議現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)ever,just,recently,before,already,yet,since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)for+時(shí)間段，so far過去已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響；過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在；終止性動(dòng)詞不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的特殊用法：1、不及物動(dòng)詞帶介詞和介詞賓語,在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),仍然要帶上介詞,如The teacher is listened to carefully by the students in class.The new students are looked after in the school.The things are take good care of .2、當(dāng)動(dòng)詞帶有符合賓語時(shí),并且賓補(bǔ)是省去 “to”的動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí),在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中應(yīng)加上 “to”, 一感，二聽，三讓，四看They make us do all the work. We are made to do all the work.We often hear her sing English songs. She is often heard to sing English songs.I see him walk to school. He is seen to walk to school.3、當(dāng)動(dòng)詞帶雙賓語時(shí),將其中一個(gè)賓語提前作被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語,另一個(gè)不動(dòng); 如果是將指物或指事的賓語提前,則指人的賓語前應(yīng)加上 to、for如:I am given some nice presents.They give me some presents Some nice presents are given to me. The children are often told some stories (by him) He often tells the children some stories. Some stories are often told to the children (by him).動(dòng)詞后加to：give,show,send,bring,lend,promise等。動(dòng)詞后加for: pay,buy,sing,make,get等3、定語從句修飾人只用who的情況：a. 先行詞是one , ones , anyone , those 時(shí)。b. there be句型中修飾名詞時(shí)。c. 先行詞后有一個(gè)較長的定語。1)Anyone who hasnt handed in his home- work should stay after school. 2)There is a girl who wants to see you at the school gate. 3)Did you see the man in the park yesterday afternoon who wore a red shirt? 修飾人或物只用that的情況： (1) 先行詞是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代詞時(shí)。 All that he said is true. (2) 先行詞被only, no, any, all,等詞修飾時(shí)。He is the only foreigner that has been to that place. (3) 先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾的詞。例如：He was the second (person) that told me the secret.(4) 先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾的詞。This is the best book (that) I have read this year.(5) 先行詞既包括人又包括物時(shí)。例如：修飾物只用which的情況： a. 先行詞在定語從句中作介詞的賓語時(shí) b. 先行詞為that時(shí)1)This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived . 這就是魯迅以前住過的房子。 2)Whats that which you are holding in your arms? 你抱著的那個(gè)是什么？定語從句可簡(jiǎn)化為短語1定語從句為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)可簡(jiǎn)化為過去分詞短語；定語從句為現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可簡(jiǎn)化為現(xiàn)在分詞短語。2定語從句的謂語(be)后是介詞短語，可簡(jiǎn)化為介詞短語作定語。3定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，可簡(jiǎn)化為不定式。eg.1)I bought a book that was written by Lu Xun. = I bought a book written by Lu Xun. 2)Tell the children who are playing there not to do that.= Tell the children playing there not to do that. 3)The book that is on the table is mine. = The book on the table is mine. 4) We have nothing that we should fear. = We have nothing to fear.4、冠詞和數(shù)詞1、a/an用在序數(shù)詞之前表示“再一次，又一次2、the用在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)之前，表示“某某一家人”，“某某夫婦”。例如： the Browns, the Whites等。3. 表示一個(gè)具體數(shù)字時(shí)，hundred, thousand, million一律不用復(fù)數(shù)；在表示一個(gè)不確定數(shù)字時(shí)則用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：There are three thousand students in our school.After the war, thousands of people became homeless. (3) 表示“十”的數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式可用來表示人的歲數(shù)或年代，例如： He is in his early thirties He died still in his forties This took place in 1930s5、主謂一致1. 語法一致的原則（2）并列主語如果指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl. The poet and writer has come.（3）由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語之前如果分別由each, every修飾時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如： In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.（4）主語是單數(shù)時(shí)，盡管后面跟有 but ,except, besides, with ,as well as等短語，謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。例如：The teacher with his students is going to visit the museum.（5） 一些只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞，如people, police, cattle, clothes等作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。The police are looking for lost boy. （7）有兩部分構(gòu)成的物體的名詞，如glasses, shoes, trousers, chopsticks, scissors 等作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如： Where are my shoes? I cant find them. Your trousers are dirty. Youd better change them. 如果這類名詞前用了a pair of等，則往往用作單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式往往取決于pair的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如： My new pair of socks is on the bed.2. 意義一致的原則（1）表時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、度量衡等的名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。例如：Twenty years is not a long time.Ten dollars is too dear.（2）有些集合名詞，如family, team等作主語時(shí)，如作為一個(gè)整體看待，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；如指其中每個(gè)成員，則用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：My family is big one.My family are watching TV. （5）“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)/the rest+of+名詞”構(gòu)成的詞組作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞要以of后面的名詞而定。名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)：名詞是單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如： It is said that 35 per cent of the doctors are women. Three fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. （8）凡是以“定冠詞+形容詞（或分詞）”作主語，往往根據(jù)意義一致的原則決定謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果這種主語指的是一類人，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；如果指的是一個(gè)人或抽象概念，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如： The sick have been cured and the lost have been found. The dead is a famous person.3. 鄰近一致的原則（1）由連詞or, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also,等連接的并列主語，如果一個(gè)是單數(shù)，一個(gè)是復(fù)數(shù)，則謂語動(dòng)詞按就近一致原則，與最靠近它的主語一致。例如：Either you or I am right.Neither the children nor the teacher knows anything about it.（2）在“There be” 句型中,謂語動(dòng)詞和靠近的主語一致。 There are two apples and one egg in it. （4）以here開頭的句子，其謂語動(dòng)詞和靠近的主語一致。 Here is a letter and some books for you.詞匯1、do some reviews about表示“對(duì).做評(píng)論”;do an interview with表示“采訪.”.2、tooto 太而不能 He is too young to go to schoolsothat 如此以至于,enough to,注意同義句轉(zhuǎn)換3、as far as 就而言，據(jù)as long as 只要：I dont mind as long as it doesnt rain. as soon as一就Ill write you as soon as I get there. as well as和一樣He grows flowers as well as vegetables. 4、please兩個(gè)意思，一個(gè)是請(qǐng)，一個(gè)是取悅， Mark treid to please Jen.pleased，感到愉悅的，高興的pleasure，名詞，相當(dāng)于fun，can you open the door for me？My pleasure.pleasant，是形容詞，舒服的，宜人的such a pleasant day 5、allow/encourage/advise sb to do sb be allowed/encouraged/advised6、prefer to dorather than doprefer doing A to doing B would rather do than do would rather dothan do. do A instead of doing B7、above all,after all,first of all,in all above all,尤其是，最重要的是，強(qiáng)調(diào)內(nèi)容的重要性 after all 畢竟，終究 first of all 首先，表示順序上的首先 in all 總共8、instead of /instead instead of 是介詞短語，常位于句中，而instead是副詞，可置于句中，常用逗號(hào)與句子主干分開，也可直接置于句末，通常用于上文已經(jīng)說明的被代替的對(duì)象。He is too busy, let me go instead.9、in order to、to+動(dòng)詞原形、so as to,sothat.so that，in order that in order to、to+動(dòng)詞原形、so as to引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句，有時(shí)為了表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，也可把in order to，to do放在句首，否定形式是in order not to,so as not to10、some time 一段時(shí)間sometime 某個(gè)時(shí)候sometimes 有時(shí)候some times 幾次11、be used to do 被用來做某事 be used to dong 習(xí)慣于used to do 曾經(jīng)12、no one 和noneno one（=nobody）不加ofwho提問沒有人單三動(dòng)詞none可加of how many提問沒有人沒有物單、復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞13、so +adj.+a/an+單數(shù)名詞such+a/an+adj.+單數(shù)名詞such +adj.+復(fù)數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞，當(dāng)adj.是many/much/few/little時(shí)用so14、be supposed to (do)被期望或要求; 應(yīng)該suppose that假定15、progress,不可數(shù)名詞make progress16、倒裝句 So + be/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語“某人或某物也一樣” I will go there tomorrow. So will she.So +主語+be/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 “的確如此”It was very cold yesterday.昨天很冷。 So it was.的確如此。 對(duì)于上述兩種情況，當(dāng)前一句是否定句時(shí)， so須改用neither或nor。初三下冊(cè)知識(shí)重點(diǎn)一、詞匯1、debate v.&n.辯論 1）debate about sth.爭(zhēng)論某事 2）debate with sb.與某人爭(zhēng)論2、neither 和none 1）neither“兩者都不”，是both的反義詞，neither，neither of作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式，Neither of the two boys is right.Neithernor既不也不,主謂一致遵循就近