掃雪機的設(shè)計-小型手扶式機動除雪機
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目 錄 摘要 1關(guān)鍵詞 11 引言2 1.1 研究的目的和意義3 1.2 國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀32 總體方案設(shè)計4 2.1 設(shè)計任務(wù)與要求4 2.2 系統(tǒng)工作原理4 2.3 主要技術(shù)參數(shù)53 具體方案設(shè)計及加工5 3.1 動力參數(shù)5 3.2 鏈與鏈輪5 3.2.1 確定鏈條節(jié)數(shù)6 3.2.2 確定節(jié)距6 3.2.3 確定中心距6 3.2.4 驗算鏈速6 3.2.5 壓軸力64 傳動軸的設(shè)計與校核7 4.1 軸的設(shè)計計算7 4.2 確定各軸的直徑和長度7 4.3 軸的校核85 渦輪與蝸桿85.1 按接觸強度計算8 5.1.1 確定蝸桿頭數(shù)、蝸桿齒數(shù)8 5.1.2 確定渦輪轉(zhuǎn)矩9 5.1.3 確定條件9 5.1.4 初定中心距、模數(shù)、倒程角9 5.1.5 計算傳動效率9 5.2 驗算齒面接觸強度9 5.3 計算傳動的主要尺寸10 5.4 彎曲強度驗算106 攪龍軸設(shè)計與校核11 6.1 軸的設(shè)計計算11 6.2 確定各軸段的直徑和長度12 6.3 軸的校核127 鍵的選擇與校核148 螺旋葉片的設(shè)計149 結(jié)論 159.1 設(shè)計完成情況159.2 結(jié)論16參考文獻 16致謝 17 摘 要:本文在分析了目前國內(nèi)外的主要除雪方法的基礎(chǔ)上,提出一種適合中國國情的小型機械旋轉(zhuǎn)式掃雪機的設(shè)計方案。本設(shè)計由汽油機提供動力。經(jīng)輸出軸輸出動力,通過鏈傳動傳遞動力,帶動其他工作。該掃雪機的工程是利用攪龍旋轉(zhuǎn)將雪集中并向后推送,通過攪龍的向后推力及螺旋槳產(chǎn)生的吸力使其到達螺旋槳。由于螺旋槳高速旋轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)生巨大的作用力,雪被高速推向彎管,再通過與彎管壁撞擊折射出去。從而達到清除積雪的目的和最佳效果。 關(guān)鍵詞:掃雪機 ;攪龍 ;傳動軸 Abstract: After analyzing the various means of snow-clearings in the world at present, the project of a sort of snow-blower fit for China is put forward in this paper. Based on the theory study and applied structural design.This designis provided power by the petrol machine. It is outputted power by outputaxis, anddelivering power though a chain transmission, and arousing other work piece operations. Should in addition to the operate process of mini snow bloweris take advantage of stir revolution dragon to concentrate snow and push it backward, pass stir a dragon bckeward the vacuum force of thrust and aerofoil generate make it arrive aerofoil. Because of aerofoil with the top speed revolution generate enormous action force, and snow with top speed is pushed to the conduit bend, then collide with conduit bend wall and project out the conduit bend after refracting, thus hit the purpose Keywords: Snow-blower; auger;transmission shaft1 引言中國有句古話叫做“瑞雪兆豐年” ,冬季一場大雪能帶來明年的好收成。但是積雪給城市交通帶來巨大的麻煩,尤其是在我國的東北,內(nèi)蒙古和新疆一帶冬季道路積雪給車輛和行人帶來極大不便,甚至造成車禍,嚴重地影響了人們正常的生產(chǎn)和生活秩序,這已成為北方各個城市急需解決的問題。目前我國清雪方法比較原始,主要是依靠人力,用鐵鍬和掃把清理積雪,這種方式不但浪費了較大的人力和物力,而且清雪的效率低,往往不能及時清除積雪,而積雪被車輛壓實后更加難以清除。因此,尋找一種既有較高效率,成本又比較低的清雪方法就成為當(dāng)務(wù)之急。目前,各國普遍采用的除雪方法是機械除雪法和融雪法兩種基本方法。機械除雪法是通過機械對冰雪的直接作用而解除冰雪危害的一種方法。積雪按狀態(tài)可分成三種類型:(1) 松散雪,即降雪不久且未經(jīng)人員和車輛碾壓的雪,質(zhì)地松散;,體積大,流動性好;(2)壓實雪,即降雪后經(jīng)人踩和車壓而形成的冰雪混合物,有不同程度的硬層,不易清除;(3)冰層,是積雪因陽光暴曬或車輛碾壓融化成水后又凍結(jié)成冰,冰層中除水分外還有大量塵土和泥沙,質(zhì)地堅硬,和地面粘接牢固。所以除雪機械包括除雪機和除冰機兩種。根據(jù)工作原理的不同,除雪機可分為推移式、拋雪式和吹雪式三種。推移式除雪機是將推雪鏟刀,除雪犁等裝置安裝在推土機或其它車輛上,將雪推走,開出通道,然后用卡車將積雪運走。這種方法只能將積雪推到路邊,不具備集雪能力,且只適用于新鮮雪或破碎后的壓實雪,效率較低,容易劃傷地面。拋雪式除雪機配有拋雪泵,將收集到的積雪拋到路邊或送入運輸車輛。其中以螺旋式最為常見。吹雪式除雪機一般配備航空發(fā)動機,產(chǎn)生強大的高壓空氣流由噴口吹除地面積雪。吹雪式除雪機運行速度較高,有很高的生產(chǎn)率,但它只適用于新鮮雪,只能在機場、橋梁和高速路上應(yīng)用,成本很高,不適合開發(fā)小型產(chǎn)品 。由以上兩種主要除雪方法的對比與分析,我們得出結(jié)論,除雪應(yīng)以機械除雪為主1.1 研究的目的和意義我國的東北、華北和內(nèi)蒙東北部的部分地區(qū),冬季的積雪和積冰常常造成嚴重的交通障礙,在有些路段如坡道、轉(zhuǎn)彎、交叉路口、機場跑道等,路面有積雪和積冰則影響更為嚴重,常常引發(fā)交通事故冬季降雪覆蓋在路面上給人們的出行帶來諸多不便。傳統(tǒng)的人工除雪方式勞動強度大,工作效率低。北方城市往往采用專業(yè)的大型除雪機除雪,但是由于其購置及使用成本高、工作幅寬大,往往只適用于城市馬路的清掃。而在中部及南方部分城市,由于一年中降雪的天數(shù)不多,往往不會配置除雪設(shè)備。本設(shè)計的目的在于設(shè)計一種小型低成本的除雪設(shè)備,可以廣泛用于各種小面積的除雪需求環(huán)境。1.2 國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀利用機械清雪是把人從繁重的掃雪工作中解放出來的一種最好的途徑,并大大提高了清雪效率和速度。因此,科學(xué)工作者一直在探索如何研制出安全、可靠和實用的清雪機械。在國外,最初的清雪機械是采用推土機或裝載機,利用其推土板和裝載斗將積雪集中在一起,這后來發(fā)展成犁式除雪機。早在1943年日本就開始把V型犁裝在載重卡車上用于除雪,經(jīng)過多年的發(fā)展,國外犁式除雪機已具有較高的技術(shù)水平。犁式除雪機出現(xiàn)以后,又出現(xiàn)了將用合成材料制成的指向圓周不同方向排列的棒裝在滾筒上作為清雪專用器械,但只對沒凍的積雪效果好,直到后來出現(xiàn)了連續(xù)快速的大型旋轉(zhuǎn)式清雪機后,清理積雪的工作才變得簡單。旋轉(zhuǎn)式除雪機一般具有切削、集中、推移和拋投的功能,具有結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、功能多的特點。俄羅斯和日本是生產(chǎn)旋轉(zhuǎn)式除雪機的主要國家,技術(shù)成熟。其產(chǎn)品性能居世界領(lǐng)先水平。除雪機在國外已經(jīng)發(fā)展了幾十年,特別是在瑞典、芬蘭等北歐國家已經(jīng)相當(dāng)成熟。根據(jù)我國國情,國內(nèi)應(yīng)加強雪的力學(xué)性質(zhì)研究,建立道路氣象系統(tǒng),除雪機械應(yīng)向小型化、高速度的方向發(fā)展,向多功能、機電液一體化的方向發(fā)展,同時注意提高安全性和舒適性。簡言之,與其它類型的除雪機械相比,拋雪式除雪機一般具有對積雪的切削、集中、推移和拋投功能,其應(yīng)用較廣,是一種現(xiàn)代化、高效率的除雪機械。國內(nèi)有關(guān)這方面的研究很少,據(jù)了解目前國內(nèi)沒有廠家在生產(chǎn)小型拋投式清雪機。所以對這種小型的清雪機的研究、設(shè)計和開發(fā)必然有很大的現(xiàn)實意義(1)。2 總體設(shè)計方案2.1 設(shè)計任務(wù)與要求冬季降雪覆蓋在路面上給人們的出行帶來諸多不便。傳統(tǒng)的人工除雪方式勞動強度大,工作效率低。北方城市往往采用專業(yè)的大型除雪機除雪,但是由于其購置及使用成本高、工作幅寬大,往往只適用于城市馬路的清掃。而在中部及南方部分城市,由于一年中降雪的天數(shù)不多,往往不會配置除雪設(shè)備。本設(shè)計的目的在于設(shè)計一種小型低成本的除雪設(shè)備,可以廣泛用于各種小面積的除雪需求環(huán)境(2)。2.2 系統(tǒng)工作原理工作時由原動機提供動力,經(jīng)由鏈傳動將動力傳遞到工作部分。積雪由集雪裝置收集到一個腔體內(nèi),再由拋雪裝置清除出機體,拋雪葉輪利用高速旋轉(zhuǎn)時的離心力將積雪拋出;風(fēng)機葉片利用氣流將積雪吹出。這樣在人力推動(手推式)下,清雪車不斷前進,就能實現(xiàn)連續(xù)的清除積雪。機械式掃雪機結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖如下:原動機傳動裝置車架行走裝置拋雪裝置集雪裝置積雪圖1 掃雪機結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖Fig1 Snowplow structure schematic drawing 本設(shè)計通過利用攪龍旋轉(zhuǎn)將雪集中向后推送,再利用離心式風(fēng)機葉片高速旋轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)生的作用力將雪高速推向彎管,再通過和彎管壁撞擊折射揚出彎管,從而達到除雪目的。動力傳遞過程為:發(fā)動機傳動軸渦輪蝸桿減速器驅(qū)動軸攪龍結(jié)構(gòu)簡圖如下: 1. 攪龍 2. 清雪鏟3. 拋雪筒 4. 傳動系統(tǒng) 5. 發(fā)動機6. 操作裝置 7. 車輪 8. 車架9. 拋雪輪 圖2 掃雪機結(jié)構(gòu)簡圖 Fig2 Total diagrammatic drawing2.3 主要技術(shù)參數(shù)設(shè)計的基本參考數(shù)見表1、表2 表1 技術(shù)參數(shù) Table1 Rechnnique parmeter 型號 鏟雪寬(mm) 鏟雪高(mm) 拋雪距離(m) 驅(qū)動功(kw) 1000 200250 23 2 表2 技術(shù)參數(shù) Tabe2 Rechnnique parmeter 自重(kg) 清除率(%) 攪龍直徑(mm) 100kg 22.5 95 360 1200110011003 具體方案設(shè)計及加工3.1 動力參數(shù)發(fā)動機型號:EM100發(fā)動機型式:單缸、風(fēng)冷、四沖程缸的容積:163cm3排量:87最大輸出:2.2kw/2500凈重:27kg3.2 鏈輪、鏈 鏈輪和鏈條將發(fā)動機的動力輸給傳動軸以實現(xiàn)整個機構(gòu)的運轉(zhuǎn)。為了既能保證動力的平穩(wěn)傳遞,又能保證轉(zhuǎn)速要求,鏈輪的設(shè)計和在整個機構(gòu)中的作用也就顯得尤為重要。 暫選齒數(shù)為21,傳動比1:1鏈輪,鏈條暫選型號06B。 功率Pc=KAP=1.32=2.6kw(KA=1.3根據(jù)查表得)(3) (1)3.2.1 定鏈條節(jié)數(shù)假定中心距a=35p ,則鏈節(jié)數(shù)位 (2)所以,Lp 取91節(jié)3.2.2 確定節(jié)距P單根鏈傳遞功率為P0(4) 。按照轉(zhuǎn)速估計,根據(jù)相應(yīng)條件和公式得出; (3) (4) 單排鏈條排數(shù)系數(shù)=1 。則P0=2.4 kw (5)根據(jù)鏈輪的轉(zhuǎn)速和,查表選鏈號06B。得出節(jié)距p=9.525mm。3.2.3 確定中心距a 初定中心距,其最小中心距0.2Z18.4p, 。 (6) =233.38mm(取整數(shù)234) 3.2.4 驗算鏈速 鏈的平均速度: (7) =8.331m/s V小于1215m/s, 可用。3.2.5 壓軸力FQ有效圓周力為 (8)取,則壓軸力為 (9)4 傳動軸的設(shè)計與校核 傳動軸是整個機構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)動的重點,動力由汽油機輸出后直接通過鏈輪將動力向傳動軸,帶動傳動軸上的螺旋槳高速轉(zhuǎn)動的同時還要連接渦輪蝸桿轉(zhuǎn)動并將動力傳給渦輪,以此實現(xiàn)方向的變化和動力的傳輸。 軸的設(shè)計過程如下: 軸的工作情況:無腐蝕條件 軸的轉(zhuǎn)速:n1=2500r/min 軸的輸入功率: P1=P 轉(zhuǎn)矩:T=Td (10) 所設(shè)計的軸選用是實心軸,材料牌號: 45正火,回火。硬度(HB): 230MPa,抗拉強度:600MPa(5)。4.1 傳動軸的設(shè)計計算 按照扭矩初算軸徑,軸選用45鋼調(diào)質(zhì),硬度317-255HBS。 根據(jù)機械設(shè)計基礎(chǔ)P262(14-2)式,并查表14-3,取c=118 輸入軸 11.256mm (11) 4.2 確定各軸段的直徑和長度(根據(jù)設(shè)計要求) 軸的總長為615mm,軸的段數(shù)位4,各段的直徑及長度見表3。 表3 各軸段長度及直徑 Table 3 Each shaft segment length and diameter 長度 直徑 備注 30mm 20mm 裝配深溝球軸承 191mm 34mm 軸肩 76mm 26mm 裝配鏈輪 243mm 20mm 深溝球軸承 235mm 14mm 連接螺旋槳軸段的載荷信息見表4: 表4 各軸段的載荷信息 Table4 Carries a benelux information 直徑 距左端距離 垂直面剪力 垂直面彎矩 水平面剪力 水平面彎矩 軸向扭矩 20mm 15mm -13.07 0Nmm 0N 0Nmm 6494Nmm 20mm 418.5mm -46.89N 0Nmm 0N 0Nmm 6494Nmm軸所受支撐的信息如表所示: 表5 軸的支撐信息 Table5 The backing infrmationof shaft 直徑 距左端距離 20mm 15mm 20mm 418.5mm4.3 軸的校核4.3.1 垂直支反力計算距左端距離15mm,垂直支反力FA,距左端距離418.5mm,垂直支反力FBFQ=FA+FB , 又因,則有 解得,F(xiàn)B=183.8N, (12) 4.3.2 截面C左側(cè)彎矩 (13)截面C右側(cè)彎矩 (14)5 渦輪蝸桿 由于動力在傳遞過程中其傳遞方向要發(fā)生改變,同時也需要將轉(zhuǎn)速降低,所以在設(shè)計中使用了渦輪蝸桿減速器。所選類型是蝸桿作為動力輸入端,安裝位置處于渦輪上方(6)。選擇材料:蝸桿用45鋼,表面硬度45-50HCRC。渦輪材料采用ZCuSn10Pb1,金屬型鑄造(7)。5.1按接觸強度計算5.1.1 確定蝸桿頭數(shù)、蝸桿齒數(shù) 查表, (15)5.1.2 確定渦輪轉(zhuǎn)矩 = 9.55106 (16)5.1.3 確定條件 確定載荷系數(shù)=1.1(8),確定彈性系數(shù)ZE =155轉(zhuǎn)速系數(shù) (17)壽命系數(shù) 接觸系數(shù)查圖得接觸疲勞極限由表得,接觸強度安全系數(shù)5.1.4 初定中心距、模數(shù)、倒程角 (18) =29.95 (a取35mm) M=(1.41.7), 取m=1.6 (19) 5.1.5 計算傳動效率 當(dāng)量摩擦角, 嚙合效率, (20) 傳動效率 (9)(取,因查時考慮軸承的摩擦損耗, ,考慮蝸桿轉(zhuǎn)速較高)5.2 驗算齒面接觸強度 = (21) (22) =30.335mm ( 原參數(shù)強度足夠)5.3 計算傳動的主要尺寸 中心距 (23) 蝸桿的分度園直徑 , 蝸桿齒頂圓直徑 , (24) 蝸桿齒根圓直徑 ,(25) 蝸桿軸向齒距 , (26) 蝸桿輪齒螺紋部分長度 (27) 渦輪分度圓直徑 , (28) 渦輪齒頂圓直徑 , 渦輪齒根圓直徑 , 渦輪外圓直徑 , 渦輪輪齒寬度 =15.36mm (取為16mm) 渦輪齒寬角 5.4 彎曲強度驗算 齒形系數(shù)查表得, ,螺旋角系數(shù) 極限彎曲應(yīng)力查表得, 許用彎曲應(yīng)力 (取SFmin=1.4) 彎曲應(yīng)力10) (29) (6 攪龍軸設(shè)計與校核攪龍軸是整個系統(tǒng)運轉(zhuǎn)的核心,通過連接渦輪和裝有螺旋葉片的圓筒來實現(xiàn)其功能。軸的中間與渦輪相連接,依次往兩邊在通過軸承固定在箱體上,然后連接圓筒,是整個機構(gòu)運轉(zhuǎn)順暢。攪龍軸的加工,先車一根長670mm材料,然后將左右兩端車到,再根據(jù)設(shè)計要求車出所需要的大小、長度以及精度,最后銑出花鍵。整個加工過程不算是很復(fù)雜,但是需要反復(fù)的加工以及把握好精度的控制(11)。軸的設(shè)計過程如下:軸的工作情況:無腐蝕條件軸的轉(zhuǎn)速n2=83.3軸輸入功率轉(zhuǎn)矩T=9.55 =9.55 =1.49所設(shè)計的軸是實心軸,材料牌號為45正火、回火(12)。6.1 軸的設(shè)計計算按扭矩初算軸徑,軸選用45鋼調(diào)質(zhì),硬度217-255HBS。根據(jù)機械設(shè)計基礎(chǔ)(14-2)式,并查表14-3,取c=118 輸入軸 (30) 考慮有鍵槽,將直徑增大5%,則 所以選擇d=17mm6.2 確定各軸的直徑和長度 軸的總長為615mm, 軸的段數(shù)為7,各段的直徑及長度見表6 表6 各軸段長度及直徑 T able6 Each shaft segment length and diameter 長度 直徑 備注 30mm 17mm 裝配軸承 252.5mm 19.2mm 裝配攪龍滾筒 15mm 20mm 裝配軸承 10mm 24mm 軸肩 252.5mm 19.2mm 裝配攪龍軸承 30mm 17mm 裝配軸承6.3 軸的校核1、求水平面支反力 根據(jù)渦輪蝸桿傳動的受力分析, 蝸桿徑向力 渦輪受徑向力 渦輪受軸向力 軸支撐的跨度為620mm所以; (13) (31)2、水平彎矩: (32)3、 求垂直面支反力, 由 得: (33) 則有: (34) 由得: 4、 垂直彎矩: 截面C左側(cè)彎矩 截面右側(cè)彎矩 5、 合成彎矩:根據(jù)得(14), 6、 轉(zhuǎn)矩: 7、 當(dāng)量彎矩: (35) 由當(dāng)量彎矩圖和軸的結(jié)構(gòu)圖可知,C和D處都有可能是危險截面,分別計算其當(dāng)量彎矩(15)。 C截面: D截面: 8、 校核危險截面處的強度: C截面: (36) D截面: (37)所以軸的強度足夠。7 鍵的選擇與校核 已知渦輪處的軸徑d=20mm,渦輪齒寬16mm,需要傳遞扭矩為。1、選擇鍵鏈接的類型和尺寸 選用平鍵連接。且選用圓頭普通平鍵(A型)。根據(jù)d=20mm, 查表得鍵的截面尺寸,鍵寬=6mm;鍵高h=6mm。根據(jù)參考鍵長系列,選鍵長L=18mm(16)。2、校核鍵連接的強度 鍵、軸的材料都是鋼,渦輪材料為ZCuSn10Pb1,查表得鍵的許用應(yīng)力,取。工作長度,鍵與輪轂鍵槽的高度(17)。于是可求得: (38)該鍵標記為取件標記為:鍵68 螺旋葉片的設(shè)計 攪龍的螺旋葉片是整個結(jié)構(gòu)的重要組成部分,它的工作直接影響的除雪的效果。而且設(shè)計和安裝都比較困難,其動力輸入部分在中間,攪龍也要講雪向中間集中并向后輸送,所以,攪龍葉片左右旋向相反。螺旋葉片成型后的節(jié)距P、葉片內(nèi)徑d、葉片外徑D(18)。節(jié)距P:相鄰兩葉片上對應(yīng)點間的軸向距離;葉片內(nèi)經(jīng)d:3等于空心圓筒的外徑,可從圓筒上直接量取;葉片外徑D:根據(jù)設(shè)計尺寸來定。一般情況下,葉片是攪龍上易損的部分。開始階段,葉片的外側(cè)被磨成刃口狀,這時并不會影響其工作性能。但慢慢地葉片的外徑越磨越小,直至無法運輸,嚴重影響運轉(zhuǎn)效果(19)。再者,同一根軸上葉片的磨損速度也不一樣,旋轉(zhuǎn)無序狀態(tài),對葉片的磨損最為嚴重(尤其是負載較大或使用次6數(shù)過多)。往往一根軸上只有一端的三五篇葉片磨損需要更換,由此而廢棄整根軸很可惜,我們將葉片設(shè)計成可以互換的,這樣大大減少成本(20)。 螺旋葉片的下料尺寸其尺寸可通過計算得,計算式: (39)式中:L 外螺旋線實長(mm); l 內(nèi)螺旋線實長(mm); h 葉片高(mm); r 葉 片展開里口徑(mm); 切口角度(度) C 切口弦長(mm) P 節(jié)距(mm) 9 結(jié)論9.1 設(shè)計完成情況通過一個學(xué)期的努力,終于順利完成了掃雪機的設(shè)計工作,進行了工程圖的繪制、傳動的計和重要零件的校核?;就瓿闪嗽O(shè)計要求。當(dāng)然其中還有些不足之處,在以后的學(xué)習(xí)工作中要注意。9.2結(jié)論通過此次掃雪機的設(shè)計過程中的理論分析和設(shè)計得出以下結(jié)論:1通過研究目前國內(nèi)外該種設(shè)備的發(fā)展情況提出了一種清雪設(shè)備的工作原理。2設(shè)計出了該種清雪設(shè)備,并進行了工程圖的繪制,確定了其基本參數(shù)。3針對現(xiàn)有掃雪機的不足進行改進,完善了其中的一些細節(jié),使設(shè)計出的產(chǎn)品更新穎、美觀、適用。4通過對掃雪機的進一步研究和完善,為以后生產(chǎn)出適合中國情的清雪設(shè)備奠定了基礎(chǔ)。 參考文獻1 吾布利,小型清雪機研制J,新疆農(nóng)機化,2000:6-122 朱彩霞, 夏智武,QX700型庭院清雪機的研制J,新疆農(nóng)機化,2002:31-323 劉清,張宏光,陳玉清,DQX1.2型道路積雪清除機的實驗研究J,農(nóng)機化研究,1995:23-254 杜明清,小型螺桿式清雪車研究D,南京理工大學(xué),2004:68-815 李晶,小型旋轉(zhuǎn)式清雪車的總體設(shè)計和三維繪圖D,大連鐵道學(xué)院,2003:45-52 6 耿志凌,鮑俠,吉爾133 除雪車增加救援裝置的研究J,黑龍江交通科技,2006:60-617 朱志堅,凌波,多功能道路剁冰清雪機液壓系統(tǒng)抗沖擊措施J,液壓與氣動,2001:33-348 凌波,朱志堅,多功能道路清雪機的液機聯(lián)合傳動J,液壓與氣動,2003:43-449 朱志堅, 吳金強, 凌波,多泵分級調(diào)速回路在多功能道路剁冰清雪機液壓系統(tǒng)J,機床與液 壓,2001:81-8210 荊寶德,趙剛,馬文星,殷涌光,多功能路面清雪車電液比例閥系統(tǒng)的模糊-PID控制J,建筑機械,2005:94-9711 王承惠,經(jīng)濟實用的永江牌清雪除冰車J,商用汽車,2001:28-2912 魏東,精巧的秀靈R_600揚雪車J,商用汽車,2001:32-3313翁杰,多功能的AM除雪車J,商用汽車,2001-12:3414李建功.機械設(shè)計M.4版.北京工業(yè)出版社,2007:15-2215張淑娟,全臘珍.畫法幾何與機械制圖M.北京:中國農(nóng)業(yè)出版社,2007:5-816趙韓.機械設(shè)計M.北京:高等教育出版社,2005:89-9217黃建求.機械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)M.北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,2006:108-12118孫建益.機械原理M.北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,2003:74-8819Kuroiwa.et al ,Overload prevention device for a snow removing machineD, 2006:22-2420Michael Hoerle, Snow removal machine with system for applying a surface treatment materialD, 2003:10-15 致 謝本次設(shè)計能順利完成,首先要感謝XX教授和熊瑛老師的耐心指導(dǎo)。通過這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計,我對以前所學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)容進行了鞏固,讓我學(xué)會了知識對實際的應(yīng)用。在半年多的畢業(yè)設(shè)計中,XX副教授和XX老師認真負責(zé)的治學(xué)態(tài)度和豐富的專業(yè)知識令我受益非淺。并使我學(xué)到了許多進行科學(xué)研究的有益方法。在畢業(yè)設(shè)計過程中,其他老師也給予我很多幫助,在此向各位老師表示崇高的敬意和衷心的感謝。在完成設(shè)計的過程中,得到了很多關(guān)心、支持和幫助,再一次對各位老師同學(xué)表示感謝。北華航天工業(yè)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯北華航天工業(yè)學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文外文資料翻譯設(shè)計 (論文)題目犁式除雪車除雪裝置設(shè)計作者所在系別機電工程學(xué)院作者所在專業(yè)車輛工程作者所在班級B13141作 者 姓 名羅輝作 者 學(xué) 號201322273指導(dǎo)教師姓名劉志強指導(dǎo)教師職稱講師完 成 時 間2017年3月北華航天工業(yè)學(xué)院教務(wù)處制History Of The SnowblowerSo who did invent the snowblower or snowthrower? We need to begin by qualifying that question since there are a number of answers depending on your interest. Some notable firsts would be:The first machine to clear snow by throwing or blowing itThe first fully mobile snow clearing machine?The first domestic walk-behind snow blowerThe latter is the one people generally think of and have the most interest in. It is also the one that has the most elusive answer.Chapter 1 So where did it all begin? Looking back in time we need to consider where would there be a need to remove snow while having a source of power available? The need and the enabling power were found on the railways of the U.S. snowbelt and in Canada. The earliest documented art belongs to a Toronto dentist known as J/W Elliot. His 1869 patent #390 design was never built.The story next takes us to Orangeville Ontario, Canada where we find Orange Jull, a gristmill operator and inventor. In 1884 he applied for a patent and was subsequently granted patent #18506. Jull did not have the means to build and commercialize his invention so he contracted the local Leslie brothers to build the machines.The Jull/Leslie machines were self powered but not self propelled. A locomotive was used to move the machine. The Jull design consisted of 2 large inline fans rotating in opposite directions. The lead fan chewed into and pulverized the snow while blowing it back into the discharge fan, which propelled it into the sky. Due to clogging problems it was simplified to a single fan. Further changes to effectively control the discharge were made including a movable deflector and pitching impeller blades. Production was moved to the Cook locomotive works in several locations. Additional machines were built under license. Finally 5 machines were home built by end users with the last one finished in 1971. In all 146 were built.Later work consisted of fortifying the design to deal with the hazards of the unknown. Tracks were often blocked with fallen trees and other debris that were concealed in the snow. Legend has it that in one case a herd of cattle were trapped and buried under the snow on the rail bed. As the rotary snowplow progressed forward beefsteaks were flying. They remained in production into the 1950s and a few are still in service today. Many survive as museum pieces with an occasional demonstration.Following his collaboration with the Leslie Brothers Orange Jull went on to create a next generation machine. This design utilized a screw auger to collect the snow. It was not as effective, especially in deep snow and only eleven were ever built. Sadly all have been scrapped.All of the available photos and drawings of these machines are on enthusiasts sites where they are best viewed. A Google search using Jull snowblower as keywords will deliver hours of reading and nostalgia. On You-tube you may be able to find The Return of Rotary #1 . A search for rotary snowplow found this video.Chapter 2Our next installment finds Arthur Sicard, circa 1894, an 18 year old working on the family dairy farm in Saint-Leonard-de-Port-Maurice, Quebec. Snowstorms being frequent and dairy products being perishable motivated him to find a better snow removal means.Motivation found inspiration one day when he saw a new piece of farm machinery called the thresher. If this machine could gather grain perhaps he could use the design to gather and move snow. It wasnt long before he had built and tested his first prototype however it bogged down in snow. His notion was dismissed by those around him and he went on unsupported in his pursuit. He went on to make a life for himself in Montreal until finally in 1925, 31 years later he astonished the people of that city with his Sicard Snow Remover Snowblower. The first sale was to the nearby town of Outremont, in 1927.The Sicard name has been synonymous with large snowblowers ever since. My hometown had a Sicard unit mounted to an old Michigan front end loader for several decades.Chapter 3The curious question then becomes when did the walk behind domestic snowblower emerge? The Toro website makes the claim that Toro introduced the first snowthrower, the Snowhound in 1951. Ariens entered snow moving the market in 1952 with an attachment for its Yardster series. The Ariens Sno-Thro series was launched in 1960. Simplicty followed in 1962. The earliest confirmed Gilson dates back to 1966. Meanwhile dozens of others launched product lines.This of course is in the context of domestic walk-behind units. If you have an early machine Id appreciate a picture and brief story. Of all of the archival material I have amassed nothing points to an earlier machine. The 1951 Toro was not the driveway behemoth than many of us use today as can be seen in the photo.In my Vintage Machine Showcase you can get a sense of the diversity found in the early machines and a search of patents will reveal even more radical designs.Machines of modern proportions began to emerge in the 1960s. The small-scale brands slowly disappeared and most were gone by the 1980s. The Gilson snow blower line launched in 1966. The full sized gear drives continued to evolve through the decade and with the introduction of the Unitrol machines in 1970 Gilson had 2 full size formats that evolved into the 1980s. The small Gilson single stage models were discontinued after the 1970 model year.Just as the small scale models were fading away the industry was turned on its head with the introduction of personal sized 2 stroke machines. The models were easy to handle, store and pay for. They pack enough power to handle a significant storm if you are patient enough to let it eat the elephant one bite at a time. Gilson was an early player with some patent action and the Snow-Cannon was a hit.Horsepower grew over the years. Early machines were in the 3-4 horsepower range. In 1970 8HP was the big machine. By 1980 most brands included a 10 or even 11 HP machine. Today 13 HP models easy to find.The 21st century brought power accessories. Manufacturers are offering heated handles, motorized chute rotators and you can find machines that have onboard battery power to allow electric starting when away from household power. While engine powered lighting is nothing new it is becoming far more common.The other big story is consolidation. Where there used to be scores of suppliers there are now essentially 7. Promotional grade machines (Im being kind here) are made by MTD, Murray and AYP. Quality machine are built by Simplicity, Ariens, Toro and Honda. Virtually any machine you can find on the market, regardless of the brand is from one of these sources. The exceptions as small players such as attachments for BCS tillers. The age of the mass merchandiser has forced everyone to slash cost in pursuit of market share. The quality brands often sell machines in several tiers with one targeted at the promotional grade competition.What do the coming decades hold for snowblower users? The market moves slowly. While nearly every homeowner owns a lawn mower the snowblower market is confined to the snowbelt region and many property owners choose not to own such a machine. That being said it is a small piece of the pie that has a hard time attracting R&D money. The basic concepts have been quite stable for along time. Ecology has been a big driver of engine refinements and this is likely to continue. Much of the recent work has been value engineering with most of the benefit going to the manufacturers. The brute strength built into the machines of yesteryear is gone forever. We can only hope that future machines will not be overburdened with fragile accessories. Other than that we will all have to wait and see what blows in the future.Chapter 4Each year, countries will spend huge cost to snow removal operations.There are recent studies that focus on beneficiaries awareness for the service level of snow removal to find a solution for cost reduction. From this viewpoint, issues including the demand for snow removal, residents willingness to pay and residents satisfaction levels for snow removal have been discussed.Most of these studies on snow removal addressed economic benefits, or used questionnaire surveys to address public involvement or customer satisfaction. Very few in-depth studies have addressed the cost structure of snow removal by the Japanese government.As for the cost reduction efforts for infrastructure management including snow removal in the U.S.A. and other countries, Baroga, E.V. proposed to measure performance -based service levels to use it for budget and resource allocations; and Lindsey, R.K.et al. focused work conditions including geography and climate that are different by work site to realize efficient resource allocation for snow removal. Other than those for snow removal, efforts including the bridge management system have been made to optimize budget allocation for infrastructure management. However, there seem to be few studies on a model that enables efficient snow removal budget and resource allocations on the basis of cost structure analyses as well as of inter-regional comparisons of the time-series data of snow removal costs.OutofJapanstotalroadlengthof1.2mil.km(744thou.miles),municipalroadsaccountforabout84%.Thelengthofnationalroadsunderthedirectcontrolofthenationalgovernmentaccountsforamere1.9%ofthetotal.Thelengthofroadsinthecold,snowyareasthataccountforabout60%ofJapanslandareaisabout41.6thou.km(25.79thou.miles).Thenationalgovernmentfullyfinancessnowremovalfornationalhighways,includingexpressways,andpartiallysubsidizessnowremovalfornationalhighwaysunderthecontrolofprefecturesandprefecturalroadsinareasdesignatedassnowyandcoldbyThenationalgovernmentcoverssnowremovalcostsfornationallymanagednationalhighways.Thenationalgovernmentsubsidizessnowremovalcostsforprefecturallymanagednationalhighwaysandprefecturalroadsinareasdesignatedassnowyandcoldby.Thelawstatesthatthenationalgovernmentshallsubsidizeprefecturesfortwothirdsofthecostofsnowremoval,withtheprefecturecoveringtheremainingthird.Atpresent,thenationalgovernmentssubsidyforroadsinareasthataredesignatedassnowyandcoldbythelawamuntstoabout70billionyen($583million($1/120),FY2007).Nationalrevenuesforthissubsidyincludethosefromthenationalgastax,theautomobiletonnagetaxandtheautomobileacquisitiontax.Thoserevenues,whosedisbursementislimitedtoroad-relatedprojects,amounttoabout5.6trillionyen($47billion,FY2007).Eachprefecturessnowremovalcostsarefinancedfromtheprefecturalgeneralaccountandtheprefecturalspecialaccount.Therevenuesourcesfortheprefecturalspecialaccountincludesthelightoilwholesaletax,whosedisbursementislimitedtoroad-relatedprojects.And the key to reduce snow removal costs is snow sweeper on the development and production and human resource saving.Chapter 5Lets take a look at each country different snow blowers.(1) schmidt CJS Super compact tractor. The machine on skis, roller and snow blower can work alone or at the same time, roller length is 4200 mm, roller diameter of 914 mm, high-performance gas flow rate of 530 m3 / h, the snow blower adopts hydraulic drive, blowing snow speed can be adjusted, and it is mainly used for snow removal of airport runway, taxiway and parking apron. Its compact design, high flexibility, excellent performance, high reliability, schmidt is one of the largest equipment ownership in China. The machine USES 4 x4 overloaded trucks, chassis after appropriate modification, to install snow equipment. A separate engine used to drive hydraulic pump control rolling brush and high-pressure blower, driven by the chassis engine hydraulic circuit used to push the skis operation, roller between before and after the truck bridge, roller powered by two hydraulic motor, by hydraulic cylinder pushing skis swinging and ascend. Roller is suspended under the table, make its can adjust Angle in the horizontal direction in order to adapt to the change of clean the road. Roller is working from two free to support roller bearing. High pressure blower by auxiliary engine driven hydraulic pump, driven by a hydraulic motor, air volume according to different power is divided into two levels. Blower is located in the rear, used in dry be swept pavement or away the remaining cx. Blower under driving condition, back and side not highlight parts, so as to avoid risk while backing out. When using the CJS is cleared when the airport pavement snow, often need to install the skis, MS56.1 and push type MS64.1 airport skis are suitable for the machine of snow removal operations at the airport.(2) wave male company able to provide a complete line of laminated push the snow shovel, the car can be installed in various types of chassis, winter snow removal operations for a variety of occasions. The automatic collision avoidance height is 150 mm, push the snow shovel suspension adopts hydraulic control, ensure the snow removal more clean and effective; Patented high pressure hydraulic control valve can avoid because of the snow shovel side collision damage caused by the. Wave MF push the snow shovel male the company are controlled by the Vpad operating system. Male company dedicated to the airport and the width of the highway design and manufacturing.(3) The House Card H series, multi-purpose snow sweeper to hao and H series models based on design and manufacture, the snow sweeper can be hung in front of all kinds of snow blower, snow, and snow brush, the vehicle cab design highlights the safety and comfort of the driver. Snow and pull (Sno - way) throw snow machine adopts B/S engine, move, Yang xue suction, throw the snow Yang can reach 3 15 m, can automatically walk, backward; The improved type steel hollow out hob has a big mouth, into the snow in improving work efficiency and reduce the fuel consumption; Increase the acupoint redirector, easily toggle can complete turn; Multiple block transform, speed can be adjusted forward or backward. Applicable Yu Daxue, blizzard when opened up a road, as well as the heaps of snow loading pickup, suitable for state organs and units, schools, parking lot, square, property management community, garden and winter snow removal of non-motor vehicle lanes etc.(4) the Zoomlion ZLJ5250TCXZE3 / ZLJ5251 TCXZE4 multi-functional snow sweeper is a collection of snow, the snow, solid, prewetting cloth and cloth, scraping ice and other functions in a bodys comprehensive snow sweeper. With large power and high efficiency, Hunan and GuiZhou mountainous area highway in early 2011 in the fight against snow disaster played a huge role in work. Which USES push before and after, the operation mode, solved the problem of the snow removal after freezes again. Spraying machine control system adopts the closed loop ratio control, and high accuracy, high reliability and convenient operation. Adopt multi-function integrated design, installation at the front have push the snow shovel, rolling, options to improve the working efficiency of snow removal; Equipped with central in addition to ice skate, can wipe out the compacted snow and ice road. With a large cloth, profile options wings shovel, which can realize the highway fast and efficient in addition to the snow and ice.Road snow blocking will bring a great deal of trouble and loss, snow removal vehicles is an effective countermeasure for this bad situation, however, snow sweeper is the development of future life development could not drink the lack of necessary conditions.掃雪機的歷史及概況所以誰發(fā)明了掃雪機?我們需要開始的排位賽,因為有許多問題的答案取決于你的興趣。一些值得注意的第一次是:第一臺通過投擲或吹雪清除雪的機器什么是第一個完全移動清理雪的機器?第一個國內(nèi)手動除雪機后者通常是人們最感興趣的一個,但是也是最難回答的一個。第1章那么這一切在哪里開始?回首往事時我們需要考慮在哪里有需要清除雪雖然有一個電源可用?這種需要和力量在美國多雪地帶和在加拿大的鐵路被發(fā)現(xiàn)。最早的記載藝術(shù)屬于一個叫J / W埃利奧特的多倫多牙醫(yī)。他1869年專利390號設(shè)計從來沒有建造。接下來的故事發(fā)生在加拿大,奧蘭治維爾安大略,是發(fā)現(xiàn)Orange Jull的地方。Orange Jull是磨坊的操作員和發(fā)明者。1884年他申請了專利,隨后被授予專利18506號。Jull沒有建立和推廣他的發(fā)明,他承包了當(dāng)?shù)氐娜R斯利兄弟建造機器的裝置。Jull/萊斯利機器可以自行供電但是卻不能自己行走。所以利用火車頭來移動機器。Jull設(shè)計有兩大內(nèi)聯(lián)風(fēng)扇在相反的方向旋轉(zhuǎn)。風(fēng)扇將雪粉碎成沫,再經(jīng)由排風(fēng)扇將其吹向天空。由于堵塞問題,所以將風(fēng)扇簡化成單扇。為了有效地控制放電,將其進一步改變成一個可移動的偏轉(zhuǎn)和俯仰葉輪葉片。產(chǎn)品被轉(zhuǎn)移到幾個做機車廠的地方。額外的機器是建立在許可證下。最后5臺“家庭建設(shè)”是在1971年通過最終用戶的最后一個完成的。一共共建造146臺機器。接下來的工作是設(shè)計處理未知的危險。通常是阻止倒下的樹木和其他隱藏在雪地里的碎片。傳說,有一次牛群被困,埋在雪下的床身導(dǎo)軌。旋轉(zhuǎn)掃雪機前進過程中,牛排是飛行的。它們一直生產(chǎn)到上個世紀50年代,有一些甚至用到了今天。還有一些偶爾展示在博物館。與萊斯利兄弟合作后Orange Jull繼續(xù)創(chuàng)建了下一代機器。這次設(shè)計利用了螺旋鉆來收集雪。但不是很有效,尤其是在積雪厚只有11厘米的地方,所以很遺憾的都被取消了。在圖紙愛好者網(wǎng)站上這些所有可用的圖片和繪畫是這些機器最好的歸宿。在谷歌上輸入Jull掃雪機的關(guān)鍵字,那么你將花費幾個小時的時間閱讀和懷舊。在You-tube上,你可以找到“扶輪1號的回歸”相關(guān)話題,還可以搜索發(fā)現(xiàn)“旋轉(zhuǎn)掃雪機”的視頻。第2章大約在1894年,我們進一步的發(fā)現(xiàn)亞瑟西卡德,一個18歲在圣倫納德的毛里斯港的家庭農(nóng)場努力工作。暴風(fēng)雪的頻繁發(fā)生和奶制品的腐爛使他找到了一個更好地除雪動力裝置。這個動機的靈感來自于,有一天他發(fā)現(xiàn)一個叫做脫粒機的農(nóng)場機械。如果這種機器可以收集糧食,那么或許他可以利用這種設(shè)計來收集和清除雪。不久之后,他完成了他的第一個原型,并進行測試,然而機器卻陷在雪里。他的觀點沒有被周圍的人理解,他的追求人們并不支持。他獨自一人前往蒙特利爾生活,一直到1925年,31年后,他發(fā)明的“西卡德除雪機”令那些城市的人感到驚訝。他第一次賣出掃雪機,是在1927年,賣到了附近的外山鎮(zhèn)。西卡德的名字因此成為了大型除雪機的代名詞。我的家鄉(xiāng)有一個西卡德機器安裝到了舊密歇根,使用了幾十年。第3章人們好奇的問題變成了國內(nèi)可以行走的除雪機是什么時候發(fā)明的?托羅網(wǎng)站上說第一臺行走掃雪機是托羅在1951年提出的。這種機器和其附件Yardster系列在1952年進入掃雪機市場。該產(chǎn)品的Sno-Thro系列在1960年問世。Simplicty也在1962年緊隨其后生產(chǎn)出來。這最早的確認的Gilson產(chǎn)品要追溯到1966年。與此同時,其他許多公司也推出了生產(chǎn)線。這項發(fā)明當(dāng)然是國內(nèi)第一個行走單位。如果你有一個早期的機器,我可以欣賞它的圖片和簡短的故事。我積累了所有早期機器的檔案資料。1951年托羅并不是我們今天看到的照片中的那樣。在我的古董機展示中,你可以了解發(fā)現(xiàn)早期機器和搜索多樣性的專利,從而顯示更加激進的設(shè)計?,F(xiàn)代機器的模型在20世紀60年代開始出現(xiàn)。小規(guī)模品牌慢慢消失,20世紀80年代之前的都成為了過去。Gilson除雪機成立于1966年,全尺寸齒輪驅(qū)動器通過十年的不斷發(fā)展,在1970年引進Unitrol機器。20世紀80年代Gilson 2演變?yōu)槿叽绺袷?。小的Gilson單級模型在1970年停產(chǎn)。小規(guī)模模型消失后,這個行業(yè)推出了“個人型號”的沖程機器。模型很容易處理,存儲和支付。如果你有足夠的耐心讓它吃一頭大象,他們就有足夠的權(quán)利來處理強大的風(fēng)暴。Gilson是一個早期的專利行動的球員也是雪炮的打擊。多年后馬力增長。早期的機器是3-4的馬力。1970年第8代惠普是大型機器。到1980年,包括第10代甚至第11代惠普機器在內(nèi)的大多數(shù)品牌都已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)。在今天,惠普13模型也很容易找到。21世紀是電力配件。制造商提供加熱處理,電槽轉(zhuǎn)子,你可以找到機器主板電池,可以在遠離家庭的時候啟動。而發(fā)動機動力照明就不是什么新鮮事情了。另一個故事是整理。那里曾經(jīng)有許多供應(yīng)商。促銷級的機器是由MTD,Murray和AYP傳達出來。質(zhì)量好的機器制造廠商有Simplicity,Ariens,Toro和Honda等。在市場上幾乎任何種類的機器你都找的到,無論品牌是其中的哪一個。作為BCS分部的小型機例外。大量銷售商的出現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致每家廠商不得不削減成本來追求市場份額。質(zhì)量品牌通常出售幾個層次機器在針對吸引各個級別的消費者來競爭得到更高的利益。掃雪機用戶的未來幾十年將是什么樣的呢?市場變換很慢。雖然幾乎每家都擁有割草機的掃雪機市場,但掃雪機的使用僅限于多雪地區(qū),許多業(yè)主選擇不買這種機器。也就是說這是一小塊蛋糕,很難吸引研發(fā)資金。隨著時間的推移,基本概念已經(jīng)相當(dāng)穩(wěn)定。生態(tài)環(huán)境是一個強大的推動力,且會一直延續(xù)下去。最近大多工作已經(jīng)被大多數(shù)工廠利益去制造有價值的工程。昔日的制造機器的蠻力已經(jīng)一去不復(fù)返了,我們只能希望,未來的機器不會配置過多的脆弱零件。除此之外,我們都將等待,看看未來的打擊。第4章有最近的研究,專注于受益人的要求,為達到預(yù)期水平的除雪服務(wù)而找到一個有效方案來降低成本。從這個角度出發(fā),討論了除雪需求、居民的支付意愿和居民對積雪消除的滿意度等問題。這些積雪去除的研究大多涉及經(jīng)濟效益,或使用問卷調(diào)查,以解決公眾參與或客戶滿意度的問題。很少有深入的研究能夠根本解決政府的除雪成本不足的問題。對于基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施管理,包括在美國和其他國家,包括巴羅加除雪的降低成本的努力,E.V.提出了用以衡量性能的除雪服務(wù)水平,使用它給出的預(yù)算和資源分配;除雪車滿足的工作條件,包括地理和氣候不同的工作場所,實現(xiàn)有效的資源分配用以有效除雪。除了那些除雪方案外,包括橋梁管理系統(tǒng)在內(nèi)的努力,已為基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施管理優(yōu)化預(yù)算分配。然而,似乎有一些研究的模型,在高效的除雪預(yù)算和資源分配的成本結(jié)構(gòu)分析的基礎(chǔ)上,以跨區(qū)域比較消耗時間排列數(shù)據(jù)的方法來比較除雪成本。日本的道路總長度約1.2萬公里(744千英里),市政道路的長度約占84%。國家道路在中央政府直接控制下的僅占總數(shù)的1.9%。道路中長期處在寒冷,下雪地區(qū)的約占日本60%,其中的土地面積約為41.6萬公里(25.79 萬英里)。國民政府完全使用財政來為國家高速公路除雪,包括在高速公路、和部分補貼國家高速公路除雪的支持下縣和縣級公路地區(qū)、由國家政府規(guī)定為雪和寒冷覆蓋的為由國家負責(zé)除雪的國家高速公路。國家地方政府補貼除雪成本管理國家高速公路。法律規(guī)定,國家政府補貼縣除雪成本的三分之二,剩下由各個縣自行負責(zé)。目前,國家政府補貼的道路所指定為雪和寒冷地區(qū)。據(jù)統(tǒng)計每年使用約700億日圓(5.83億美元(1美元/120),2007財政年度)的開支,國家收入補貼包括那些來自全國汽油稅,汽車噸位稅和汽車收購的稅收,這些收入的支出僅限于road-related項目,金額約5.6萬億日圓(470億美元,2007財年)每年。每個縣的除雪成本資金分為全州一般賬戶和全州特殊賬戶。地方專門賬戶的收入來源包括輕油批發(fā)稅,其支出僅限于road-related項目。而消減除雪開支的關(guān)鍵就在于除雪車開發(fā)生產(chǎn)以及人力資源的節(jié)約上了。第5章讓我們來看看各個國家的不同除雪車。(1) 施密特CJS Super 緊湊型掃雪車。該機的推雪板、滾刷和吹雪機可以單獨或同時工作,滾刷長度4200mm,滾刷直徑914mm,高性能吹雪機氣流量530m3/h,采用液壓驅(qū)動,吹雪速度可以任意調(diào)節(jié),主要用于機場跑道、滑行道和停機坪的除雪。該車設(shè)計緊湊、靈活度高、性能優(yōu)異、可靠性高,是施密特在中國保有量最大的設(shè)備之一。該機采用四驅(qū)重載卡車,底盤經(jīng)過相應(yīng)改裝,以安裝掃雪設(shè)備。一臺獨立的發(fā)動機用于驅(qū)動液壓泵控制滾刷和高壓鼓風(fēng)機,由底盤發(fā)動機驅(qū)動的液壓回路用來操作推雪板,滾刷位于卡車前后橋之間,滾刷由2臺液壓馬達提供動力,通過液壓缸實現(xiàn)推雪板的左右擺動和提升。滾刷被懸置在轉(zhuǎn)盤下,使其可在水平方向調(diào)整角度以適應(yīng)清掃路面的變化。滾刷工作時由2個自由轉(zhuǎn)向支承輪支承。高壓鼓風(fēng)機由輔助發(fā)動機驅(qū)動液壓泵,通過一個液壓馬達進行驅(qū)動,出風(fēng)量按不同功率分為兩級。鼓風(fēng)機位于車輛后部,用于吹干被掃過的路面或吹去剩余殘雪。鼓風(fēng)機在行駛狀態(tài)下,后部和側(cè)面沒有突出部件,從而避免倒車時的危險。當(dāng)使用CJS清除機場路面積雪時,通常需要安裝推雪板,MS56.1和MS64.1型機場推雪板均適合于該機的機場除雪作業(yè)。(2) 瑞士波雄公司能夠提供完整系列的多片式推
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