高一英語必修一外研版每單元語法經(jīng)典總結

4 Module 1 My First Day at Senior High Grammar 1: 一般現(xiàn)在時和現(xiàn)在進行時一般現(xiàn)在時表示現(xiàn)在習慣或反復發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與usually、always、Seldom、sometimes、often、frequently、every day、every week、(year morning)on Sunday等時間狀語連用。1.The students often do their experiment in the laboratory.2.We always care for each other and help each other.3.I am used to listening to the weather report every morning.4.He sometimes stays up till midnight to catch up with others.5.Do you usually go to school on Sunday.表示主語現(xiàn)在的特征 、性格和狀態(tài)1、She is always ready to help others.2、China is a developing country which belongs to the third world.3、-Do you sing? A little.表示客觀規(guī)律、正確事實或科學真理、格言以及其他不受時間限制的客觀存在。1、All the living things on the earth depend on the sun.2、Knowledge comes only from practice.3、Unpleasant advice ,like bitter medicine ,has welcome effect.*Our teacher told us the earth goes round the sun. 在由連詞if、unless 、before、 as soon as when、 once、 however 等引起的時間（條件、讓步）狀語從句，需用一般現(xiàn)在時，表示將來。1、Ill call on you unless it rains the day after tomorrow.2、Even if it rains tomorrow, the sports meet will take place.3、We will start as soon as you are ready.4、However much advice you give him, he will do exactly what he wants.表示安排或計劃要做的動作（有時間狀語）限于begin 、come、 leave、 go、arrive、start、stop、open、close、return等1、The film starts at seven oclock this evening.2、The plane takes off at 5:00a.m.3、We leave for Beijing next Friday.現(xiàn)在進行時用法例示表示現(xiàn)在（說話的瞬間）正在進行或發(fā)生的動作1、Look, the boy is dozing off.2、Look! The monkey is climbing the banana tree.3、I havent accepted his suggestion yet. Im still considering it.表示當前一段時間內的活動或現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作（說話時動作不一定正在進行）1、How are you getting along with your English these day.2、We are going over the grammar learned before at present.3、W are preparing for the meeting to be held next Friday now.表示說話人現(xiàn)在對主語的行為表贊嘆，厭惡等，常與alwaysconstantlycontinually等副詞連用1、He is always thinking of others.（表贊許）2、He is constantly leaving his things about.（表不滿）3、The children are always making trouble.（表厭惡）4、She is always asking the same question.（表厭惡）5、You are always changing your mind.（表抱怨）表示在最近計劃或安排要進行的動作，常限于gocomeleavestartarrivereturnworksleepstaydohavewear等表移動，方向的動詞1、He is starting the work in a few minutes.2、A foreign guest is giving a lecture in English this afternoon.3、He is leaving for Beijing tomorrow afternoon.4、He is coming to see you next month.5、He is staying with us for a few weeks next year.Grammar 2:分詞形容詞英語中有些形容詞是由動詞的 -ing 構成的（通常表示事物給人的感覺，意為“是令人感到.的”），有些形容詞是由動詞的-ed 構成的（通常表示人對事物的感覺，意為“對感到的”）。前者表示主動的意義，后者表示被動的意義。由于他們的形式與現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞完全一樣，故又稱它們?yōu)椤?分詞形容詞”，在句中做表、定、狀、補等成分。常見的有： amazing - amazed amusing - amused astonishing- astonished frighting-frightened boring- -bored confusing- confused disappointingdisappointed moving -moved disturbing - disturbed discouraging- discouraged encouraging encouraged tiring-tiredModule 2 My New TeachersGrammar：后接V-ing的動詞（1）英語中有很多的動詞后只跟動名詞作賓語：如advise, consider, admit, appreciate, mind , avoid, excuse, delay, imagine, deny, enjoy, keep(on), practice, resist, escape , risk , put off, explain, quit(停止)， tolerate, pardon, allow, forbid, miss (錯過)， suggest, advise, recommend, finish, envy, cant help（2） 有一類動詞后直接跟動名詞形式作賓語；如果后面跟名詞、代詞加賓補， 則賓補用不定式這類常見的可記憶為“阿福的帽子”:FUS CAP : allow, forbid, understand, suppose, consider, advise, permittedeg: We dont allow using mobile phone here. We dont allow him to use mobile phone here. He is not allowed to use mobile phone here.（3） “動詞+ 介詞”構成的短語，其后往往跟動名詞作賓語。尤其是含有介詞“to “的動名詞短語；常見的有：be used to 習慣于， devote oneself to 致力于； lead to導致；see to注意，處理 pay attention to； get down to ； stick to; get accustomed to ; look forward to （4）“what how about + v-ing” 常用來征詢意見，意為“。怎么樣？eg: What about going on a picnic?（5）有些動詞后跟不定式與動名詞的意義差別較大，高考出現(xiàn)頻率較大： forget to do sth remember to do sth doing sth doing sthregret to do sth stop to do sth doing sth doing sth mean to do sth try to do sth (努力 試圖做sth) doing sth doing sth (嘗試做某事) go on to do sth cant help to do sth doing sth （with sth） doing sth【注】：remember, forget, regret 后跟 doing 與跟having done 的意思一樣。（6）動名詞的復合結構：動名詞的前面可以有自己的邏輯主語構成動名詞的復合結構。其結構由物主代詞或人稱代詞（賓語）、名詞所有格或普通格加動名詞構成, 在句子開頭必須用名詞所有格或物主代詞。eg: Toms doing sth 可作主、賓、表 His doing sth Tom doing sth 可作主、表 Him doing sth Module 3 My First Ride on a Train Grammar 1:動詞的過去分詞 及物動詞的過去分詞作定語表示被動或完成，或兩者兼而有之 eg: a respected teacher a broken cup 不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語只表示完成的含義 eg：He is a retired worker. V-ed 形式的分詞形容詞作定語說明所修飾的名詞的狀態(tài)，無被動的含義，是一個形容詞（1）作定語 eg：a surprised look disapointed children 過去分詞可以和形容詞或副詞一起構成合成形容詞一起做前置定語 eg: a highly-developed industry a widely-used language 過去分詞短語作后置定語放在所修飾詞的后面，邏輯上相當于一個被動的定語從句 eg:It is a book (which is )recommended by the teacher. Many people (who were)invited to the party were famous scientists.（2）作表語：表示主語的特點或所處的狀態(tài) eg:The door remained locked.（3）作補語：過去分詞（一般是及物動詞的）表示被動或完成，有時兼而有之，作賓補得過去分詞與賓語之間有邏輯上的動賓關系，即賓語是過去分詞動作的承受者或對象。 eg:She found the door broken when she came in.（4）作狀語:修飾謂語動詞分詞動作與主語之間常構成邏輯上的動賓關系，即被動關系。過去分詞作狀語，意義上相當于狀語從句，表示原因、時間、條件、伴隨、讓步、方式等。 表條件：eg：Given more attention , the trees could have grown better. 表時間：eg:Asked many times , I told him the secret. 表伴隨：eg:The teacher came in, followed by his students. 表讓步; eg:Shown many times , he couldnt operate the machine on his own. 表方式：eg：She was in tears as if deeply moved by the film.Grammar 2:一般過去時一般過去時表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與yesterdayin 1996two years agolast monththe day before yesterdaythe other day等表示過去的時間狀語連用1、The great wall came into being in 221B.C2、She suddenly fell ill in the classroom the other day.3、Mr. Jackson came to china a score of years ago.4、A thief broke into his house and stole his treasure last night.表示過去一段時間內經(jīng)常或反復發(fā)生的行為，常與every dayoftensometimes等時間狀語連用，“used to+動詞原形”或“would+動詞原形”常用來表示過去經(jīng)?；蚍磸桶l(fā)生的行為。1、When I was in the factory, I often worked in the workshop.2、He usually came to school by bike last year.3、We used to get up at five every morning when we were at school.4、We would ask him for advice when we had trouble with our English.表示過去發(fā)生的一連串動作。The professor put one finger in his mouth, tasted it, and smiled with satisfaction.在時間、條件、方式讓步狀語從句中用一般過去時表示過去將來的動作。1、He said he would let us know if he got any news.2、He promised that he would buy some copies for us when he went there.3、She said she would write to us soon as she arrived at Beijing. Module 4 A social SurveyMy neighbourhoodGrammar：現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結果。1、-Have you had your lunch yet?-Yes, I have. I have just had it.(現(xiàn)在不餓了)2、I have already posted the parcel.(包裹已不在我這里)表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，可以和表示從過去某一時刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（包括“現(xiàn)在”在內）的一段時間內的狀語連用：nowjusttodaythismorningthismonththis yearforsinceall the time1、I havent seen her these days(for a long time).2、Have you returned the book today?3、Ive known Li Lei for over 3 years. since he came here. since 10 years ago.4、He has lived here since 1980since yesterday. since last year. ever since(then).與Alreadynevereverjustbeforelatelyrecentlyyetso farup to the presentup till nowin the pastlast few years等狀語連用。1、I have never seen such an inspiring film before.2、Tom has done his homework already.3、I havent seen him so far.4、-Have you ever been to Beijng?-NO ,I have never been there5、Up till now we havent seen the film.6、He has recently come from New York.與forduringinwithinover引導的時間狀語連用，表示從過去的某一行為一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。1、We have discussed the topic (for) the last 3 week.2、They have made rapid progress during the past few years.3、-Have you seen any Austrians pass by here? -Not within the last days.4、I havent seen him in the recent years.表示反復或習慣性的動作，與several timesoncetwicethree timesfrequently等頻度副詞連用.1、I havent watched him several times.2、He has been to London twice.3、I have seen the film three times.在“最高級+名詞”或在“這是第幾次”之后跟定于從句，從句用現(xiàn)在完成時。1、This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.2、It is the second time that you have been here.3、This is the first time that I have visited you country.表示從過去到現(xiàn)在沒有發(fā)生的動作。1、He hasnt cleaned the room for 10 days.2、They havent heard from him for a score of years.用在時間、條件狀語從句中，表示從句動作先于主句動作之前已完成。1、I will give my opinion after I have read through the book.2、Well set out at once if the rain has stopped.3、Ill tell him after you have left.在現(xiàn)在完成時中，終止動詞若于forsince等延續(xù)狀語連用，需把終止動詞變?yōu)閎e動詞等的適當形式。如：diebe dead join-be in fall ill-be illfinishbe over leave/ gobe away beginbe on make friendsbe friends become-be get ready-be readybuyget/ have marrybe married(to) borrowkeep arrive /get to/reach/comebe in /be at/ stay dressbe(dressed)in put onhave on/wear meetstay together1、He arrived in China in 19905 years ago.2、He has arrived in China.3、he has been in china since 1990for five years.4、It is 5 years since he (has) arrived in china.5、 she has left school for 15 years. She has been away from school for 15 years. 6、 She has married Jack since 1965 。 She has been married to Jack since 1965. 7、 borrowed the novel for several days. I have Kept the novel for several days.8、 he has been in the army for 5 years. He has joined the army for 5 years。 現(xiàn) 在 完 成 進 行 時表示過去某一時刻開始的動作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，甚至將來（強調進行的過程）1、He is ill .He has been lying in bed for three weeks.(動作會繼續(xù)下去)2、She is very tired .She has been typing letters all day.3、Where have you been? He has been waiting for you all this morning.(動作剛剛結束)一直到現(xiàn)在為止的一段時間內一再反復進行的動作。1、All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine.2、Jim has been phoning Jenny every might for several weeks. Module 5 A Lesson in a Lab Grammar：形容詞和副詞的比較級英語中的形容詞和副詞常有三種形式來表達事物的等級差別，分別是原級、比較級和最高級。大部分的形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級是通過變化詞尾來實現(xiàn)的，屬于規(guī)則變化，但也有少數(shù)是不規(guī)則變化。（1） 規(guī)則變化1. 單音節(jié)詞在詞尾加-er 構成比較級，加-est構成最高級。以-e 結尾的單音節(jié)詞直接加-r 和-st ;以輔音字母結尾 且前邊只有一個元音字母的，雙寫最后一個輔音字母，再加- er 和 -est hard - harder -hardest late - later - latest hot - hotter - hottest 2.雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞的比較級和最高級 （1）以輔音字母+ y 結尾的雙音節(jié)形容詞，把y變?yōu)閕 ；再加-er 和-est happy - happier - happiest （2） 其他的雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞大都在前邊加 more 和 most 構成比較級和最高級 exact - more exact - most exact warmly -more warmly -most warmly 【注】：以-ly結尾的副詞，除了early 外，其他均使用more / most 構成比較級和最高級（3） 有少數(shù)幾個雙音節(jié)詞以及以-er 及-le 結尾的詞，可以有兩種比較級和最高級形式 common - commoner / more common - commonest / most common often -oftener / more often - oftenest / more often clever- -cleverer / more clever - cleverest / most clever simple - simpler / more simple - simplest / most simple 【注】：像unhappy這樣的以-y結尾的雙音節(jié)形容詞的反義詞，其比較級和最高級形式有兩種：unhappier /more unhappy - unhappiest / most unhappy （2） 不規(guī)則變化 原級 比較級 最高級 good well better best many much more most little less least old older（年齡、新舊、血緣） elder （僅指血緣） oldest eldest bad ill worse worst far farther （僅指距離） further（指距離或程度） farthest furthest late later （較遲的，后來） latest （最新的，最晚的）【注】：older, oldest 指年齡的大小關系，而elder , eldest 指兄妹之間的長幼關系。older, oldest 既可以作定語還 以作表語，而elder , eldest只可用來作定語。 farther ，farthest多指具體的距離；而further，furthest 多指程度上“進一步”等抽象意義。（3） 形容詞和副詞等級的用法 1. 原級比較的用法 （1）在肯定句中用“as + 原級 +as”的結構 eg: My handwriting is as good as yours . She could do as well as a man .（2） 在否定句中，用“not so / as +原級+ as ”的結構 eg: I didn't do my homework so /as carefully as you . I am not so / as busy as i used to be .【注】：如果第一個as后的形容詞作定語修飾名詞，應該將形容詞和名詞一起放在第一個as的后面 eg: We have produced as many computers as we did last year . I don't make as much money as you do.2. 比較級的用法（1） 當甲大于乙時，用“比較級+than”表示；當甲小于乙時，用“not + 比較級 + than”或“l(fā)ess + 原級+than ” 表示eg: Robert jumps higher than any of the others .She doesn't work harder than you（ do ）.I look less young than you （do）?！咀ⅰ浚?在此類表示比較的結構中應該注意避免和包括自身的對象進行比較 any other + 單數(shù)名詞 all the other + 復數(shù)名詞 比較級 + than + anyone else any of the other +復數(shù)名詞 注意在使用比較等級時被比較內容的對等性 Her voice is as sweet as a bird .（錯誤） Her voice is as sweet as that （=the voice ）of a bird .（正確）（2） 比較級的一些特殊用法 “比較級 + and + 比較級”表示事物本身程度的逐漸增長，意為“越來越?！薄?The city is becoming more and more beautiful .“ the + 比較級。 ， the +比較級。”。表示一方的程度隨著另一方程度的平行增長，意為 “越。就越?！薄?The more you learn , the more you know . the + 比較級 + of the two + n.（復數(shù)） The taller of the two boys is my brother . “more + 原級 + than ”表示“與其說。倒不如說?！?。 She is more shy than cold . no more than 與not more than 的用法 She spent no more than （=only：不過，僅僅 ，表示少的意思）50 dollars on the coat. She spent not more than （不超過，表示客觀的數(shù)量）50 dollars on the coat . “can / could not + 比較級”表示最高級的意義 I couldn't agree more . The idea sounds great to me . “can / could not （never , hardly .）+ .+ too / enough ”表示“再。也不過分；越。越好”。 You can't be too careful .（你越仔細越好。） I can't thank you enough .（我感激不盡。） 倍數(shù)的表達法 Your school is four times the size of ours . Your school is four times as big as ours . Your school is three times bigger than ours . Your school is four times what our school is .（你們學校是我們學校的4倍大。）【注】： 比較的范圍：如果比較的范圍不一樣，表達方式也不一樣 China is larger than any other country in Asia。（比較的范圍一致） China is larger than any country in African .（比較的范圍不一致） 注意比較結構中的省略現(xiàn)象：由于日常交際的需要，在彼此都明了的場合中，比較對象往往省略。 I had never spent a more worrying day . （后面省略了 than that ） The piano in the other shop will be cheaper , but not as good .（省略了 as the one in this shop）【注】:這種省略現(xiàn)象的比較級結構是歷年高考?？嫉膬热荩瑧右宰⒁?。3. 最高級的用法：最高級表示在三者或三者以上中程度最高的比較方式（1） the + 最高級 + （名詞） + 比較范圍的短語或從句 China is the largest country in Asia .（在一定的地域空間內用“in”） China is the largest one of all the Asian countries .（在同一類事物范圍內進行比較用“of”）【注】：the most .為最高級，意為“最。”，而（a）most .不是最高級，其中的most 意為“十分，非常”， 表示程度，相當于very，修飾其后的名詞。 Last week we had a most heated discussion on this topic . They are most handsome boys .（2） 運用比較級表達最高級 She is taller than any other girl in her class . She is taller than the other girls in her class. She is taller than the rest of the girls in her class. =She is the tallest girl in her class.I have never heard a better voice than yours . =Your voice is the best voice that i have ever heard .4. 比較等級的修飾語：在比較結構中，為了強調形容詞、副詞的程度，在比較級前可以用以下副詞修飾：（1） 表示“比。多 / 強/ 好得多”的詞有：a lot , a great deal , much , far, by far, far and away等。 She is much cleverer than me . The boy bought far more books than i . I feel much / a great deal better today . This is （by）far the best article i have ever read .=This is the best article by far that i have ever read .（2）表示“比。多/ 少/ 好/ 強一點兒”的詞有：a bit , a little ,slightly 等。 The task is a bit harder than that one .（3） 表示加強語氣的詞有：even , still , yet , rather 等。（4） 表示具體的“多/ 長/ 高/ 強/ 多少”的詞有：twice , five times, many times, two fifths, 20%等。She is a head taller than i .The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. （5） 在疑問句中多用any 修飾比較級Are you feeling any better today ?-Yes , i feel much / a great deal better today .4 無比較等級的形容詞和副詞1.本身就有比較級含義的詞：senior（年長的，較高的）; junior（年少的，較低的） ;prior（在先的）; anterior（前 面的） ; inferior （次于，下等的）; superior（優(yōu)于，上等的）; major（主要的）; minor （次要的，較小的）; posterior（以后的）在使用這些詞時無須加more，也不能和than連用，而要用介詞to引出比較對象He is senior to me by several years.（他比我大好幾歲。）2. 表示“絕對”意義的形容詞和副詞 absolutely entirely excellently perfectly totally thoroughly utterly wholly faultlessly completely3. 表示狀態(tài)的形容詞 afraid asleep alive ashamed awake alone aware alike 4. 表示時間、方位、處所的形容詞和副詞 now present today ahead east there 5. 表示獨一無二的形容詞 only mere unique single 6. 表示國籍的形容詞及有人名派生而成的形容詞Japanese American Indian Leninist （列寧主義的）7. 表示強調的詞right very just 8. 表示大小、極限、先后順序、是非的詞maximum minimum extremely first true false right wrong Module 6 The Internet and TelecommunicationsGrammar 1: 合成詞（1） 合成名詞 名詞+名詞: football; classroom 形容詞+名詞: blackboard ; shorthand (速記法) 動詞+名詞: pickpocket 副詞+名詞 : outbreak ; downfalls（垮臺） V-ing+名詞 : sleeping pills ; waiting room 動詞+副詞 : get-together ; breakthrough(2) 合成形容詞 形容詞+名詞-ed: good-tempered 形容詞+過去分詞 :ready-made（現(xiàn)成的） 形容詞+V-ing ：good-looking ； easy-going 副詞+過去分詞 ： well-known ； newly-built 副詞+V-ing ： hard-working 名詞+過去分詞： man-made 名詞+V-ing ：peace-loving ； english-speaking 名詞+形容詞： duty-free 數(shù)詞+名詞 ：first-class (3) 合成動詞 名詞+動詞：brainwash 副詞+動詞： overcome 形容詞+動詞：safeguardGrammar 2:冠詞 第一章、定冠詞1. 定冠詞特指某個（某些）人或某個（某些）事物Many people came here to visit the old castle. 很多人來這里參觀這座古城堡。The man in black is a magician. 穿黑色衣服的那個人是個魔術師。2. 定冠詞用于第二次提到或復述上文提過的人或事物He was given a pen and a form. He is going to use the pen to fill out the form.他拿到一支筆和一張表。他要用這支筆填這張表。They went into a small pub. The pub was crowded with people.他們進了一家小餐館，那個餐館里擠滿了人。3. 定冠詞用于交際環(huán)境中各方彼此熟悉的人或事物The car is badly damaged.這輛車損壞嚴重。（交際各方都知道是哪輛車）Please close the door.請關上門。（交際各方都知道是哪個門）4. 定冠詞用于可數(shù)名詞前表示某一類人或事物The wheel is said to be the first invention of man. 據(jù)說，輪子是人類的第一項發(fā)明。The horse is a useful animal. 馬是一種有用的動物。5. 定冠詞用于某些名詞或形容詞前，表示一類人、一個民族、階級或階層the Chinese 中國人the poor 窮人the nobility 貴族the boutgeoisie 資產階級the old 老年人the college students 大學生the dead 死者the unemployed 失業(yè)者the deaf 聾人the intellectuals 知識分子the rich 富人the railway worlers 鐵路工人6. 定冠詞表示世界上獨一無二的事物the sun 太陽the moon 月亮the earth 地球the North Pole 北極the universe 宇宙the globe 全球，全世界the world 世界the atmosphere 大氣層7. 定冠詞用于某些專有名詞前面用定冠詞的專有名詞例 詞江河、海洋、海峽、海灣、山脈、群島、沙漠等名詞前the Changjiang River 長江the Thames 泰晤士河the Nile 尼羅河the Suez Canal 蘇伊士運河the Pacific 太平洋the Hudson River 哈得遜河the India Ocean 印度洋the Red Sea 紅海the Dead Sea 死海the Baltic 波羅的海the Mediterranean Sea 地中海the English Channel 英吉利海峽 the Taiwan straits 臺灣海峽the Bay of Biscay 比斯開灣the Persian Gulf 波斯灣the Straits of Dover 多佛灣the Gulf of Mexico 墨西哥灣the Alps 阿爾卑斯山the Himalayas 喜馬拉雅山脈the Philippin