《制藥工程》PPT電子課件
《制藥工程》PPT電子課件,制藥工程,制藥,工程,PPT,電子,課件
第三章第三章生化制藥反應(yīng)器生化制藥反應(yīng)器3.13.1生物發(fā)酵培養(yǎng)基的生物發(fā)酵培養(yǎng)基的生物發(fā)酵培養(yǎng)基的生物發(fā)酵培養(yǎng)基的流變學(xué)流變學(xué)流變學(xué)流變學(xué)特性特性特性特性3.23.2微生物發(fā)酵反應(yīng)器微生物發(fā)酵反應(yīng)器微生物發(fā)酵反應(yīng)器微生物發(fā)酵反應(yīng)器 3.33.3動植物細胞培養(yǎng)反應(yīng)器動植物細胞培養(yǎng)反應(yīng)器動植物細胞培養(yǎng)反應(yīng)器動植物細胞培養(yǎng)反應(yīng)器 ChapterIIIBiopharmaceuticalreactor3.13.1RheologicalpropertiesofbiologicalRheologicalpropertiesofbiologicalfermentationmediumfermentationmedium3.2fermentationreactor3.2fermentationreactor3.3Animalandplantcellculturereactor3.3Animalandplantcellculturereactor3.1.1研究發(fā)酵液流變學(xué)特性的原研究發(fā)酵液流變學(xué)特性的原因和意義因和意義發(fā)酵液的流變學(xué)性質(zhì)直接影響以下因素發(fā)酵液的流變學(xué)性質(zhì)直接影響以下因素:生物反應(yīng)器的整體混合行為如生物反應(yīng)器的整體混合行為如傳質(zhì)過程和熱傳遞傳質(zhì)過程和熱傳遞影響微生物反應(yīng)的影響微生物反應(yīng)的周期和產(chǎn)出周期和產(chǎn)出影響傳感器的影響傳感器的響應(yīng)和可靠性響應(yīng)和可靠性對產(chǎn)品分離對產(chǎn)品分離純化純化也起著很大的作用。也起著很大的作用。敏感地敏感地指示指示發(fā)酵狀態(tài),可用于過程檢測和控制。發(fā)酵狀態(tài),可用于過程檢測和控制。3.1.1ReasonandmeaningforthestudyoftherheologicalpropertiesofthefermentationbrothThe rheological properties of the fermentation broth directly affected on the following factors:Overall mixing behavior of the bioreactor,such as mass transfer and heat transfer processes Affection of microbial reaction cycle and output Affection of the sensor response and reliability Also plays a big role in separation and purification of the product.Sensitive indication of the state of fermentation,can be used to detect and control the process 發(fā)酵液組成發(fā)酵液組成多相多相液相:水液相:水固相:細胞以及不溶物固相:細胞以及不溶物氣相:好氧發(fā)酵(氣泡)氣相:好氧發(fā)酵(氣泡)CompositionofthefermentationbrothMultiphaseLiquid:waterSolidphase:cellsandinsolublematterGas:aerobicfermentation(bubbles)發(fā)酵前:發(fā)酵前:一一般般,接接種種前前的的培培養(yǎng)養(yǎng)基基的的流流變變學(xué)學(xué)性性質(zhì)質(zhì)類類似似于于水水。隨隨著著發(fā)發(fā)酵酵的的進進行行,其其性性質(zhì)質(zhì)會會變變得得很很復(fù)復(fù)雜雜而而且且常常常常是是對對發(fā)發(fā)酵酵過過程程是是不不利利的。的。影響流變學(xué)性質(zhì)的因素影響流變學(xué)性質(zhì)的因素:生物量生物量的增加的增加代謝代謝產(chǎn)物產(chǎn)物的積累的積累(胞外多糖胞外多糖、蛋白質(zhì)、蛋白質(zhì))Beforefermentation:In general,the rheological properties of themediumbeforeinoculationissimilartowater.Asthe fermentation proceeds,its property willbecomeverycomplex,whichisoftendetrimental.Tothefermentationprocess.Factorsaffectingtherheologicalproperties:IncreaseofbiomassAccumulationofmetabolites(extracellularpolysaccharides,proteins)生物量增加對流變學(xué)的影響生物量增加對流變學(xué)的影響在絲狀菌發(fā)酵中,生物量的作用很顯著,在絲狀菌發(fā)酵中,生物量的作用很顯著,以以菌絲菌絲形式生長比以形式生長比以菌球菌球形式生長對流變形式生長對流變學(xué)性質(zhì)的影響更大。學(xué)性質(zhì)的影響更大。在一般培養(yǎng)密度下的在一般培養(yǎng)密度下的細菌細菌和和酵母酵母,對流變,對流變學(xué)性質(zhì)的作用不大。學(xué)性質(zhì)的作用不大。InfluenceofbiomassincreaseonrheologyInfilamentousbacteriafermentation,theroleofbiomassissignificant.Theimpactofthebacterialgrowthofthemyceliumformonrheologicalpropertiesisgreaterthanthatofballform.Ingeneral,theroleofbacteriaandyeastinculturedensityonrheologicalpropertiesislittle.胞外代謝產(chǎn)物的影響胞外代謝產(chǎn)物的影響迄今所研究的胞外產(chǎn)物中,只有迄今所研究的胞外產(chǎn)物中,只有多糖多糖對流對流變學(xué)性質(zhì)的影響較大。與絲狀菌發(fā)酵液不變學(xué)性質(zhì)的影響較大。與絲狀菌發(fā)酵液不同,含多糖的發(fā)酵液的流變學(xué)性質(zhì)是由同,含多糖的發(fā)酵液的流變學(xué)性質(zhì)是由連連續(xù)相續(xù)相所確定的。所確定的。其他大分子(如其他大分子(如蛋白質(zhì)蛋白質(zhì)),特別是存在分),特別是存在分散的很小的散的很小的氣泡氣泡時,也會影響流變學(xué)性質(zhì),時,也會影響流變學(xué)性質(zhì),但在生物過程中并不??紤]。但在生物過程中并不常考慮。TheinfluenceofextracellularmetabolitesTodate,inextracellularproductsstudied,onlytheimpactontherheologicalpropertiesofpolysaccharidesisgreater.Therheologicalpropertiesofthefermentationbrothcontainingpolysaccharides,whicharedifferentfromthatoffilamentousbacteriafermentationbroth,aredeterminedbythecontinuousphase.Theothermacromolecules(suchasproteins),especiallyinthepresenceofsmalldispersedbubblesalsoaffecttherheologicalproperties,butnotoftenareconsideredinbiologicalprocesses.胞外酶的影響:胞外酶的影響:還還有有一一種種很很特特殊殊的的情情況況,初初始始培培養(yǎng)養(yǎng)基基中中含含較較高高濃濃度度的的淀淀粉粉,表表現(xiàn)現(xiàn)出出復(fù)復(fù)雜雜的的流流變變學(xué)性質(zhì)。學(xué)性質(zhì)。發(fā)發(fā)酵酵開開始始后后,胞胞外外酶酶的的水水解解作作用用很很快快減減少少了了營營養(yǎng)養(yǎng)物物的的平平均均相相對對分分子子量量,從從而而迅迅速降低了發(fā)酵液的黏度。速降低了發(fā)酵液的黏度。Theinfluenceofextracellularenzymes:There is a very special case,the initial culturemediumcontainshighconcentrationsofstarchanditexhibitscomplexrheologicalproperties.Afterthestartofthefermentation,theextracellular enzyme hydrolysis quickly reducestheaveragemolecularweightofnutrients,therebyrapidlyreducestheviscosityofthefermentationbroth.流流變變特特性性通通過過影影響響流流體體特特性性而而影影響響傳傳質(zhì)質(zhì)和和傳傳熱熱,從從而而影影響響生生物物化化學(xué)學(xué)反反應(yīng)應(yīng)和和細細胞胞的的新新陳陳代代謝謝,即即反反應(yīng)應(yīng)器器生生態(tài)態(tài)系系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)中中的的流流變變學(xué)學(xué)影影響響甚甚至至決決定定其其內(nèi)內(nèi)部部的的生生物物反反應(yīng)應(yīng)動動力力學(xué)學(xué)。因因此此,在在生生物物反反應(yīng)應(yīng)器器的的優(yōu)優(yōu)化化設(shè)設(shè)計計中中應(yīng)應(yīng)該該對對發(fā)發(fā)酵液的流變學(xué)特性引起足夠的重視。酵液的流變學(xué)特性引起足夠的重視。Rheological properties affect the mass and heattransfer through affecting fluid properties,thusaffectingbiochemicalreactionsandcellmetabolism.Thatis,therheologicalinfluenceinreactorecosystemeven determines their internal biological reactionkinetics.Therefore,in the optimal design of thebioreactor,we should pay enough attention to therheologicalpropertiesofthefermentationbroth.3.1.2流體的流變學(xué)分類流體的流變學(xué)分類流變學(xué)通常用黏度(對流體的抗性)、流流變學(xué)通常用黏度(對流體的抗性)、流動行為(黏度和剪切率的關(guān)系)和屈服應(yīng)動行為(黏度和剪切率的關(guān)系)和屈服應(yīng)力(產(chǎn)生靜液流需要的力)等術(shù)語來描述。力(產(chǎn)生靜液流需要的力)等術(shù)語來描述。液體流變性通常是根據(jù)一個表達式來分類,液體流變性通常是根據(jù)一個表達式來分類,即所施的剪應(yīng)力與產(chǎn)生的剪切率即所施的剪應(yīng)力與產(chǎn)生的剪切率的關(guān)聯(lián)式:的關(guān)聯(lián)式:3.1.2FluidrheologyclassificationRheologyisusuallydescribedusingviscosity(resistancetoflow),flowbehavior(viscosityandshearraterelationship),yieldstress(theforcerequiredtoproducestaticflow)andotherterms.Rheologicalfluidisusuallyclassifiedaccordingtoanexpression,thatis,relationalofappliedshearstressandshearrate.其中其中K為冪定律常數(shù)或黏度系數(shù),為冪定律常數(shù)或黏度系數(shù),0為屈服應(yīng)力為屈服應(yīng)力n為冪定律指數(shù)或流動特性指數(shù)。此方程為為冪定律指數(shù)或流動特性指數(shù)。此方程為冪定律方程。冪定律方程。WhereKisaWhereKisapowerlawconstantpowerlawconstantorviscosityorviscositycoefficientcoefficient,0 0 istheyieldistheyieldstressstressn nisthepowerlawindexorflowbehaviorindex.Thisisthepowerlawindexorflowbehaviorindex.Thisequationisthepowerlawequationequationisthepowerlawequation.流體的流變性分類流體的流變性分類牛頓型流體牛頓型流體 牛頓型流體的黏度牛頓型流體的黏度在溫度恒定時保持不變,在溫度恒定時保持不變,氣體、低分子的液體或氣體、低分子的液體或溶液溶液為牛頓型流體。一為牛頓型流體。一般說來般說來細菌和酵母細菌和酵母的培的培養(yǎng)液是牛頓型流體養(yǎng)液是牛頓型流體。FluidrheologyclassificationNewtonianfluids Newtonian fluid viscosityremains constant at constanttemperature.Gas,liquidwiththelow-molecularorsolutionisNewtonianfluids.Generally bacteria and yeastculturemediumisNewtonianfluids.非牛頓型流體非牛頓型流體 不服從牛頓黏性定律的流體為非牛頓型不服從牛頓黏性定律的流體為非牛頓型流體,其剪應(yīng)力與剪切率之比不是常數(shù),流體,其剪應(yīng)力與剪切率之比不是常數(shù),隨著剪切率的變化,沒有確定的隨著剪切率的變化,沒有確定的黏度值黏度值。Non-NewtonianfluidsFluidswhichdonotobeyNewtonsviscouslawarenon-Newtonianfluids.Theratioofshearstressandshearrateisnotconstant.Withthechangeofshearrate,viscosityvaluesarenotdetermined.非牛頓型流體分類非牛頓型流體分類根據(jù)非牛頓型流體的剪應(yīng)力與剪切率的關(guān)根據(jù)非牛頓型流體的剪應(yīng)力與剪切率的關(guān)系,又可以分為多種類型。常見的有以下系,又可以分為多種類型。常見的有以下幾種:幾種:(1 1)賓漢()賓漢(Bingham)塑性流體塑性流體(2)擬塑性(擬塑性(Pseudoplastic)流體流體(3)漲塑性流體漲塑性流體(4)凱松流體凱松流體Classification of non-Newtonian fluidsAccordingtotherelationshipbetweenshearstressandshearrateofnon-Newtonianfluid,non-Newtonianfluidscanbedividedintoseveraltypes.Generally,thereare:(1)Bingham(Bingham)plasticfluid(2)Pseudoplasticfluid(3)Dilatantfluid(4)Cassonfluid(1 1)賓漢()賓漢(Bingham)塑性流體塑性流體Bingham塑性流體的特點是當塑性流體的特點是當剪應(yīng)力小于屈服應(yīng)力剪應(yīng)力小于屈服應(yīng)力時,流體時,流體不發(fā)生流動,只有當剪應(yīng)力超不發(fā)生流動,只有當剪應(yīng)力超過屈服應(yīng)力時流體才發(fā)生流動。過屈服應(yīng)力時流體才發(fā)生流動。它的流動曲線是不通過原點的它的流動曲線是不通過原點的直線。直線。黑曲霉、產(chǎn)黃曲霉、灰色鏈曲黑曲霉、產(chǎn)黃曲霉、灰色鏈曲霉等絲狀菌發(fā)酵液。霉等絲狀菌發(fā)酵液。(1)Bingham plastic fluidCharacteristicsofplasticfluidisthatthefluiddoesnotflowwhentheshearstressislessthantheyieldstress.Onlywhen,theshearstressexceedstheyieldstress,thefluidflows.Itsflowcurveisastraightlinewhichisnotthroughtheorigin.FilamentousbacteriafermentationbrothsuchasAspergillusniger,aflatoxin-producingstrains,graychainAspergilluschains.(2 2)擬塑性()擬塑性(Pseudoplastic)流體流體在雙對數(shù)坐標中一條斜率為在雙對數(shù)坐標中一條斜率為n的直線。的直線。高分子化合物黃原膠的水溶液高分子化合物黃原膠的水溶液許多絲狀菌如許多絲狀菌如青霉、曲霉、鏈霉菌青霉、曲霉、鏈霉菌的培養(yǎng)液的培養(yǎng)液一些生產(chǎn)一些生產(chǎn)多糖多糖的微生物發(fā)酵液的微生物發(fā)酵液高濃度的高濃度的植物細胞、酵母植物細胞、酵母懸浮液懸浮液(2)Pseudoplastic fluidInthedoublelogarithmiccoordinates,astraightlinewithaslopeofn.SolutionofpolymercompoundxanthangumThecultureofmanyfilamentousfungisuchasPenicillium,Aspergillus,StreptomycesbrothSomemicrobialfermentationofproducingpolysaccharidesPlantcells,yeastsuspensionwithhighconcentrations(3 3)漲塑性流體)漲塑性流體表達式與擬塑性流體相同表達式與擬塑性流體相同但與擬塑性流體相反,隨著切變率但與擬塑性流體相反,隨著切變率的增大,液體的表觀黏度也增大。的增大,液體的表觀黏度也增大。淀粉淀粉為培養(yǎng)基主要成分的發(fā)酵液。為培養(yǎng)基主要成分的發(fā)酵液。鏈霉素、四環(huán)素、和卡那霉素鏈霉素、四環(huán)素、和卡那霉素的發(fā)的發(fā)酵過程中,接種后的一段時間內(nèi)發(fā)酵過程中,接種后的一段時間內(nèi)發(fā)酵液呈漲塑性。酵液呈漲塑性。(3)Dilatant fluid TheexpressionisthesameasPseudoplasticfluidsButisoppositewiththeproposedplasticfluid.Withincreasingshearrate,theapparentviscosityoftheliquidincreases.Starchisthemaincomponentinfermentationmedium.InthefermentationprocessofStreptomycin,tetracyclineandkanamycin,intheperiodoftimeafterinoculationthefermentationbrothisplastic.(4 4)凱松流體)凱松流體油墨、融化的巧克力、血液、油墨、融化的巧克力、血液、酸酪等具有凱松型流體特性。酸酪等具有凱松型流體特性。青霉素青霉素發(fā)酵液為凱松流體,對發(fā)酵液為凱松流體,對絲狀菌懸浮液,凱松方程常常絲狀菌懸浮液,凱松方程常常比冪定律方程更為適合。比冪定律方程更為適合。(4)Casson fluidInk,meltedchocolate,blood,yoghurtandotherfluidshavethepropertiesofCassontype.PenicillinfermentationbrothisCassonfluid.Forfilamentousbacteriasuspension,Cassonequationisoftenmoreappropriatethanthepowerlawequation.表觀黏度的概念表觀黏度的概念非牛頓形流體沒有確定的黏度值,通常非牛頓形流體沒有確定的黏度值,通常把一定切變速率下剪應(yīng)力與此剪切率之把一定切變速率下剪應(yīng)力與此剪切率之比稱為表觀黏度,即:比稱為表觀黏度,即:Apparent viscosity concept Non-Newtonianfluidsdonothavethedeterminedviscosityvalue,usuallytheratioofacertainshearrateandshearstressiscalledtheapparentviscosity.Thatis:其中其中 為表觀黏度,為表觀黏度,Pa.sPa.s 在培養(yǎng)過程中,隨著細胞的在培養(yǎng)過程中,隨著細胞的濃度、形態(tài)濃度、形態(tài)的的變化、培養(yǎng)液里營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的變化、培養(yǎng)液里營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的消耗、代謝產(chǎn)消耗、代謝產(chǎn)物的積累、以及補料操作物的積累、以及補料操作等,培養(yǎng)液流動等,培養(yǎng)液流動模型中的參數(shù)會發(fā)生明顯的變化,表現(xiàn)出模型中的參數(shù)會發(fā)生明顯的變化,表現(xiàn)出時變性。此外發(fā)酵液的流動特性的類型也時變性。此外發(fā)酵液的流動特性的類型也可發(fā)生變化。可發(fā)生變化。istheapparentviscosity,Pa.sIn the culture process,along with changes in theconcentrationof cells,morphology,the consumptionofnutrients,theaccumulationofmetabolitesinculturemedium,aswellasfeedingoperation,theparametersin culture fluid flow model significantly change,showing time variation.Furthermore,the flowcharacteristics of the fermentation liquid may alsochange.問題問題:舉例舉例:在什么條件下可從非牛頓流體變?yōu)榕nD流在什么條件下可從非牛頓流體變?yōu)榕nD流體體?在什么條件下可從牛頓流體變?yōu)榉桥nD流在什么條件下可從牛頓流體變?yōu)榉桥nD流體體?Questions:Example:Underwhatconditionsthefluidscanbechangedfromanon-NewtoniantoNewtonianfluids?UnderwhatconditionsthefluidscanbechangedfromaNewtoniantonon-Newtonianfluids?3.1.33.1.3絲狀真菌培養(yǎng)液的流變學(xué)特性絲狀真菌培養(yǎng)液的流變學(xué)特性一般來說,含有近似球形的微生物體的酵母菌一般來說,含有近似球形的微生物體的酵母菌或菌絲球的培養(yǎng)液,黏度低,近似于或菌絲球的培養(yǎng)液,黏度低,近似于牛頓流體牛頓流體特性。特性。以長絲狀生長的菌絲體,培養(yǎng)物的黏度高,存以長絲狀生長的菌絲體,培養(yǎng)物的黏度高,存在屈服應(yīng)力。表觀黏度和屈服應(yīng)力兩者都是菌在屈服應(yīng)力。表觀黏度和屈服應(yīng)力兩者都是菌絲體濃度的函數(shù)。絲體濃度的函數(shù)。絲狀生長的產(chǎn)黃青霉的屈服應(yīng)力和菌絲體濃度絲狀生長的產(chǎn)黃青霉的屈服應(yīng)力和菌絲體濃度的的2.52.5次方成比例,某些絲狀生長的霉菌培養(yǎng)次方成比例,某些絲狀生長的霉菌培養(yǎng)液的表觀黏度近似的與菌絲體濃度的液的表觀黏度近似的與菌絲體濃度的2 2次方相次方相關(guān)。關(guān)。3.1.3 Rheological properties of Filamentous fungi brothbrothIngeneral,viscosityoftheculturemediumcontainingyeastormyceliumwithapproximatelysphericalballofmicroorganismsislowandsimilartoNewtonianproperty.Thecultureoffilamentousmyceliumwashashighviscosityandyieldstress.Boththeapparentviscosityandyieldstressareafunctionofmyceliumconcentration.Yieldstressofchrysogenumisproportionaltofilamentousmyceliumconcentrationof2.5th.Theapparentviscosityofsomefungalculturemediumisapproximatelyrelatedtothesquareoftheconcentrationofmycelium.3.1.43.1.4影響培養(yǎng)液流動特性的因素影響培養(yǎng)液流動特性的因素培養(yǎng)液的組成培養(yǎng)液的組成:液相部分液相部分:水、各種營養(yǎng)成分水、各種營養(yǎng)成分,細胞的代謝產(chǎn)物細胞的代謝產(chǎn)物固形物固形物:細胞、培養(yǎng)基中的不溶性物質(zhì)細胞、培養(yǎng)基中的不溶性物質(zhì)一一般般在在培培養(yǎng)養(yǎng)液液中中的的液液相相部部分分黏黏度度很很低低,隨隨著著其其中中細胞濃度的增加,培養(yǎng)液的黏度也相應(yīng)增大。細胞濃度的增加,培養(yǎng)液的黏度也相應(yīng)增大。3.1.4 3.1.4 Factors Factors affecting the flow characteristics of the affecting the flow characteristics of the culture culture mediummediumCultureliquidcomposition:Liquidcomponents:Water,variousnutrients,cellmetabolismSolids:Cells,theinsolublematerialsinthemediumIn general viscosity of liquid phase portion in the culturemedium is low.With the increase of concentration of theculturefluidalsoincreasestheviscosity.當培養(yǎng)液黏度與細胞濃度的關(guān)系明確時,可當培養(yǎng)液黏度與細胞濃度的關(guān)系明確時,可以通過測定培養(yǎng)液的黏度來確定細胞濃度。以通過測定培養(yǎng)液的黏度來確定細胞濃度。高濃度的細胞懸浮液高濃度的細胞懸浮液可成為非牛頓型流體??沙蔀榉桥nD型流體。Whentherelationshipbetweentheviscosityofcellcultureandtheconcentrationofthecellsisclear,cellconcentrationcanbedeterminedbymeasuringtheviscosityoftheculturesolution.Highconcentrationofthecellsuspensioncanbeanon-Newtonianfluid.多形漢遜氏酵母培養(yǎng)液的黏度與純液相多形漢遜氏酵母培養(yǎng)液的黏度與純液相黏度之比與培養(yǎng)液中細胞濃度的關(guān)系黏度之比與培養(yǎng)液中細胞濃度的關(guān)系當培養(yǎng)液中的顆粒呈球狀當培養(yǎng)液中的顆粒呈球狀或接近球形,而且其濃度或接近球形,而且其濃度較低時,懸浮液為牛頓型較低時,懸浮液為牛頓型流體,其黏度可通過流體,其黏度可通過Einstein公式計算。公式計算。當培養(yǎng)液黏度與細胞濃度當培養(yǎng)液黏度與細胞濃度的關(guān)系明確時,可以通過的關(guān)系明確時,可以通過測定培養(yǎng)液的黏度來確定測定培養(yǎng)液的黏度來確定細胞濃度細胞濃度Relationship between the ratio of the viscosity of Shaped Hansenula broth and the viscosity of pure liquid and concentration of cellsWhentheparticlesinculturemediumaresphericalornearlyspherical,andtheirconcentrationislow,thesuspensionisNewtonianfluids.ItsviscositycanbecalculatedbyEinsteinequation.Whentherelationshipbetweenfluidviscosityandtheconcentrationofthecellcultureisclear,cellconcentrationcanbedeterminedbymeasuringtheviscosityoftheliquidculture3.2微生物發(fā)酵反應(yīng)器微生物發(fā)酵反應(yīng)器各類生物反應(yīng)器簡介各類生物反應(yīng)器簡介微生物發(fā)酵反應(yīng)器主體設(shè)備微生物發(fā)酵反應(yīng)器主體設(shè)備發(fā)酵罐發(fā)酵罐3.2MicrobialfermentationreactorIntroductiontovarioustypesofbioreactorsMainequipmentofmicrobialfermentationreactor-fermenter生物反應(yīng)器分類生物反應(yīng)器分類常見的幾類反應(yīng)器如下:常見的幾類反應(yīng)器如下:機械攪拌式反應(yīng)器機械攪拌式反應(yīng)器鼓泡反應(yīng)器鼓泡反應(yīng)器氣升式反應(yīng)器氣升式反應(yīng)器膜生物反應(yīng)器膜生物反應(yīng)器固定床和流化床反應(yīng)器固定床和流化床反應(yīng)器BioreactorclassficationCommontypesofreactorsasfollows:MechanicallystirredreactorBubblingReactorAirliftReactorMembranebioreactorFixedandfluidizedbedreactors發(fā)酵罐圖微生物發(fā)酵反應(yīng)器微生物發(fā)酵反應(yīng)器微生物發(fā)酵罐微生物發(fā)酵罐微生物發(fā)酵設(shè)備微生物發(fā)酵設(shè)備:固體發(fā)酵和液體發(fā)酵;固體發(fā)酵和液體發(fā)酵;液體發(fā)酵罐液體發(fā)酵罐:厭氣和好氣。厭氣和好氣。Microbial fermentation reactor Microbial fermentation tank Microbial fermentation equipment:Solid fermentation and liquid fermentation;Liquid fermentation tank:anaerobic and aerobic.固體發(fā)酵罐固體發(fā)酵罐固體發(fā)酵有許固體發(fā)酵有許多液體發(fā)酵無多液體發(fā)酵無所比擬的優(yōu)勢所比擬的優(yōu)勢,如為非均相系如為非均相系統(tǒng)統(tǒng),有利于特定有利于特定培養(yǎng)物的自組培養(yǎng)物的自組織行為織行為;液固相接觸比液固相接觸比表面積大表面積大,一般一般無液體發(fā)酵所無液體發(fā)酵所面臨的高密度面臨的高密度培養(yǎng)時溶氧水培養(yǎng)時溶氧水平不足的問題平不足的問題SolidfermenterThere are many advantages for solid fermentation,which are greater than liquid fermentation,such as non-homogeneous systems,self-organizing behavior in the particular culture;Liquid-solid contact with a large surface area,generally there is no the problem of insufficient oxygen levels,whichhigh-density liquid fermentation culture faces with.具有投資省具有投資省,無菌性能好無菌性能好,操作環(huán)境省操作環(huán)境省,維修簡維修簡單不易污染環(huán)境等優(yōu)點單不易污染環(huán)境等優(yōu)點固態(tài)發(fā)酵缺點固態(tài)發(fā)酵缺點:固體發(fā)酵往往在工程放大中面臨固體發(fā)酵往往在工程放大中面臨熱量積累熱量積累導(dǎo)致導(dǎo)致溫度失控溫度失控問題問題The advantages with less investment,good aseptic performance,few operating environments,simple maintenance and less pollution the environment,etc.Solid-state fermentation Disadvantages:Solid state fermentation often face the heat accumulated in the project,resulting in amplification temperature control problems固態(tài)發(fā)酵罐形式固態(tài)發(fā)酵罐形式轉(zhuǎn)軸式轉(zhuǎn)軸式(立式立式,臥式臥式)轉(zhuǎn)桶式轉(zhuǎn)桶式(臥式臥式)淺盤發(fā)酵淺盤發(fā)酵Typesofsolid-statefermentationtanksShaft type(vertical,horizontal)Turn barrel(Horizontal)Fermentation platter醋酸固態(tài)發(fā)酵設(shè)備醋酸固態(tài)發(fā)酵設(shè)備Acetatesolidstatefermentationequipment固體發(fā)酵應(yīng)用實例固體發(fā)酵應(yīng)用實例適合于飼料適合于飼料,酶制劑酶制劑,生物農(nóng)藥等行業(yè)生物農(nóng)藥等行業(yè)固體發(fā)酵生產(chǎn)酒固體發(fā)酵生產(chǎn)酒(味味)精精霉菌固態(tài)發(fā)酵將秸稈轉(zhuǎn)化為霉菌固態(tài)發(fā)酵將秸稈轉(zhuǎn)化為SCP生產(chǎn)秸稈生產(chǎn)秸稈飼料飼料Solid-statefermentationapplicationsSuitable for animal feed,enzymes,bio-pesticides and other industries Solid fermentation of alcohol or monosodium glutamate Fungal solid-state fermentation to produce straw feed from straw微生物發(fā)酵常用的發(fā)酵罐微生物發(fā)酵常用的發(fā)酵罐q帶有機械攪拌的發(fā)酵罐帶有機械攪拌的發(fā)酵罐這類發(fā)酵罐使這類發(fā)酵罐使用最為普遍,因其操作彈性大,易于控制,用最為普遍,因其操作彈性大,易于控制,所以常稱所以常稱通用型發(fā)酵罐通用型發(fā)酵罐。q氣升式發(fā)酵罐氣升式發(fā)酵罐是利用壓縮空氣為動力是利用壓縮空氣為動力的發(fā)酵罐,的發(fā)酵罐,高徑比高徑比一般較大。一般較大。q噴射自吸式發(fā)酵罐噴射自吸式發(fā)酵罐是利用泵為動力并是利用泵為動力并加上通過加上通過液體噴嘴液體噴嘴將外界空氣吸入罐內(nèi)的將外界空氣吸入罐內(nèi)的發(fā)酵罐發(fā)酵罐CommonfermentersqWithmechanicalstirringfermenter-themostwidelyusedkindoffermenter,itsoperatingflexibility,easytocontrol,sooftencalleduniversalfermenter.qAirliftfermenter-istheuseofcompressedairpoweredfermenter,highdiameterlargerthannormal.qSelf-primingjetfermenter-andispoweredbyapumpthroughaliquidnozzlewithexternalairintaketankfermenter帶有機械攪拌的發(fā)酵罐這類發(fā)酵罐使用最為普遍,因其操作彈性大,易于控制,所以常稱通用型發(fā)酵罐。q氣升式發(fā)酵罐是利用壓縮空氣為動力的發(fā)酵罐,高徑比一般較大。q噴射自吸式發(fā)酵罐是利用泵為動力并加上通過液體噴嘴將外界空氣吸入罐內(nèi)的發(fā)酵罐機械攪拌式發(fā)酵罐機械攪拌式發(fā)酵罐醫(yī)藥工業(yè)中第一個大規(guī)模的微生物發(fā)酵過醫(yī)藥工業(yè)中第一個大規(guī)模的微生物發(fā)酵過程程青霉素青霉素生產(chǎn)是在機械攪拌反應(yīng)器中進行生產(chǎn)是在機械攪拌反應(yīng)器中進行的。而且迄今為止,對新的生物過程,的。而且迄今為止,對新的生物過程,首首選的生物反應(yīng)器仍然是機械攪拌式反應(yīng)器。選的生物反應(yīng)器仍然是機械攪拌式反應(yīng)器。機械攪拌式反應(yīng)器大多用于間歇反應(yīng)。機械攪拌式反應(yīng)器大多用于間歇反應(yīng)。MechanicalagitationfermenterThepharmaceuticalindustrysfirstlarge-scaleproductionofmicrobialfermentationprocessispenicillinproduction,whichusedmechanicallyagitatedreactor.Andsofar,thenewbiologicalprocess,preferredbioreactorsarestillmechanicallystirredreactor.Mechanicallystirredreactorsaremostlyusedforbatchreactions.A.機械攪拌式反應(yīng)器機械攪拌式反應(yīng)器基本結(jié)構(gòu)基本結(jié)構(gòu):筒體,攪拌裝置,換熱裝置,擋板,筒體,攪拌裝置,換熱裝置,擋板,消泡裝置,電動機與變速裝置,空氣分散裝置消泡裝置,電動機與變速裝置,空氣分散裝置檢測裝置檢測裝置:溶氧電極,溶氧電極,pH電極,電極,CO2電極,熱電極,熱電偶,壓力表等電偶,壓力表等開口開口:排氣、取樣、放料和接種口,酸、堿管排氣、取樣、放料和接種口,酸、堿管道接口和人孔、視鏡等部件。道接口和人孔、視鏡等部件。MechanicallystirredreactorThebasicstructure:cylinder,stirringdevice,heatexchanger,baffles,defoamingdevice,motorandtransmissiondevices,theairdispersingdevice.Detectiondevices:oxygenelectrode,pHelectrode,CO2electrode,thermocouple,pressuregaugesandother.Opening:exhaust,sampling,dischargeandvaccinationmouth,acids,alkalispipejointsandmanholes,mirrorsandotherparts.反應(yīng)器中的傳熱裝置反應(yīng)器中的傳熱裝置小的反應(yīng)器(小的反應(yīng)器(5m3)則需要在內(nèi)部另加則需要在內(nèi)部另加盤管盤管生物反應(yīng)器對生物反應(yīng)器對溫度溫度的控制要求的控制要求苛刻苛刻,允許,允許的溫度變化范圍較小,特別是低溫培養(yǎng)。的溫度變化范圍較小,特別是低溫培養(yǎng)。HeattransferdevicesofreactorsSmallreactor(5m3)requireadditionalcoilsinside.Temperaturecontrolofbioreactoriscritical.Thesmallertheallowabletemperaturerangeissmaller,especiallyneedlowtemperatureculture.對于對于好氧好氧過程,每小時生產(chǎn)過程,每小時生產(chǎn)1kg生物質(zhì)約生物質(zhì)約需要移出需要移出50至至80kJ的熱量。熱交換的負的熱量。熱交換的負荷就更大荷就更大.需要做什么需要做什么?在外部增設(shè)在外部增設(shè)制冷制冷設(shè)備,降低冷卻水的溫設(shè)備,降低冷卻水的溫度。度。Foraerobicprocesses,theproductionof1kgofbiomassperhour,ittakesabout50to80kJofheatremoval.Loadofheatexchangeisevengreater.Whatneedstobedone?Additionalexternalcoolingdeviceforreducingthetemperatureofthecoolingwaterisneeded.反應(yīng)器中的通氣裝置反應(yīng)器中的通氣裝置好氧過程中,好氧過程中,氣體分布器氣體分布器置于反應(yīng)器置于反應(yīng)器底部底部最低層攪拌槳葉的下面。最低層攪拌槳葉的下面。氣體分布器有氣體分布器有帶孔的平板帶孔的平板、帶孔的、帶孔的盤管盤管或或只是一根只是一根單管單管問題問題:為防止堵塞為防止堵塞,孔口應(yīng)該做什么孔口應(yīng)該做什么?一般孔口朝一般孔口朝下下。VentdeviceinthereactorInaerobicprocess,thegasdistributorisatthebottomofthereactorbelowthelowestlevelofthestirringblades.Gasdistributorhasaperforatedplate,perforatedcoilorjustasingletube.Question:Topreventclogging,whattheorificeshoulddo?Generallyorificeisdown.反應(yīng)器的混合裝置反應(yīng)器的混合裝置如何實現(xiàn)混合如何實現(xiàn)混合?物料的混合和氣體在反應(yīng)器內(nèi)的分散靠物料的混合和氣體在反應(yīng)器內(nèi)的分散靠攪攪拌拌和和擋板擋板實現(xiàn)。實現(xiàn)。攪拌器使流體產(chǎn)生軸向運動,稱為攪拌器使流體產(chǎn)生軸向運動,稱為原生流原生流原生流受擋板的作用產(chǎn)生軸向運動,稱為原生流受擋板的作用產(chǎn)生軸向運動,稱為次生流。次生流。ThemixingapparatusofthereactorHowtomix?Dispersionofthematerialandthegasmixinginthereactorisachievedbystirringandthebezel.Thefluidagitatormakesaxialmovement,whichiscallednativestream.Nativestreamproducestheaxialmovementbythefunctionofthebezel,whichiscalledsecondaryflow.擋板的作用是什么擋板的作用是什么?防止由攪拌引起的中心大漩渦。防止由攪拌引起的中心大漩渦。原生流速與原生流速與攪拌轉(zhuǎn)速攪拌轉(zhuǎn)速成正比,次生流速成正比,次生流速近似的與攪拌轉(zhuǎn)速的近似的與攪拌轉(zhuǎn)速的平方平方成正比,因此,成正比,因此,當轉(zhuǎn)速提高時,主要靠次生流加速流體當轉(zhuǎn)速提高時,主要靠次生流加速流體的軸向混合,使傳熱傳質(zhì)速率提高的軸向混合,使傳熱傳質(zhì)速率提高。攪拌反應(yīng)器有攪拌反應(yīng)器有立式立式的,也有的,也有臥式臥式的。的。Whatistheroleofthebezel?Topreventcentermaelstromcausedbytheagitation.Nativeflowrateisproportionaltoagitationspeed,secondaryflowrateisapproximatelyproportionaltothesquareofthespeedofagitation.Therefore,whenthespeedisincreased,axialmixtureisacceleratedmainlybysecondaryfluidflow,whichincreasesheatandmasstransferrate.Stirringreactorsincludeverticalandhorizontalreactors.攪拌器攪拌器攪拌器的攪拌器的形狀形狀和和安裝位置安裝位置決定其在發(fā)酵決定其在發(fā)酵罐內(nèi)的運行的性能。罐內(nèi)的運行的性能。攪拌器應(yīng)具有四項作用攪拌器應(yīng)具有四項作用:o將能量傳遞給液體將能量傳遞給液體o使氣體在液體中分散使氣體在液體中分散o使氣液分離使氣液分離o使發(fā)酵液中所有組分達到混合使發(fā)酵液中所有組分達到混合AgitatorsTheshapeandinstalledpositionoftheagitatorsdeterminestheirrunningperformanceinthefermentationtank.Stirrershouldhavefourfunctions:oTotransferenergytotheliquidoDispersingagasinaliquidoThegas-liquidseparationoMakeallcomponentsofthefermentationbrothreachmixed攪拌器的葉輪分類攪拌器的葉輪分類軸流式葉輪軸流式葉輪軸流式攪拌器最典型的是螺旋槳。軸流式攪拌器最典型的是螺旋槳。攪拌器中軸向流攪拌器的混合效果最好,攪拌器中軸向流攪拌器的混合效果最好,但是破碎起泡的效果較差。但是破碎起泡的效果較差。徑向式葉輪徑向式葉輪徑向流攪拌器可分為開式和閉式徑向流攪拌器可分為開式和閉式好氧發(fā)酵好氧發(fā)酵常用常用閉式閉式葉輪葉輪AgitatorimpellerclassificationAxialimpellerThemosttypicalaxialstirrerispropeller.Axialagitatorshavethebesteffectivemixingresultsinalltheagitators,buttheresultsofformingcrushingisworse.RadialimpellerRadialagitatorcanbedividedintoopenandclosed.CommonAerobicfermentationoftenusesclosedimpeller.B.氣升式發(fā)酵罐氣升式發(fā)酵罐它是從簡單的鼓泡式發(fā)酵罐基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來的,它是從簡單的鼓泡式發(fā)酵罐基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來的,可分可分升液和降液升液和降液兩個區(qū)域。兩個區(qū)域。內(nèi)循環(huán)氣升罐內(nèi)循環(huán)氣升罐:空氣從位于罐中央的空氣從位于罐中央的拉力筒拉力筒導(dǎo)導(dǎo)入帶動液體同時上升并向液體中供氧,在罐的入帶動液體同時上升并向液體中供氧,在罐的上部空氣逸出液面,上部空氣逸出液面,液體液體則從環(huán)隙下降以形成則從環(huán)隙下降以形成循環(huán)循環(huán)。外循環(huán)或環(huán)流氣升罐外循環(huán)或環(huán)流氣升罐:升(或降)液管置于罐升(或降)液管置于罐外。外。B.AirliftfermenterItwasdevelopedfromasimplebubblingfermenter,canbedividedintofluidliftliquidanddowncomerregions.Circulatingairlifttank:thetankislocatedoftheairfromrallytubeinthecenterofthetankgoestodrivetheliquidtoriseandsuppliesoxygentotheliquid.oftheairescapesintheuppersurfaceoftheliquidoftank.Atthesametime,theliquiddroppedfromtheannulustoformaloop.OuterlooporAirlifttank:Lifttube(ordowncomer)areplacedoutofthetank.氣升罐的優(yōu)缺點氣升罐的優(yōu)缺點優(yōu)點優(yōu)點:1、無機械運動部分,易于保持純種培養(yǎng)、無機械運動部分,易于保持純種培養(yǎng)2、無噪聲,造價較低(、無噪聲,造價較低(1/3的攪拌釜)的攪拌釜)3、氧的傳遞效果較好、氧的傳遞效果較好4、剪切力小,對細胞損害小、剪切力小,對細胞損害小問題:問題:操作彈性較差,耗用壓縮空氣量較大,操作彈性較差,耗用壓縮空氣量較大,所配備電機的功率約所配備電機的功率約為為3.55千瓦千瓦/m3。AdvantagesanddisadvantagesofairliftfermenterAdvantages:1.nomechanicalmovingparts,easytomaintainapureculture2.nonoise,lowcost(1/3costofthestirredtank)3.betteroxygentransfereffect4.shearforceissmall,lessdamagetocellsProblems:Operatingflexibilityispoor,consumealargeamountofcompressedair,whichisequippedwithmotorpowerofabout3.5to5kilowatts/m3氣升罐應(yīng)用氣升罐應(yīng)用通過實際試驗,特別是具有高粘度發(fā)酵液的品通過實際試驗,特別是具有高粘度發(fā)酵液的品種。種。需氧量大,不耐剪切需氧
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