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1、第28課 動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)課堂突破基本概念語(yǔ)態(tài)（Voice）是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，用來(lái)表明主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子叫主動(dòng)句，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子叫被動(dòng)句。動(dòng)詞中只有及物動(dòng)詞有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。種類(lèi)英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（Active Voice）和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（Passive Voice）。構(gòu)成基本結(jié)構(gòu)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是：be+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞，而對(duì)于動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)需將被動(dòng)式與時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成式“合二為一”，即將被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成中的be看作時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成中的動(dòng)詞，而將其做相應(yīng)的變化。各種時(shí)態(tài)的主動(dòng)式和被動(dòng)式見(jiàn)下表：時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)式
2、被動(dòng)式一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)動(dòng)詞原形am/is/are+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)be+v.-ing形式am/is/are being+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞一般將來(lái)時(shí)will/be going to+動(dòng)詞原形will/be going to be+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞一般過(guò)去時(shí)動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式was/were+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were+v.-ing形式was/were being+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞have/has been+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)would/was（were） going to+動(dòng)詞原形would/was（were） going to be+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去完成時(shí)h
3、ad+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞had been+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞基本用法1. 不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)，或沒(méi)有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：Letters are collected at eight every morning. 信件每天早晨8點(diǎn)被收取。His bike has been stolen. 他的自行車(chē)已經(jīng)被偷走了。2. 為了強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：The bag was taken away by his elder sister. 那個(gè)包被他姐姐拿走了。The plan has already been made.
4、計(jì)劃已經(jīng)制定好了。3. 在上下文中，為了使句子間銜接緊密，常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：I have a new motorbike. It was given to me as a birthday present by my father. 我有輛新摩托車(chē)。它是父親作為生日禮物送給我的。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換1. 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，應(yīng)注意三個(gè)方面：（1）把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，若是代詞，要變賓格為主格。（2）把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞改為相應(yīng)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)：be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞，放在主語(yǔ)之后。（3）把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)改為“by+原主語(yǔ)（若是代詞，要變主格為賓格）”，放在主謂結(jié)構(gòu)之后。在
5、意思明確時(shí)by短語(yǔ)可以省略。如：2. 含有雙賓語(yǔ)的句子由主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)有兩種情況：（1）把間接賓語(yǔ)改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，直接賓語(yǔ)仍留在原來(lái)的位置。（2）把直接賓語(yǔ)改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，此時(shí)，間接賓語(yǔ)前要加介詞to或for。如：He gave the boy an apple. The boy was given an apple by him. 或An apple was given to the boy by him. 他給了這個(gè)男孩一個(gè)蘋(píng)果。3. 若動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)是不可分割的整體，改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，要保持其完整性，介詞或副詞不可漏掉。如：We must take good care of th
6、e young trees.The young trees must be taken good care of. 我們必須好好照顧這些小樹(shù)。4. 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中感官動(dòng)詞feel, hear, see, watch等以及某些使役動(dòng)詞make, have, let后須跟省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，不定式前要加to。如：We saw the children sing that morning. The children were seen to sing that morning. 那天早晨我們看見(jiàn)孩子們唱歌了。5. 有些被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)是習(xí)慣用法。如：It is said tha
7、t.據(jù)說(shuō)；It is/was reported that.據(jù)報(bào)道；It is well-known that. 眾所周知；It is believed that. 人們都相信。主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義的情況1. 某些由及物動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的不及物動(dòng)詞，如read, write, clean, wash, draw, cut, open, sell等，常與副詞well, easily, smoothly等連用，且通常用主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動(dòng)意義。如：The pen writes well. 這支鋼筆很好用。2. 動(dòng)詞need, require, want, deserve等后接v.-ing的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動(dòng)意
8、義，相當(dāng)于sth. need（s）/require（s）/want（s）/deserve（s） to be done。如：The car needs cleaning. 這輛汽車(chē)需要清洗了。3. 有些動(dòng)詞如cook, print等，常用主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動(dòng)意義。如：The lunch is cooking. 正在做午飯。4. 某些連系動(dòng)詞如feel, prove, smell, taste, sound等加上形容詞，也可用主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義。如：The food tastes delicious. 這種食物嘗起來(lái)很美味。5. be worth doing意為“值得做”，表示被動(dòng)含義。如：The b
9、ook is worth reading. 這本書(shū)值得一讀。不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的5種情況1. 謂語(yǔ)為連系動(dòng)詞時(shí)，不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：He looks fine. 他氣色很好。2. 謂語(yǔ)為不及物動(dòng)詞（短語(yǔ)）時(shí)，不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：The war broke out in the end. 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)終于爆發(fā)了。I happened to meet him there. 我碰巧在那兒見(jiàn)到了他。3. 賓語(yǔ)為動(dòng)詞不定式、v.-ing形式或從句，表示主語(yǔ)的一些想法、愛(ài)好或愿望時(shí)，一般不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：He decided to go with us. 他決定跟我們一起去。I want to buy a computer
10、. 我想買(mǎi)一臺(tái)電腦。4. 賓語(yǔ)是相互代詞、反身代詞、同源賓語(yǔ)等時(shí)，一般不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：We should help each other. 我們應(yīng)該相互幫助。He thinks of himself too much. 他為自己考慮得太多。We live a happy life here. 我們?cè)谶@兒過(guò)著幸福的生活。5. 賓語(yǔ)表示處所、地點(diǎn)時(shí)，一般不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：We will reach the station in two hours. 我們兩個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)就到站了。He has gone to London. 他去倫敦了。當(dāng)堂檢測(cè)一、用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1. （2018臺(tái)州）I h
11、anded in my test paper and the last question_ （leave） unanswered.2. You may go fishing if your work_ （do）.3. A terrorist attack_（happen）at Kunming Railway Station, and 29 people_ （kill） in the event.4. Although everyone wants to succeed in what he tries to do, sometimes failure cant_ （avoid）.5. How
12、soon_ all the work_（finish）?In a week.6. Tell me one thing youre proud of in your junior high school.I was_（choose） as captain of the school football team.7. I will finish the work if I_（give） another ten minutes.二、用方框中所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空，每詞限用一次。（2018諸暨中考模擬） among mad two my separate 1. Although Janes school
13、bag is very nice, I still prefer_.2. Tom is such a lazy boy that he exercises only a year.3. Nowadays, many students are_ from each other by iPads.4. Heart trouble is the most serious reason of death_ old people.5. How strange he is!Maybe he is the_ man I have ever seen.三、任務(wù)型閱讀。（2018湖州市南潯區(qū)中考模擬）下面是Ma
14、ria的一封求職信。假設(shè)你是經(jīng)理Mr. Green，請(qǐng)根據(jù)求職信內(nèi)容，完成Maria的應(yīng)聘條件分析圖（每空限填一詞）。Dear Mr. Green,I am attracted by your advertisement（廣告） and I would like to work with you from July to September.I am a 19-year-old Portuguese（葡萄牙的） student and now I am studying at Porto University, in the north of Portugal. I have studied
15、English since I was 8 years old, so I can speak English very well. I have been to England twice where I attended two summer courses.I feel I would be suitable（合適的） for the job. I love children and I am good at playing with them. So I am popular with the children. Besides, I love sports and I exercis
16、e every day, so I can take part in any sports activities.I have some work experience and have already done a few part-time jobs during summer holidays. Last summer I worked in a primary school to take care of school children while some teachers were on holiday. I also babysit for my neighbors when t
17、hey need help.I am looking forward to your reply.Yours,Maria Gonzales參考答案當(dāng)堂檢測(cè)一、1. was left 2. is done 3. happened, were killed4. be avoided5. is, going to be finished 【解析】問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)是all the work，所以應(yīng)該用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，且由how soon可知應(yīng)該用一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。6. chosen 7. am given二、1. mine 2. twice 3. separated 4. among 5. maddest三、1. student 2. England 3. well 4. experience 6
2019屆中考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí) 知識(shí)講與練 第28課 動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)試題
